Introduction: Today, the natural ventilation is emphasized to minimize the energy consumption. It also helps to decrease interior temperatures and maintain internal humidity. In this work, the effect of the rear window opening (factor-1), its position (factor-2) and also the effect of the position of a heat source (factor-3) on Air Exchange Efficiency (AEE) and Heat Source Surface Temperature (HSST) is evaluated.
Materials and methods: The Taguchi Design of Experiment (DOE) is applied to shortlist nine simulations with different combinations of the levels for three factors. Then Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed and the responses (AEE & HSST) were recorded. The Signal-toNoise (S/N) ratio values are evaluated separately for the responses and the rank table is prepared to see the impact of various factors for the best response value. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis is performed to evaluate the impact percentage of the factors to obtain the best responses.
Results: From the mean S/N plots, the best and the worst combinations of levels of the factors for both responses are identified and then simulated. From the study, it is observed that the rear window opening and the window position has the highest and the lowest impact respectively to obtain the highest AEE. Similarly, the window position and the window opening have almost equal impact on lowering the HSST.
Conclusion: The study concludes that proper positioning of window and its opening can be evaluated to get the best AEE and to transfer the maximum heat from the heat source in the room.

Introduction: Urbanization, accelerated by the Industrial Revolution, has led to dense construction and a reduction in green areas. It is well-established that diminishing green spaces in cities contribute to declining air quality levels. Poor air quality poses one of the most significant direct threats to human health in urban environments. Increasing the presence of trees key components of ecosystems known for their role in mitigating air pollution can address this issue by reducing air pollution through particulate matter absorption and filtration, mitigating the urban heat island effect, regulating ozone levels, storing carbon, and improving airflow and distribution.

Materials and methods: This study calculated the economic benefits of green spaces by assessing the land cover distribution and carbon sequestration capacity of tree canopy cover in the 100^th-Year National Garden, located in Erzurum, Turkey, using the i-Tree Canopy application. The v7.1 version of the i-Tree Canopy software was employed for this purpose.

Results: Results revealed that 0.13 ha of the area consisted of soil or bare ground, while 1.11 ha were covered by trees and shrubs. The study estimated that 398.23 kg of particulate matter were removed from the area, with a crown cover of 34.57%. The economic benefit derived from the trees’ contributions was valued at 185 U.S dollars.

Conclusion: Consequently, the i-Tree Canopy application, a freely available tool, is considered a valuable resource for broader applications, offering benefits for air quality improvement strategies in urban areas.

Introduction: Exposure to particulate matter in the workplace has been identified as a major contributing factor to respiratory diseases including decreased lung function. In developing countries, health and safety of landfill workers receives little attention. Thus, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth investigation into particulate matter exposure and its link to disease. This study to investigate the relationship between exposure of Particulate Matter (PM_2.5) on forced vital capacity and respiratory symptoms in landfill workers.
Materials and methods: Measurements of PM_2.5 parameter air samples were taken using an SNDWAY brand detector from five locations. Interviews using questionnaires with 49 landfill worker respondents were conducted to determine respiratory symptoms. Forced vital capacity was examined with a Voldyne 4000 incentive spirometer and the results were analyzed with chisquare statistical analysis.
Results: The highest PM_2.5 concentrations occurred during the day in the west, east, and center, which fall into the unhealthy category. Most of the respondents had abnormal forced vital capacity (32 people, 65.3%) and respiratory symptoms (43 respondents, 87.8%). Chi-square analysis showed a statistically significant association between PM_2.5 exposure and abnormal FVC with a p-value of 0.002 and an Odds Ratio (OR) of 10.0 (95% CI: 2.41–41.58).
Conclusion: This study found a significant association between PM_2.5 exposure and abnormal Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) in landfill workers (p = 0.002; OR= 10.0; 95% CI: 2.41–41.58). These findings indicate that workers exposed toPM_2.5 are at increased risk of lung function impairment, underscoring the need for routine respiratory health monitoring and targeted exposure mitigation in landfill environments.

Introduction: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), the most abundant greenhouse gas, has reached an atmospheric concentration of 411 ppm, its highest level in the past 650,000 years. To effectively reduce the carbon footprint, accurately measuring these emissions is a crucial first step. This study focuses on quantifying the Carbon dioxide Equivalent (CO₂e) emissions from six selected hospitals in Tehran, providing essential data to inform targeted sustainability efforts in the healthcare sector.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study quantified greenhouse gas emissions from six major hospitals in Tehran using the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) Carbon Management Tool, supplemented by emission factors from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Data were collected from hospital records and relevant departments using standardized checklists designed according to AKDN guidelines. The sources of emissions assessed included energy consumption, anesthetic gases, inhalation devices, waste management, transportation and supply chain activities. All collected data were converted to Carbon dioxide Equivalent (CO₂e) using established emission factors.
Results: The total CO₂e emissions from the six hospitals amounted to 28,260.74 tons. Energy consumption was the largest contributor, accounting for 57% (16,182.5 tons) of emissions, followed by anesthetic gases at 40% (11,313.67 tons). Waste management (626.36 tons), transportation (89 tons), inhalation devices (26.75 tons), and supply chain activities (22.58 tons) contributed smaller shares.
Conclusion: The study highlights the urgent need for targeted strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in healthcare settings. Recommendations include shifting torenewable energy sources, substituting high global warming potential anesthetic gases with lower-impact alternatives, optimizing supply chain logistics, and improving waste management practices. Implementing these measures can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of hospitals while maintaining quality care. This study provides a foundation for future emission reduction efforts in Iran’s healthcare sector, aligning with global climate goals.

Introduction: The effect of air ambient pollution on human health is a widely discussed subject among environmental experts and socio-economists worldwide. Despite a large number of research being conducted on the topic, the relationship between public health and air quality in Indian cities remains questionable. The study was carried out to assess the impact of air pollution on the health of people of different socio-economic section of the society.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the residents of Rourkela city who were exposed to air pollution, and the logistic regression model was applied.
Results: The findings revealed that human health is significantly impacted by air pollution in terms of flu/fever (46%), runny nose/cold (36 %) and others respiratory and cardiovascular disease. The individuals who were breathing in polluted air were 10.65 times more likely to have gotten sick from air pollution (β=2.37; SE=0.33; p<0.01) when compared to the people who were not breathing in polluted air. In contrast, a rise of one unit in the AQI in Rourkela corresponds to an 8.4% higher chance of being ill due to air pollution-related diseases (β=0.08; SE=0.02; p˂0.01). A high, rising linear trend (R2=0.67) of mortality by major air pollution-related diseases was also recorded in Rourkela during the period of 2016–2022. Hence, it is evidenced that rising AQI values correspond to rising health hazards associated with air pollution in Rourkela.
Conclusion: The study's conclusions offer a thorough understanding of the negative impacts of air pollution, locals' perceptions of it, and the practical ramifications for local government when assessing more efficient approaches for reducing pollution.

Introduction: Indoor environment contributes to human health and productivity. The absence of climatic control systems may lead to microbial contamination. The air quality of public institutions should be monitored.
Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the microbial load of the air in the main library at the University of Guyana and to evaluate the effectiveness of a disinfection intervention on the microbial load of the air.
Materials and methods: This was an experimental- observational study involving three phases: analyzing the microbial quality of the air, a disinfection experiment, and a disinfection intervention. Phase 1 was done before the rehabilitation of the library, Phase 2 was done during the rehabilitation, and Phase 3 was carried out after the rehabilitation and the disinfection intervention. Samples were collected on settle plates and incubated. ColonyForming Units (CFUs) were enumerated and the microbial load was determined using a standardised equation. Several disinfectants were tested against two bacteria and a specific disinfection protocol was developed for the disinfection intervention.
Results: The bacterial load for Phase 1 (13,114 CFU/m³) and Phase 2 (7,636 CFU/m³) was higher than that of Phase 3 (4,648 CFU/m³). There was an extremely high fungal load (4,067 CFU/m³) before the disinfection intervention but no growth after.
Conclusion: We concluded that a high microbial load was found in our study before the disinfection intervention which was considerably diminished after the intervention. We recommend implementing the cleaning regimen we developed as part of the library’s cleaning protocol.

Air pollution remains a critical global health issue that affects children. This bibliometric study analyses trends, research gaps, and key contributors to the literature on air pollution’s impact on children’s health, utilizing data from 1,590 publications indexed in the Scopus database between 1956 and 2024. Hazing’s Publish or Perish and VOS viewer were used to analyse the data. Most studies on air quality focus on medicine (67.42%) and environmental science (41.32%). Key findings indicate that the United States leads in both publication volume and impact, contributing 467 papers and 27,252 total citations, with an h-index of 89. Researchers from institutions such as Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the University of Southern California are pivotal in advancing the discourse on how air pollution exacerbates conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and long-term cognitive impairments in children. Older foundational studies, particularly those published in the late 2000s, continue to be highly influential for their focus on neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits linked to air pollution. International collaboration is robust, with coauthorship networks between the United States, China, and several European countries. However, more interdisciplinary and longitudinal studies are needed to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms through which air pollution affects children’s health. This study provides insights for future research efforts, strengthens scientific understanding, and supports the development of more effective public health interventions to reduce the burden of air pollution on children worldwide.

Air pollution is a global threat that significantly affects human and environmental health, and fixed Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQMS), play a pivotal role in assessing ambient air conditions and informing regulatory policies. This systematic review provides a global overview of fixed air pollution monitoring stations, focusing on the geographical distribution of stations, classification, pollutants measured at each station, measurement techniques for each pollutant, monitoring frameworks, and implementation challenges. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature identified 17 eligible studies covering diverse regions across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This assessment uncovers Critical disparities in air quality monitoring architectures, revealing: (i) non-uniform station distribution patterns, (ii) technology adoption gaps, and (iii) pollutant coverage imbalances that collectively hinder comparable air quality assessments across regions and While high-income countries operate and maintain sophisticated networks and advanced, reference-grade analyzers, low- and middle-income countries use low-resolution, short-term, or inexpensive sensors that provide limited and fragmented data. This review, synthesizing global evidence, highlights the urgent need for equitable, reliable, and policy-driven monitoring systems worldwide.