Mortality and morbidity economic burden due to PM2.5 and ozone: An AirQ+ modelling in Iran
-
Mostafa Hadei
,
Philip K. Hopke
,
Abbas Shahsavani
,
Nader Jahanmehr
,
Masoumeh Rahmatinia
,
Mohsen Farhadi
,
Maryam Yarahmadi
,
Majid Kermani
Abstract
Introduction: Attributable health impacts of air pollution result in economic costs to societies. In this study, the WHO AirQ+ model was used to estimate the health impacts and health-related economic costs of PM2.5 and O3 in Karaj, the fourth largest city in Iran, from March 2015 to March 2016.
Materials and methods: For PM2.5, long-term mortality due to ischemic heart disease (IHD), lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and morbidity such as acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), and short-term cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations were calculated. For ozone, short-term mortality and hospitalizations due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were estimated. The human capital method (HCM) was used to monetize the mortality impact attributed to selected air pollutants. Direct and indirect costs of morbidity were estimated using available local data on the costs related to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Results: The total number of IHD, COPD, LC and ALRI deaths attributed to PM2.5 in selected age groups was 576. The total number of cardiovascular and respiratory deaths attributed to O3 was 46 cases. For hospitalization, the aggregate cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions for both pollutants were 552. The total economic loss due to mortality and morbidity from selected health endpoints was approximately 44 million USD.
Conclusion: Despite the limitations, such methodologies can be useful for policy-makers. Therefore, there is a compelling need to conduct cost of illness’s studies in other areas.
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31. Hopke PK, Hashemi Nazari SS, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, Yarahmadi E, et al. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Short-Term Health Impacts of PM2.5 in Iranian Cities; a Modelling Approach (2013-2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2018.
32. Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Conti GO, Alipour MR, Ferrante M, et al. Mortality assessment attributed
to long-term exposure to fine particles in ambient air of the megacity of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(14):14254-62.
33. WHO. Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. Geneva, Switzerland; 2016.
34. Quah E, Boon TL. The economic cost of particulate air pollution on health in Singapore. Journal of Asian Economics. 2003;14(1):73-90.
35. Ghude SD, Chate D, Jena C, Beig G, Kumar R, Barth M, et al. Premature mortality in India due to PM2.5 and ozone exposure. Geophys Res Lett. 2016;43(9):4650-8.
36. Capolongo S, Rebecchi A, Dettori M, Appolloni L, Azara A, Buffoli M, et al. Healthy Design and Urban Planning Strategies, Actions, and Policy to Achieve Salutogenic Cities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):2698.
37. Shahsavani A, Naddafi K, Haghighifard NJ, Mes daghinia A, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, et al. Characterization of ionic composition of TSP and PM10 during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Monit Assess. 2012;184(11):6683-92.
2. Ferkol T, Schraufnagel D. The global burden of respiratory disease. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2014;11(3):404-6.
3. World Bank. The cost of air pollution : strengthening the economic case for action. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group; 2016.
4. WHO. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution database, by country and city. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization; 2016.
5. Shahsavani A, Naddafi K, Jafarzade Haghighifard N, Mesdaghinia A, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, et al. The evaluation of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) events in Ahvaz, Iran, from april through september 2010. J Arid Environ. 2012;77:72-83.
6. Morgenstern RD. Economic analyses at EPA: assessing regulatory impact: Routledge; 2014.
7. Robinson LA. Valuing the Health Impacts of Air Emissions A2 - Nriagu, J.O. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Burlington: Elsevier; 2011. p. 619-27.
8. Byford S, Torgerson DJ, Raftery J. Cost of illness studies. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2000;320(7245):1335.
9. Jo C. Cost-of-illness studies: concepts, scopes, and methods. Clinical and molecular hepatology. 2014;20(4):327-37.
10. Clabaugh G, Ward MM. Cost-of-Illness Studies in the United States: A Systematic Review of Methodologies Used for Direct Cost. Value Health. 2008;11(1):13-21.
11. Zivin JG, Neidell M. Environment, Health, and Human Capital. J Econ Lit. 2013;51(3):689-730.
12. Conti GO, Heibati B, Kloog I, Fiore M, Ferrante M. A review of AirQ Models and their applications for forecasting
the air pollution health outcomes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017:1-20.
13. Mudu P, Gapp C, Dunbar M. AirQ+ 1.0 example of calculations. World Health Organization; 2016.
14. Chen L, Shi M, Gao S, Li S, Mao J, Zhang H, et al. Assessment of population exposure to PM2.5 for mortality in China and its public health benefit based on BenMAP. Environ Pollut. 2017;221:311-7.
15. Khaniabadi YO, Daryanoosh SM, Hopke PK, Ferrante M, De Marco A, Sicard P, et al. Acute myocardial infarction and COPD attributed to ambient SO2 in Iran. Environ Res. 2017;156:683-7.
16. Khaniabadi YO, Fanelli R, De Marco A, Daryanoosh SM, Kloog I, Hopke PK, et al. Hospital admissions in Iran for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to the Middle Eastern Dust storms. Environmental science and pollution research. 2017;24(20):16860-8.
17. WHO Regional Office for Europe. AirQ+: key features. WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2016.
18. Voorhees AS, Wang J, Wang C, Zhao B, Wang S, Kan H. Public health benefits of reducing air pollution in Shanghai: a proof-of-concept methodology with application to BenMAP. Sci Total Environ. 2014;485:396-405.
19. Xia Y, Guan D, Jiang X, Peng L, Schroeder H, Zhang Q. Assessment of socioeconomic costs to China’s air pollution. Atmos Environ. 2016;139:147-56.
20. Kan H, Chen B. Particulate air pollution in urban areas of Shanghai, China: health-based economic assessment. Sci Total Environ. 2004;322(1):71-9.
21. Tang D, Wang C, Nie J, Chen R, Niu Q, Kan H, et al. Health benefits of improving air quality in Taiyuan, China. Environ Int. 2014;73:235-42.
22. Gao M, Guttikunda SK, Carmichael GR, Wang Y, Liu Z, Stanier CO, et al. Health impacts and economic losses
assessment of the 2013 severe haze event in Beijing area. Sci Total Environ. 2015;511:553-61.
23.Iran Overview [Internet]. World Bank. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/country/iran-islamic-rep. 2017.
24. World Health Organization. Monitoring ambient air quality for health impact assessment. 1999.
25. Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ciarelli G, Prévôt A, Baltensperger U. A model study on changes of European and Swiss particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen deposition between 1990 and 2020 due to the revised Gothenburg protocol. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2014;14(23):13081-95.
26. Antanasijević D, Pocajt V, Perić-Grujić A, Ristić M. Urban population exposure to tropospheric ozone: A multi-country forecasting of SOMO35 using artificial neural networks. Environ Pollut. 2019;244:288-94.
27. Kermani M, Dowlati M, Jafari AJ, Kalantari RR. Health risks attributed to particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less in Tehran air 2005-2015. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci). 2016;20(3).
28. Mohammadi A, Azhdarpoor A, Shahsavani A, Tabatabaee H. Investigating the health effects of exposure to criteria pollutants using airq2.2.3 in Shiraz, Iran. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2016;16(4):1035-43.
29. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Nazari SSH, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A, Alipour MR. Estimation of Mortality and Hospital Admissions Attributed to Criteria Air Pollutants in Tehran Metropolis, Iran (2013–2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2017;17:2474-81.
30. Hadei M, Nazari; SSH, Yarahmadi; M, Kermani; M, Farhadi; M, Shahsavani; A. Estimation of gender-specific lung cancer deaths due to exposure to PM2.5 in 10 cities of Iran during 2013 - 2016: A modeling approach. International Journal of Cancer Management. 2017;10(8):13-21.
31. Hopke PK, Hashemi Nazari SS, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, Yarahmadi E, et al. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Short-Term Health Impacts of PM2.5 in Iranian Cities; a Modelling Approach (2013-2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2018.
32. Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Conti GO, Alipour MR, Ferrante M, et al. Mortality assessment attributed
to long-term exposure to fine particles in ambient air of the megacity of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(14):14254-62.
33. WHO. Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. Geneva, Switzerland; 2016.
34. Quah E, Boon TL. The economic cost of particulate air pollution on health in Singapore. Journal of Asian Economics. 2003;14(1):73-90.
35. Ghude SD, Chate D, Jena C, Beig G, Kumar R, Barth M, et al. Premature mortality in India due to PM2.5 and ozone exposure. Geophys Res Lett. 2016;43(9):4650-8.
36. Capolongo S, Rebecchi A, Dettori M, Appolloni L, Azara A, Buffoli M, et al. Healthy Design and Urban Planning Strategies, Actions, and Policy to Achieve Salutogenic Cities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):2698.
37. Shahsavani A, Naddafi K, Haghighifard NJ, Mes daghinia A, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, et al. Characterization of ionic composition of TSP and PM10 during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Monit Assess. 2012;184(11):6683-92.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5 No 1 (2020): Winter 2020 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v5i1.2855 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Health impact assessment; Air pollution; Fine particulate matter; Cost of illness; Sum of Ozone Means Over 35 ppb (SOMO35) | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Hadei M, Hopke P, Shahsavani A, Jahanmehr N, Rahmatinia M, Farhadi M, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M. Mortality and morbidity economic burden due to PM2.5 and ozone: An AirQ+ modelling in Iran. JAPH. 2020;5(1):1-10.
