Health effects from particulate air pollution in one of the industrial cities of Iran
-
Reza Fouladi Fard
,
Fazileh Dordshaikh Torkamani
,
Amir Hossein Mahvi
,
Mohammad Fahiminia
,
Ali Koolivand
,
Mohammad Reza Hosseini
,
Babak Eshrati
,
Maria Fiore
,
Alireza Omidi Oskouei
,
Nayereh Rezaei
Abstract
Introduction: Particulate Matter (PM), also known as aerosol, is the sum
of all particles suspended in droplets floating in the air, which can have
harmful impacts on humans all over the world. This cross-sectional study
set out to evaluate the potential health effects of over-exposure to PM10 and
PM2.5 on aggravating mortality and hospitalization due to cardiovascular and
respiratory diseases among Arak citizens.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional survey, AirQ+ model was
used to estimate the health impacts of two particulate air pollutants (PM10 and
PM2.5) based on Relative Risk (RR), and Baseline Incidence (BI) obtained
from reference documents.
Results: According to the calculations, the attributable proportion percentage
(AP%) and attributable excess cases (persons) for total mortality from PM10
were 3.3% (95% CI, 2.8%-3.8%) in 2014 vs. 4.9% (95% CI, 4.1%-5.6%) in
2015 and 99 persons in 2014 vs. 148 persons in 2015, respectively. Likewise,
the AP (%) and the number of excess cases (persons) calculated for total
mortality from PM2.5 were 3.3% (95% CI, 2.6%-4.1%) in 2014 vs. 1.1%
(95% CI, 0.8%-1.3%) in 2015 and 99 persons in 2014 vs. 33 persons in 2015,
respectively.
Conclusion: In this study, it was found that dominant west winds could
increase the particle matters produced from power plants, petrochemical
plants, and western dust storm, leading to a surge in the mortality and
morbidity related to particulate air pollutants in Arak.
1. Loomis D, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El
Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al.
The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. The
lancet oncology. 2013;14(13):1262-3.
2. Boyce CP, Goodman JE, Sax SN, Loftus CT.
Providing perspective for interpreting cardiovascular
mortality risks associated with ozone exposures.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology.
2015;72(1):107-16.
3. Khaniabadi YO, Goudarzi G, Daryanoosh SM,
Borgini A, Tittarelli A, De Marco A. Exposure to
PM10, NO2
, and O3
and impacts on human health.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
2017;24(3):2781-9.
4. Fard RF, Mahvi AH, Mahdinia M, Dehabadi
M, Fard RF, Mahvi AH, et al. Data on Emerging
Sulfur Dioxide in the Emission of Natural Gas
Heater. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.
2018;155:133-43.
5. Organization WH. Burden of disease from the
joint effects of household and ambient air pollution
for 2016. Social and Environmental Determinants of
Health Department: Geneva, Switzerland. 2018;7.
6. Mojarrad H, Fouladi Fard R, Rezaali M, Heidari
H, Izanloo H, Mohammadbeigi A, et al. Spatial
trends, health risk assessment and ozone formation
potential linked to BTEX. Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment: An International Journal. 2019:1-22.
7. Yang G, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Gao GF, Liang X, Zhou
M, et al. Rapid health transition in China, 1990–2010:
findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study
2010. The lancet. 2013;381(9882):1987-2015.
8. Apte JS, Marshall JD, Cohen AJ, Brauer
M. Addressing global mortality from ambient
PM2.5. Environmental science & technology.
2015;49(13):8057-66.
9. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G,
Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative
risk assessment of burden of disease and injury
attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters
in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis
for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The
lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
10. Fard RF, Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Khazaei
M, Rahmani F. Trends of metals enrichment in
deposited particulate matter at semi-arid area of Iran.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
2018;25(19):18737-51.
11. Zhang Y, Ding Z, Xiang Q, Wang W, Huang L,
Mao F. Short-term effects of ambient PM1 and PM2.5
air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory
diseases: case-crossover evidence from Shenzhen,
China. International Journal of Hygiene and
Environmental Health. 2020;224:113418.
12. Riess J. Nox: how nitrogen oxides affect the way
we live and breathe. US Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. 1998.
13. Fard RF, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Nodehi RN,
Dehghani MH, Hassanvand MS. The assessment of
health impacts and external costs of natural gas-fired
power plant of Qom. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2016;23(20):20922-36.
14. Nagai H, Toyokuni S. Biopersistent fiber-induced
inflammation and carcinogenesis: lessons learned
from asbestos toward safety of fibrous nanomaterials.
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics.
2010;502(1):1-7.
15. Chuang H-C, Fan C-W, Chen K-Y, ChangChien G-P, Chan C-C. Vasoactive alteration and
inflammation induced by polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and trace metals of vehicle exhaust
particles. Toxicology letters. 2012;214(2):131-6.
16. Strak M, Janssen NA, Godri KJ, Gosens I,
Mudway IS, Cassee FR, et al. Respiratory health
effects of airborne particulate matter: the role of
particle size, composition, and oxidative potential—
the RAPTES project. Environmental health
perspectives. 2012;120(8):1183.
17. Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis K,
Loridas S. Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation
and cancer: respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts
and ozone as major causes of lung carcinogenesis
through reactive oxygen species mechanisms.
International journal of environmental research and
public health. 2013;10(9):3886-907.
18. Asl FB, Leili M, Vaziri Y, Arian SS, Cristaldi A,
Conti GO, et al. Health impacts quantification of
ambient air pollutants using AirQ model approach
in Hamadan, Iran. Environmental Research.
2018;161:114-21.
19. Griffin RD. Principles of air quality management:
CRC Press; 2016.
20. Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A,
Gelein R, Kreyling W, et al. Translocation of inhaled
ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhalation toxicology.
2004;16(6-7):437-45.
21. Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-Afonso J,
Rodríguez S, Juárez-Prera RA, Arroyo-Ucar E,
Jiménez-Sosa A, et al. Comparative study of ambient
air particles in patients hospitalized for heart failure
and acute coronary syndrome. Revista Española de
Cardiología (English Edition). 2011;64(8):661-6.
22. Araujo JA, Nel AE. Particulate matter and
atherosclerosis: role of particle size, composition
and oxidative stress. Particle and fibre toxicology.
2009;6(1):24.
23. Jeong SJ. The impact of air pollution on human
health in Suwon City. Asian Journal of Atmospheric
Environment. 2013;7(4):227-33.
24. WHO. Quantification of health effects of
exposure to air pollution: report on a WHO working
group, Bilthoven, Netherlands 20-22 November
2000. 2001.
25. Khaniabadi YO, Hopke PK, Goudarzi
G, Daryanoosh SM, Jourvand M, Basiri H.
Cardiopulmonary mortality and COPD attributed
to ambient ozone. Environmental research.
2017;152:336-41.
26. Fattore E, Paiano V, Borgini A, Tittarelli A,
Bertoldi M, Crosignani P, et al. Human health risk
in relation to air quality in two municipalities in an
industrialized area of Northern Italy. Environmental
research. 2011;111(8):1321-7.
27. Kermani M, Goudarzi G, Shahsavani A, Dowlati
M, Asl FB, Karimzadeh S, et al. Estimation of
short-term mortality and morbidity attributed to fine
particulate matter in the ambient air of eight Iranian
cities. Annals of global health. 2018;84(3):408-18.
28. Fazelinia F, Khodabandehlou AA, Rafati L,
Mahvi AH. Investigation of Air Quality Index and
PM10 and PM2.5 in Arak. Iranian journal of health
sciences. 2013;1(3):12-7.
29. Hosseini V, Shahbazi H. Urban air pollution in
Iran. Iranian Studies. 2016;49(6):1029-46.
30. Solgi E. Assessment of Copper and Zinc
Contamination in Soils of Industrial Estates of Arak
Region (Iran). Iranian Journal of Toxicology Volume.
2015;9(28).
31. Vahedian M, Khanjani N, Mirzaee M, Koolivand
A. Associations of short-term exposure to air
pollution with respiratory hospital admissions in
Arak, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science
and Engineering. 2017;15(1):17.
32. Krzyzanowski M. Methods for assessing the extent
of exposure and effects of air pollution. Occupational
and environmental medicine. 1997;54(3):145-51.
33. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M,
Momeniha F, Nabizadeh R, Faridi S, et al. Health
impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of
Tehran, Iran. Iranian journal of environmental health
science & engineering. 2012;9(1):28.
34. Karacostas T, Bais A, Nastos PT. Perspectives on
Atmospheric Sciences: Springer; 2016.
35. Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock J, Marston
L, Konstantinou K, Organization WH. Meta-analysis
of time-series studies and panel studies of particulate
matter (PM) and ozone (O3
): report of a WHO task
group. 2004.
36. WHO. ROf: World Health Organization
Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen. Air Quality
Guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications;
2000.
37. Naddafi K, Hassanvand, M.S. Quantification of
Health Effects of Tehran Air Pollution in 2011–2012.
Air Pollution Research Center (APRC) Institute
for Environmental Research, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences. 2012:pp.
38. Research Center for Applied Meteorology (In
Persian).2012.
39. Sotoudeheian S, Salim R, Arhami M. Impact
of Middle Eastern dust sources on PM10 in Iran:
Highlighting the impact of Tigris‐Euphrates basin
sources and Lake Urmia desiccation. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2016;121(23).
40. Vahedian M, Khanjani N, Mirzaee M, Koolivand
A. Ambient air pollution and daily hospital
admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Arak, Iran.
ARYA atherosclerosis. 2017;13(3):117.
41. Leem JH, Kim ST, Kim HC. Public-health
impact of outdoor air pollution for 2nd air pollution
management policy in Seoul metropolitan area,
Korea. Annals of occupational and environmental
medicine. 2015;27(1):7.
42. Zeinali B, Asghari S. Mapping and monitoring
of dust storms in Iran by fuzzy clustering and remote
sensing techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences.
2016;9(9):549.
43. Sotoudeheian S, Salim R, Arhami M. Impact
of Middle Eastern dust sources on PM10 in Iran:
Highlighting the impact of Tigris‐Euphrates
basin sources and Lake Urmia desiccation.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.
2016;121(23):14,018-14,34.
44. Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Stevens JC. Air pollution
removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United
States. Urban forestry & urban greening. 2006;4(3-
4):115-23.
Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al.
The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. The
lancet oncology. 2013;14(13):1262-3.
2. Boyce CP, Goodman JE, Sax SN, Loftus CT.
Providing perspective for interpreting cardiovascular
mortality risks associated with ozone exposures.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology.
2015;72(1):107-16.
3. Khaniabadi YO, Goudarzi G, Daryanoosh SM,
Borgini A, Tittarelli A, De Marco A. Exposure to
PM10, NO2
, and O3
and impacts on human health.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
2017;24(3):2781-9.
4. Fard RF, Mahvi AH, Mahdinia M, Dehabadi
M, Fard RF, Mahvi AH, et al. Data on Emerging
Sulfur Dioxide in the Emission of Natural Gas
Heater. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.
2018;155:133-43.
5. Organization WH. Burden of disease from the
joint effects of household and ambient air pollution
for 2016. Social and Environmental Determinants of
Health Department: Geneva, Switzerland. 2018;7.
6. Mojarrad H, Fouladi Fard R, Rezaali M, Heidari
H, Izanloo H, Mohammadbeigi A, et al. Spatial
trends, health risk assessment and ozone formation
potential linked to BTEX. Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment: An International Journal. 2019:1-22.
7. Yang G, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Gao GF, Liang X, Zhou
M, et al. Rapid health transition in China, 1990–2010:
findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study
2010. The lancet. 2013;381(9882):1987-2015.
8. Apte JS, Marshall JD, Cohen AJ, Brauer
M. Addressing global mortality from ambient
PM2.5. Environmental science & technology.
2015;49(13):8057-66.
9. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G,
Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative
risk assessment of burden of disease and injury
attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters
in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis
for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The
lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-60.
10. Fard RF, Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Khazaei
M, Rahmani F. Trends of metals enrichment in
deposited particulate matter at semi-arid area of Iran.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
2018;25(19):18737-51.
11. Zhang Y, Ding Z, Xiang Q, Wang W, Huang L,
Mao F. Short-term effects of ambient PM1 and PM2.5
air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory
diseases: case-crossover evidence from Shenzhen,
China. International Journal of Hygiene and
Environmental Health. 2020;224:113418.
12. Riess J. Nox: how nitrogen oxides affect the way
we live and breathe. US Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. 1998.
13. Fard RF, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Nodehi RN,
Dehghani MH, Hassanvand MS. The assessment of
health impacts and external costs of natural gas-fired
power plant of Qom. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2016;23(20):20922-36.
14. Nagai H, Toyokuni S. Biopersistent fiber-induced
inflammation and carcinogenesis: lessons learned
from asbestos toward safety of fibrous nanomaterials.
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics.
2010;502(1):1-7.
15. Chuang H-C, Fan C-W, Chen K-Y, ChangChien G-P, Chan C-C. Vasoactive alteration and
inflammation induced by polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and trace metals of vehicle exhaust
particles. Toxicology letters. 2012;214(2):131-6.
16. Strak M, Janssen NA, Godri KJ, Gosens I,
Mudway IS, Cassee FR, et al. Respiratory health
effects of airborne particulate matter: the role of
particle size, composition, and oxidative potential—
the RAPTES project. Environmental health
perspectives. 2012;120(8):1183.
17. Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis K,
Loridas S. Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation
and cancer: respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts
and ozone as major causes of lung carcinogenesis
through reactive oxygen species mechanisms.
International journal of environmental research and
public health. 2013;10(9):3886-907.
18. Asl FB, Leili M, Vaziri Y, Arian SS, Cristaldi A,
Conti GO, et al. Health impacts quantification of
ambient air pollutants using AirQ model approach
in Hamadan, Iran. Environmental Research.
2018;161:114-21.
19. Griffin RD. Principles of air quality management:
CRC Press; 2016.
20. Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A,
Gelein R, Kreyling W, et al. Translocation of inhaled
ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhalation toxicology.
2004;16(6-7):437-45.
21. Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-Afonso J,
Rodríguez S, Juárez-Prera RA, Arroyo-Ucar E,
Jiménez-Sosa A, et al. Comparative study of ambient
air particles in patients hospitalized for heart failure
and acute coronary syndrome. Revista Española de
Cardiología (English Edition). 2011;64(8):661-6.
22. Araujo JA, Nel AE. Particulate matter and
atherosclerosis: role of particle size, composition
and oxidative stress. Particle and fibre toxicology.
2009;6(1):24.
23. Jeong SJ. The impact of air pollution on human
health in Suwon City. Asian Journal of Atmospheric
Environment. 2013;7(4):227-33.
24. WHO. Quantification of health effects of
exposure to air pollution: report on a WHO working
group, Bilthoven, Netherlands 20-22 November
2000. 2001.
25. Khaniabadi YO, Hopke PK, Goudarzi
G, Daryanoosh SM, Jourvand M, Basiri H.
Cardiopulmonary mortality and COPD attributed
to ambient ozone. Environmental research.
2017;152:336-41.
26. Fattore E, Paiano V, Borgini A, Tittarelli A,
Bertoldi M, Crosignani P, et al. Human health risk
in relation to air quality in two municipalities in an
industrialized area of Northern Italy. Environmental
research. 2011;111(8):1321-7.
27. Kermani M, Goudarzi G, Shahsavani A, Dowlati
M, Asl FB, Karimzadeh S, et al. Estimation of
short-term mortality and morbidity attributed to fine
particulate matter in the ambient air of eight Iranian
cities. Annals of global health. 2018;84(3):408-18.
28. Fazelinia F, Khodabandehlou AA, Rafati L,
Mahvi AH. Investigation of Air Quality Index and
PM10 and PM2.5 in Arak. Iranian journal of health
sciences. 2013;1(3):12-7.
29. Hosseini V, Shahbazi H. Urban air pollution in
Iran. Iranian Studies. 2016;49(6):1029-46.
30. Solgi E. Assessment of Copper and Zinc
Contamination in Soils of Industrial Estates of Arak
Region (Iran). Iranian Journal of Toxicology Volume.
2015;9(28).
31. Vahedian M, Khanjani N, Mirzaee M, Koolivand
A. Associations of short-term exposure to air
pollution with respiratory hospital admissions in
Arak, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science
and Engineering. 2017;15(1):17.
32. Krzyzanowski M. Methods for assessing the extent
of exposure and effects of air pollution. Occupational
and environmental medicine. 1997;54(3):145-51.
33. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M,
Momeniha F, Nabizadeh R, Faridi S, et al. Health
impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of
Tehran, Iran. Iranian journal of environmental health
science & engineering. 2012;9(1):28.
34. Karacostas T, Bais A, Nastos PT. Perspectives on
Atmospheric Sciences: Springer; 2016.
35. Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock J, Marston
L, Konstantinou K, Organization WH. Meta-analysis
of time-series studies and panel studies of particulate
matter (PM) and ozone (O3
): report of a WHO task
group. 2004.
36. WHO. ROf: World Health Organization
Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen. Air Quality
Guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications;
2000.
37. Naddafi K, Hassanvand, M.S. Quantification of
Health Effects of Tehran Air Pollution in 2011–2012.
Air Pollution Research Center (APRC) Institute
for Environmental Research, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences. 2012:pp.
38. Research Center for Applied Meteorology (In
Persian).2012.
39. Sotoudeheian S, Salim R, Arhami M. Impact
of Middle Eastern dust sources on PM10 in Iran:
Highlighting the impact of Tigris‐Euphrates basin
sources and Lake Urmia desiccation. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2016;121(23).
40. Vahedian M, Khanjani N, Mirzaee M, Koolivand
A. Ambient air pollution and daily hospital
admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Arak, Iran.
ARYA atherosclerosis. 2017;13(3):117.
41. Leem JH, Kim ST, Kim HC. Public-health
impact of outdoor air pollution for 2nd air pollution
management policy in Seoul metropolitan area,
Korea. Annals of occupational and environmental
medicine. 2015;27(1):7.
42. Zeinali B, Asghari S. Mapping and monitoring
of dust storms in Iran by fuzzy clustering and remote
sensing techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences.
2016;9(9):549.
43. Sotoudeheian S, Salim R, Arhami M. Impact
of Middle Eastern dust sources on PM10 in Iran:
Highlighting the impact of Tigris‐Euphrates
basin sources and Lake Urmia desiccation.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.
2016;121(23):14,018-14,34.
44. Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Stevens JC. Air pollution
removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United
States. Urban forestry & urban greening. 2006;4(3-
4):115-23.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No 2 (2021): Spring 2021 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v6i2.7955 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air pollution; Particulate matter (PM); Mortality; Morbidity; Arak | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Fouladi Fard R, Dordshaikh Torkamani F, Mahvi AH, Fahiminia M, Koolivand A, Hosseini MR, Eshrati B, Fiore M, Omidi Oskouei A, Rezaei N. Health effects from particulate air pollution in one of the industrial cities of Iran. JAPH. 2021;6(2):135-148.
