Particulate matter concentrations and health risks associated with cow hides singeing in Abattoirs in Benin City, Nigeria
,
Abstract
Introduction: The singeing of animals is one of the major sources of human exposure to air pollutants in abattoirs especially in developing countries and it can cause various adverse health effects among the workers. This study assessed the concentrations of particulate matter in selected abattoirs and examined the associated health risks among the workers in Benin City, Nigeria.
Materials and methods: Measurements of Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were performed in three areas in the abattoirs for three months, and the noncarcinogenic risks of exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 were determined via Hazard-Quotients (HQs) and Hazard Indices (HIs). The occurrence and relationship between the reported risk factors and health effects among abattoir workers were also examined using the modified American Thoracic Standard (ATS) respiratory symptoms questionnaire.
Results: The levels of PM2.5 and PM10 in the hide roasting areas were significantly higher (p>0.05) than those at other sampling points across the abattoirs. The indoor and outdoor ratio (I/O) of the particulates was greater than 1.0 in almost all the abattoirs. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher than the permissible air quality standards. The HQ values exceeded 1.0 in all the sampling areas, implying that exposure to particulate concentrations could result in adverse health effects in abattoirs. The chi-square test revealed significant associations between reported risk factors such as: age, work experience, duration of exposure, and use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and health effects (dry cough, eye irritation, asthma, difficulty breathing, sore throat, and chest pain) among abattoir workers.
Conclusion: This study revealed that hide roasting at abattoirs results in poor air quality in the abattoir environment and contributes to adverse health effects among workers.
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2. Aya FC, Nwite JN. Implication of Roasting Goats with Tyres on Human Health and the Environment in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State in Nigeria. Journal of Pollution Effects and Control. 2016;4(153):1-4. doi.104172/2375-4397.1000153.
3. Ekanem AM, Ijezie AE, Udo IA, Ekrikpo UE, Idung AU. Meat singeing practices and knowledge of its effects on health and environment among butchers in Uyo, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;23-33. https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2020/v22i730182.
4. Ojinnaka MC, Ubaka IT, Obeta NA, Okudu HO. Quality Evaluation of Edible Beef Skin Produced Using Different Singeing Methods. Asian Journal of Food Research and Nutrition.2023; 2(4):770-777.http://journalajfm.com/index.php/AJFRN/article/.
5. Wambebe NM, Duan X. Air Quality Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Particulate Matters in Abuja Municipal Area, Nigeria. Atmosphere. 2020; 11:817. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080817.
6. World Health Organization. WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. 2021.
7. Kaur M, Chandel J, Malik J, Naura AS. Particulate matter in COPD pathogenesis: an overview. Inflammation Research. 2022; 71(7):797-815. doi: 10.1007/s00011-022-01594-y.
8. Harrison RM. Airborne particulate matter. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 2020;378(2183):20190319.
9. Pinkerton KE, Green FH, Saiki C. Distribution of particulate matter and tissue remodelling in the human lung. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000; 108(11):1063–1069. doi: 10.1289/ehp.001081063.
10. Heal MR, Kumar P, Harrison RM. Particles, air quality, policy and health. Chemical Society Reviews. 2012;41(19):6606-30.
11. Cheung K, Daher N, Kam W, Shafer MM, Ning Z, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C. Spatial and temporal variation of chemical composition and mass closure of ambient coarse particulate matter (PM10–2.5) in the Los Angeles area. Atmospheric environment. 2011 May 1;45(16):2651-62.
12. Thurston GD, Burnett RT, Turner MC, Shi Y, Krewski D, Lall R, Ito K, Jerrett M, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Pope III CA. Ischemic heart disease mortality and long-term exposure to source-related components of US fine particle air pollution. Environmental health perspectives. 2016 Jun;124(6):785-94.
13. Ostro B, Hu J, Goldberg D, Reynolds P, Hertz A, Bernstein L, Kleeman MJ. Associations of mortality with long-term exposures to fine and ultrafine particles, species and sources: results from the California Teachers Study Cohort. Environmental health perspectives. 2015 Jun;123(6):549-56.
14. Jimoda LA, Sulaymon ID, Alade AO, Adebayo GA. Assessment of environmental impact of open burning of scrap tyres on ambient air quality. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2018 Jun;15:1323-30.
15. Shang J, Khuzestani RB, Huang W, An J, Schauer JJ, Fang D, Cai T, Tian J, Yang S, Guo B, Zhang Y. Acute changes in a respiratory inflammation marker in guards following Beijing air pollution controls. Science of the total environment. 2018 May 15;624:1539-49.
16. Odekanle EL, Sonibare OO, Odejobi OJ, Fakinle BS, Akeredolu FA. Air emissions and health risk assessment around abattoir facility. Heliyon. 2020 Jul 1;6(7).
17. Abulude FO, Feyisetan AO, Arifalo KM, Akinnusotu A, Bell, LJ. Indoor particulate matter assessment in a northern Nigerian abattoir and a residential building. Journal of Atmospheric Science Research. 2022; 5(4), 20-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v5i4.5104.
18. Uyo CN, Njoku JD, Iwuji MC, Ihejirika CE, Njoku-Tony RF. Assessment of air quality in livestock farms and abattoirs in selected LGAs of Imo State. Assessment, 2021; 7(8):54-68 https://www.ijaar.org/articles/v7n8/ste/ijaares-v7n8-Aug21-p7859.pdf.
19. Umoh V, Peters E. The relationship between lung function and indoor air pollution among rural women in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Lung India. 2015; 32(2):199 doi: 10.4103/0970-2113.152672
20. Kim H, Kang K, Kim T. Measurement of particulate matter (PM2.5) and health risk assessment of cooking-generated particles in the kitchen and living rooms of apartment houses. Sustainability. 2018;10(3):843. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030843.
21. Ibe FC, Opara AI, Amaobi CE, Ibe BO. Environmental risk assessment of the intake of contaminants in aquifers in the vicinity of a reclaimed waste dumpsite in Owerri municipal, Southeastern Nigeria. Applied Water Science. 2021;11(2):1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01355-4.
22. Elemile OO, Raphael DO, Omole DO, Oloruntoba EO, Ajayi EO, Ohwavborua NA. Assessment of the impacts of abattoir effluent on the water quality of groundwater in a residential area of Omu-Aran, Nigeria. Environmental Sciences Europe. 2019; 31: 16. https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12302-019-0201-5.
23. Jonah AE. Determination of Some Air Pollutants and Meteorological Parameters in Abattoir, Ntak Inyang in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Management Studies, 2020; 3(6), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v3i6p101.
24. Ebe TE1, Udensi JU, Ojiaku A, Ejiogu CC, Nwachukwu J, Egbuawa O, et al. Air Quality Assessment in Abattoir Facility, Obinze, Owerri West, Imo State, Nigeria American Journal of Environmental Protection. 2023; 11(2):49-55 doi:10.12691/env-11-2-3.
25. Mamhobu-Amadi, WC, Kinigoma BS, Momoh Y, Oji A. Investigation of The Impact of Some Abattoir Activities on Air Quality. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies. 2019; 6(7):174-181. https://www.ijiras.com/2019/Vol_6-Issue_7/paper_25.pdf.
26. Wokoma OAF, Edoghotu, AJ, Gboeloh LB, Onyeche EC, Alikor E, Owoh AA. Assessment of Air Quality Around Selected Abattoirs in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria, Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2020;16(11):32-37, DOI: 10.9790/2402-1611023237.
27. Victor SO. Integrated Assessment of the Air Quality around the Environs of Dr. Abubakar Sola Saraki Memorial Abattoir, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. 2020;5(6):241-246 doi:Ijisrt20jun270.
28. Vincent EW, Jimmy OA, Meelubari BK. The Epidemiology of Cardio-vascular Diseases about the Air Quality of Abattoirs in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2016; 6:94-107. doi: 10.4236/wjcd.2016.64011.
29. Ajanaku AO, Oyelami BA, Eniola O. Ugege BH. Perceived Health Implications of Abattoir Activities on Residential Neighborhoods: A Case Study Of Bodija Abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 2019;15(2): 36-42. https://www.eruditescholars.net.
30. FEPA, 1999. National Guidelines for Environmental Audit in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Government Press, Abuja, Nigeria.Part1,pp1-154.
31. Bhat TH, Jiawen G, Farzaneh, H. Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment (AP-HRA), Principles and Applications. International Journal of Environmental Research and. Public Health. 2021; 18:1935. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18041935.
32. Lina, ND, Engelbrecht JC, Wright CY, Oosthuizen MA, Thabethe, NDL. Human health risks posed by exposure to PM10 for four life stages in a low socio-economic community in South Africa. Pan African Medical Journal. 2014; 18:206. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.18.206.3393.
33. Lemly A. Evaluation of the Hazard Quotient Method for Risk Assessment of Selenium. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 1996; 35:156–162. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1996.0095.
34. Oliveira, BFA, Igotti E, Artzxo P, Saldiva PHN, Juger WL Hacon S. Risk assessment of PM2.5 to child residents in Brazilian Amazon region with biofuel production. Environmental Health. 2012;11, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-64.
35. Kumar S, Goyal P. Health Risk of Ambient PM2.5 Concentration: A Case Study of New Delhi, India. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2019; 1:10–16.
36. Hyungkeun Kim, Kyungmo K, Taeyeon K. Measurement of particulate matter (PM2.5) and health risk assessment of cooking-generated particles in the kitchen and living rooms of apartment houses. Sustainability. 2018; 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030843.
37. US EPA. Concepts, Methods, and Data Sources for Cumulative Health Risk Assessment of Multiple Chemicals, Exposures and Effects: A Resource Document (Final Report, 2008). https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=190187.
38. Society AT. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995;152: S78-S121. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.1.225.
39. Cochran WG. Sampling Techniques. 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.1977.
40. Kasaeinasab A, Jahangiri M, Karimi A, Tabatabaei HR, Safari S. Respiratory disorders among workers in slaughterhouses. Safety and health at work. 2017 Mar 1;8(1):84-8.
41. Faus-Kessler T, Kirchner M, Jakobi G. Modelling the decay of concentrations of nitrogenous compounds with distance from roads. Atmospheric Environment. 2008. 42:4589–4600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.073.
42. Liu SV, Chen FL, Xue J. A meta-analysis of selected near-road air pollutants based on concentration decay rates. Heliyon. 2019 Aug 1;5(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02236.
43. Eghomwanre AF, Oguntoke O, Taiwo AM. Levels of indoor particulate matter and association with asthma in children in Benin City, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2022 Jul;194(7):467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10135-3.
44. Bhat MA, Eraslan FN, Awad A, Malkoç S, Üzmez ÖÖ, Döğeroğlu T, et al. Investigation of indoor and outdoor air quality in a university campus during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Building and. Environment 2022; 219:109176. Doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv. 2022.10917.
45. Chen C, Zhao B. Review of the relationship between indoor and outdoor particles: I/O ratio, infiltration factor and penetration factor. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(2):275–288.
46. Singrakphon V, Chart-asa C, Chaikaew P. Meteorological Conditions and PM2. 5 Impact on COVID-19 Case Fatality Ratios (CFR) in Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Applied Environmental Research. 2024 Apr 3;46(2).
47. Jacobson MZ. Fundamentals of atmospheric modelling, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York. 2005; pp120-125.
48. Baumbach G, Vogt U, Hein KRG, Oluwole AF, Ogunsola OJ, Olaniyi HB. Air pollution in a large tropical city with high traffic density–results of measurements in Lagos, Nigeria. The Science of the Total Environment. 1995; 169:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04629-F.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 4 (2024): Autumn 2024 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i4.17648 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Abattoir; Health risks; Particulates; Risk factors; Workers | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Eghomwanre A, Edomwonyi G. Particulate matter concentrations and health risks associated with cow hides singeing in Abattoirs in Benin City, Nigeria. JAPH. 2024;9(4):445-466.
