ESTIMATION OF LUNG CANCER MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO PM2.5 IN 15 IRANIAN CITIES DURING 2015 - 2016; AN AIRQ+ MODELING
-
Mostafa Hadei
,
Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
,
Elham Yarahmadi
,
Majid Kermani
,
Maryam Yarahmadi
,
Zohreh Naghdali
,
Abbas Shahsavani
Abstract
Introduction: Long-term exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm is associated with lung cancer incidence. This study aimed to estimate the number of lung cancer deaths attributed to lung-term exposure to PM2.5 among people older than 30 years in 15 cities of Iran during 2015- 2016 using AirQ+ modelling approach.
Materials and methods: Validation of monitoring stations was done according to WHO’s criteria for health impact assessment of air pollution. As AirQ+ needs, 24-h concentrations of PM2.5 during a year, total population and at-risk population, baseline incidence of lung cancer, and cut-off value of 10 μg/m3 for PM2.5 concentration were prepared and entered into the model.
Results: Annual concentrations of particulate matter in all cities were 1.8 to 6.7 times higher than WHO’s guideline. The most and least cases of lung cancer deaths due to PM2.5 were estimated to be in Karaj and Birjand, respectively. Total mortality of lung cancer attributed to PM2.5 in these 15 cities were 120 cases.
Conclusions: Since air pollution’s health impacts impose financial losses to countries, results of this study can be useful for decision-makers to highlight areas requiring urgent action.
World Bank. The cost of air pollution : strengthening
the economic case for action. Washington, D.C.:
World Bank Group, 2016.
WHO. Seven million premature deaths annually linked
to air pollution. Geneva, World Health Organization:
Crouse DL, Peters PA, Hystad P, Brook JR, van Donkelaar
A, Martin RV, et al. Ambient PM2.5, O3, and
NO2 Exposures and Associations with Mortality over
Years of Follow-Up in the Canadian Census Health
and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). Environ Health
Perspect. 2015;123(11):1180-6.
Traversi D, Gilli G. Mutagenicity of PM2. 5. 2011.
Khamutian R, Najafi F, Soltanian M, Shokoohizadeh
MJ, Poorhaghighat S, Dargahi A, et al. The association
between air pollution and weather conditions with
increase in the number of admissions of asthmatic patients
in emergency wards: a case study in Kermanshah.
Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
;29:229.
Pope CA, 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski
D, Ito K, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality,
and long-term exposure to fine particulate air
pollution. Jama. 2002;287(9):1132-41.
Cancer IAfRo. Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental
cause of cancer deaths. Lyon/Geneva. 2013.
WHO. WHO’s Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database.
Update 2016.
Sharafi K, Khosravi T, Moradi M, Pirsaheb M. Air
quality and variations in PM10 pollutant concentration
in Western Iran during a four-year period (2008–
, Kermanshah–a case study. J Eng Sci Technol.
;10(1):47-56.
Shahsavani A, Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Sowlat MH,
Naddafi K. Elemental and carbonaceous characterization
of TSP and PM10 during Middle Eastern dust
(MED) storms in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran. Environmental
monitoring and assessment. 2017;189(9):462.
Hossein Shahbazi MB, Hossein Afshin, Vahid Hosseini.
Tehran’s air pollution emission inventory for the
year 2013- Volume II: mobile sources [In Persian].
Tehran, Iran: Tehran Air Quality Control Company,
QM/94/04/03/(U)/02.
Hadei M, Hopke PK, Hashemi Nazari SS, Yarahmadi
M, Shahsavani A, Alipour MR. Estimation of Mortality
and Hospital Admissions Attributed to Criteria Air
Pollutants in Tehran Metropolis, Iran (2013-2016).
Aerosol and Air Quality Research.
Conti GO, Heibati B, Kloog I, Fiore M, Ferrante M.
A review of AirQ Models and their applications for
forecasting the air pollution health outcomes. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research.1-20.
Clabaugh G, Ward MM. Cost-of-Illness Studies in the
United States: A Systematic Review of Methodologies
Used for Direct Cost. Value in Health. 2008;11(1):13-
Byford S, Torgerson DJ, Raftery J. Cost of illness
studies. BMJ: British Medical Journal.
;320(7245):1335.
Asl FB, Kermani M, Aghaei M, Karimzadeh S, Arian
SS, Shahsavani A, et al. Estimation of Diseases and
Mortality Attributed to NO2 pollutant in five metropolises
of Iran using AirQ model in 2011-2012. J Mazandaran
Univ Med Sci. 2015;25(121):239-49.
Kermani M, Dowlati M, Jafari AJ, Kalantari RR.
Health risks attributed to particulate matter of 2.5
microns or less in Tehran air 2005-2015. Journal of
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (J Kermanshah
Univ Med Sci). 2016; 20 (3).
Kermani M, Dowlati M, Jonidi Jafari A, Rezaei Kalantari
R, Sadat Sakhaei F. Effect of Air Pollution on
the Emergency Admissions of Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Patients, Using the Air Quality Model: A
Study in Tehran, 2005-2014. Health in Emergencies
and Disasters Quarterly. 2016;1(3):137-46.
Goudarzi GG, Sahar; Salmanzadeh, Shokrolah; Mohammadi,
Mohammad Javad; Zallaghi, Elahe. The
Number of Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular
Death Cases Associated with Sulfur Dioxide Exposure
in Ahvaz, Iran. Archives of Hygiene Sciences.
;3(4):112-9.
Pierpaolo Mudu CG, Maria Dunbar. AirQ+ 1.0 example
of calculations. World Health Organization,
WHO Regional Office for Europe. AirQ+: key features.
WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016.
Organization WH. Health risks of air pollution in Europe—
HRAPIE project recommendations for concentration–
response functions for cost–benefit analysis of
particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. World
Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Geneva,
Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2013.
EC Directive. Council Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient
air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official
Journal of the European Communities, L. 2008;151:1-
World Health Organization. Monitoring ambient air
quality for health impact assessment. 1999.
Khosravi AA, Saeedeh; Kazemi, Elaheh; Kalantari,
Naser;. The outlook of mortality in 30 provinces of
Iran during 2011-2012. Ministry of Health and Medical
Education, Tehran, Iran2016.
AirQ plus. Germany: WHO Regional Office for Europe,
European Centre for Environment and Health
(ECEH), Bonn office; 2016.
WHO. Air quality guidelines: global update 2005:
particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur
dioxide: World Health Organization; 2006.
Shahsavani A, Naddafi K, Jafarzade Haghighifard N,
Mesdaghinia A, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, et al. The
evaluation of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations
during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) events in Ahvaz,
Iran, from april through september 2010. Journal
of Arid Environments. 2011.
Shahsavani A, Naddafi K, Haghighifard NJ, Mesdaghinia
A, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, et al. Characterization
of ionic composition of TSP and PM10
during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz,
Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment.
;184(11):6683-92.
WHO. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in cities database.
Geneva, World Health Organization: 2014.
Shahbazi HB, Mahdi; Afshin, Hossein; Hosseini,
Vahid. Tehran’s air pollution emission inventory for
the year 2013- Volume II: mobile sources [In Persian].
Tehran, Iran: Tehran Air Quality Control Company,
QM/94/04/03/(U)/02.
Sowlat MH, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Jackson PL,
Shahsavani A. Source apportionment of total suspended
particulates in an arid area in southwestern
Iran using positive matrix factorization. Bulletin
of environmental contamination and toxicology.
;88(5):735-40.
Sowlat MH, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Jackson PL,
Lotfi S, Shahsavani A. PM10 source apportionment
in Ahvaz, Iran, using positive matrix factorization.
CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water. 2013;41(12):1143-51.
Moghaddam VK, Changani F, Mohammadi A, Hadei
M, Ashabi R, Majd LE, et al. Sustainable development
of water resources based on wastewater reuse and upgrading
of treatment plants: a review in the Middle
East. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT.
;65:463-73.
Jo C. Cost-of-illness studies: concepts, scopes,
and methods. Clinical and molecular hepatology.
;20(4):327-37.
WHO. Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of
exposure and burden of disease. Geneva, Switzerland:
Boldo E, Medina S, Le Tertre A, Hurley F, Mücke
H-G, Ballester F, et al. Apheis: Health Impact Assessment
of Long-term Exposure to PM2.5 in 23
European Cities. European Journal of Epidemiology.
;21(6):449-58.
Fattore E, Paiano V, Borgini A, Tittarelli A, Bertoldi
M, Crosignani P, et al. Human health risk in relation
to air quality in two municipalities in an industrialized
area of Northern Italy. Environ Res. 2011;111(8):1321-
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 2 No 1 (2017): Winter 2017 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| Keywords | ||
| Particulate matter ambient air pollution AirQ plus public health chronic | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
