Filtration efficiency of medical and community face masks against particles carrying SARS-CoV-2
-
Sara Dalvand
,
Rasul Nasiri
,
Rasoul Yarahmadi
,
Farah Bokharaei-Salim
,
Ali-Asghar Farshad
,
Somayeh Soleimani-Alyar
Abstract
Introduction: Airborne bioaerosols like SARS-CoV-2 can pose a significant threat to the respiratory system of humans. Airborne bioaerosols, such as SARS-CoV-2, pose significant respiratory risks. Wearing respiratory masks is a preventive measure to reduce exposure and control the transmission of airborne diseases. Hence, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of the masks in filtering airborne particulates, specifically those that carry SARSCoV-2.
Materials and methods: The filtration efficiency of three types of face masks was investigated for particulate matters in a laboratory setup using a custom-designed system, including a human head mannequin and controlled aerosol injection. Air samples were also collected from the breathing zone of COVID-19 patients in hospital settings, both with and without masks. Data analysis used Python tools, including Seaborn and Matplotlib, to generate visual insights.
Results: The study findings revealed variations in particle penetration and filtration efficiency of the tested masks for particles and SARS-CoV-2 based on mask types. The particles smaller than 700 nm penetrated N95 masks by 4.61%, with efficiency reaching 99.2% as particle size increased. Particle filtration efficiency for other masks, including surgical masks, ranged from 31%-68%, and for cloth masks, it was between 28%-86%.
Conclusion: The effectiveness of respiratory masks in preventing the transmission of airborne particles and viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, into the human respiratory system and regular use of suitable respiratory masks can
help control disease transmission, especially in high-risk environments such as hospitals. In summary, using respiratory masks is essential in reducing the spread of airborne viruses and improving public health.
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2. Samadi S, Wouters IM, Heederik DJ. A review of bio-aerosol exposures and associated health effects in veterinary practice. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine. 2013;20(2).
3. Jones RM. Relative contributions of transmission routes for COVID-19 among healthcare personnel providing patient care. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2020;17(9):408-15.
4. Morawska L, Milton DK. It is time to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(9):2311-3.
5. Gralton J, Tovey E, McLaws M-L, Rawlinson WD. The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: a review. Journal of infection. 2011;62(1):1-13.
6. Thomas RJ. Particle size and pathogenicity in the respiratory tract. Virulence. 2013;4(8):847-58.
7. Tellier R, Li Y, Cowling BJ, Tang JW. Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC infectious diseases. 2019;19(1):1-9.
8. Su W-C, Tolchinsky AD, Sigaev VI, Cheng YS. A wind tunnel test of newly developed personal bioaerosol samplers. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2012;62(7):828-37.
9. Mihucz VG, Ruus A, Raamets J, Wimmerová L, Vera T, Bossi R, et al. A review of microbial and chemical assessment of indoor surfaces. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2022;57(9-10):817-89.
10. Zumla A, Niederman MS. The explosive epidemic outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the persistent threat of respiratory tract infectious diseases to global health security. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2020;26(3):193-6.
11. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-3.
12. Organization WH. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 73. 2020.
13. Ma Y, Zhao Y, Liu J, He X, Wang B, Fu S, et al. Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Science of the total environment. 2020;724:138226.
14. Zahedi A, Seif F, Golshan M, Khammar A, Rezaei Kahkha MR. Air Surveillance for Viral Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 RNA at a Healthcare Facility. Food and Environmental Virology. 2022:1-10.
15. Henningson EW, Ahlberg MS. Evaluation of microbiological aerosol samplers: a review. Journal of Aerosol Science. 1994;25(8):1459-92.
16. Hinds WC. Aerosol technology, 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 1999.
17. Verreault D, Moineau S, Duchaine C. Methods for sampling of airborne viruses. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews. 2008;72(3):413-44.
18. Gerone PJ, Couch RB, Keefer GV, Douglas R, Derrenbacher EB, Knight V. Assessment of experimental and natural viral aerosols. Bacteriological reviews. 1966;30(3):576-88.
19. Tseng C-C, Li C-S. Collection efficiencies of aerosol samplers for virus-containing aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2005;36(5-6):593-607.
20. Donaldson AI, Gibson C, Oliver R, Hamblin C, Kitching RP. Infection of cattle by airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus: minimal doses with O1 and SAT 2 strains. Research in veterinary science. 1987;43(3):339-46.
21. Donaldson A, Wardley R, Martin S, Ferris N. Experimental Aujeszky's disease in pigs: excretion, survival and transmission of the virus. The Veterinary Record. 1983;113(21):490-4.
22. Control CfD, Prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for healthcare personnel during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 2020.
23. Levy B, Wegman D. Occupational Health--Recognizing and Preventing Work-Related Disease. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 1996;10(11):1248.
24. Kyung SY, Kim Y, Hwang H, Park J-W, Jeong SH. Risks of N95 face mask use in subjects with COPD. Respiratory care. 2020;65(5):658-64.
25. Geiss O. Effect of wearing face masks on the carbon dioxide concentration in the breathing zone. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2021;21(2):200403.
26. Das S, Sarkar S, Das A, Das S, Chakraborty P, Sarkar J. A comprehensive review of various categories of face masks resistant to Covid-19. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2021;12:100835.
27. Levine M, Levine L, Xun H, Gerber A, Antonietti M, Mathew PJ, Singh D. Face Off: 3D-Printed Masks as a Cost-Effective and Reusable Alternative to N95 Respirators: A Feasibility Study. The American Journal of Medicine. 2022.
28. Tcharkhtchi A, Abbasnezhad N, Seydani MZ, Zirak N, Farzaneh S, Shirinbayan M. An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration. Bioactive materials. 2021;6(1):106-22.
29. Hariharan P, Sharma N, Guha S, Banerjee RK, D’Souza G, Myers MR. A computational model for predicting changes in infection dynamics due to leakage through N95 respirators. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1-19.
30. ÖNORM E. EN149: 2009 0701, Respiratory protective devices–Filtering half masks to protect against particles–Requirements, testing, marking. Austrian Standards Institute, Vienna. 2009.
31. Mostofi R, Bahloul A, Lara J, Wang B, Cloutier Y, Haghighat F. Investigation of potential affecting factors on performance of N95 respirator. Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection. 2011;28(1):26-39.
32. J Alsaadi EA, Jones IM. Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses. Future Virology. 2019;14(4):275-86.
33. Sutton GHC. Enumeration of total airborne bacteria, yeast and mold contaminants and identification of Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. in a beef and pork slaughter facility: University of Florida; 2004.
34. Kang Y-j, Frank JF. Biological aerosols: a review of airborne contamination and its measurement in dairy processing plants. Journal of Food Protection. 1989;52(7):512-24.
35. Harbizadeh A, Mirzaee SA, Khosravi AD, Shoushtari FS, Goodarzi H, Alavi N, et al. Indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial air quality in day-care centers (DCCs) in greater Ahvaz, Iran. Atmospheric Environment. 2019;216:116927.
36. Girlando EM. Sampling for airborne influenza virus using RNA preservation buffer: a new approach: The University of Iowa; 2014.
37. Bokharaei‐Salim F, Keyvani H, Esghaei M, Zare‐Karizi S, Dermenaki‐Farahani SS, Hesami‐Zadeh K, Fakhim S. Prevalence of occult hepatitis C virus infection in the Iranian patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of medical virology. 2016;88(11):1960-6.
38. Quillard T, Devallière J, Coupel S, Charreau B. Inflammation dysregulates Notch signaling in endothelial cells: implication of Notch2 and Notch4 to endothelial dysfunction. Biochemical pharmacology. 2010;80(12):2032-41.
39. Bertoletti A, Ferrari C. Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic hepatitis B virus infections: towards restoration of immune control of viral infection. Gut. 2012;61(12):1754-64.
40. De Oliveira S, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Candel S, Renshaw SA, Mulero V, Calado Â. Cxcl8 (IL-8) mediates neutrophil recruitment and behavior in the zebrafish inflammatory response. The Journal of Immunology. 2013;190(8):4349-59.
41. Yarahmadi R, Soleimani-Alyar S, Darvishi M-M. Inactivation of airborne SARS-Co-V2 using NTP-UVGI hybrid process. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2023;20(1):209-18.
42. Richardson AW, Eshbaugh JP, Hofacre KC, Gardner PD. Respirator filter efficiency testing against particulate and biological aerosols under moderate to high flow rates. Battle memorial inst Columbus OH, 2006.
43. Chen C-C, Willeke K. Aerosol penetration through surgical masks. American journal of infection control. 1992;20(4):177-84.
44. Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks. ACS nano. 2020;14(5):6339-47.
45. Cheng VC-C, Wong S-C, Chan VW-M, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Yip CC-Y, et al. Air and environmental sampling for SARS-CoV-2 around hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2020;41(11):1258-65.
46. Zahedi A SF, Golshan M, Khammar A, Rezaei Kahkha MR. . Air Surveillance for Viral Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 RNA at a Healthcare Facility. Food and Environmental Virology. 2022 May 24:1-0.
47. Lindsley W. Filter pore size and aerosol sample collection. NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 2016;14.
48. Schaeffer J, Olson L. Air filtration media for transportation applications. Filtration & Separation. 1998;35(2):124-9.
49. Harper G. Airborne micro-organisms: survival tests with four viruses. Epidemiology & Infection. 1961;59(4):479-86.
50. JR. S. Influence of relative humidity on the survival of some airborne viruses. Applied microbiology. 1967 Jan;15(1):35-42.
51. Karim YG, Ijaz MK, Sattar SA, Johnson-Lussenburg CM. Effect of relative humidity on the airborne survival of rhinovirus-14. Canadian journal of microbiology. 1985;31(11):1058-61.
52. Ijaz M, Karim Y, Sattar S, Johnson-Lussenburg C. Development of methods to study the survival of airborne viruses. Journal of virological methods. 1987;18(2-3):87-106.
53. Ijaz MK, Sattar SA, Johnson-Lussenburg CM, Springthorpe V. Comparison of the airborne survival of calf rotavirus and poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) aerosolized as a mixture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1985;49(2):289-93.
54. Akers T, Hatch M. Survival of a picornavirus and its infectious ribonucleic acid after aerosolization. Applied Microbiology. 1968;16(11):1811-3.
55. Elazhary M, Derbyshire J. Aerosol stability of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine. 1979;43(3):295.
56. Elazhary M, Derbyshire J. Effect of temperature, relative humidity and medium on the aerosol stability of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine. 1979;43(2):158.
57. Mahdavi A. Efficiency measurement of N95 filtering facepiece respirators against ultrafine particles under cyclic and constant flows: Concordia University; 2013.
58. Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117(22):11875-7.
59. Schurwanz M, Hoeher PA, Bhattacharjee S, Damrath M, Stratmann L, Dressler F. Duality between coronavirus transmission and air-based macroscopic molecular communication. IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological and Multi-Scale Communications. 2021;7(3):200-8.
60. Ma J, Qi X, Chen H, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 patients in earlier stages exhaled millions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 per hour. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021;72(10):e652-e4.
61. Stern RA, Koutrakis P, Martins MA, Lemos B, Dowd SE, Sunderland EM, Garshick E. Characterization of hospital airborne SARS-CoV-2. Respiratory Research. 2021;22(1):1-8.
62. Zhou L, Yao M, Zhang X, Hu B, Li X, Chen H, et al. Breath-, air-and surface-borne SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals. Journal of aerosol science. 2021;152:105693.
63. Yarahmadi R, Bokharaei-Salim F, Soleimani-Alyar S, Moridi P, Moradi-Moghaddam O, Niakan-Lahiji M, et al. Occupational exposure of health care personnel to SARS-CoV-2 particles in the intensive care unit of Tehran hospital. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2021;18(12):3739-46.
64. Eninger RM, Honda T, Adhikari A, Heinonen-Tanski H, Reponen T, Grinshpun SA. Filter performance of N99 and N95 facepiece respirators against viruses and ultrafine particles. Annals of occupational hygiene. 2008;52(5):385-96.
65. Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MSY, Marimuthu K. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. Jama. 2020;323(16):1610-2.
66. Plana D, Tian E, Cramer AK, Yang H, Carmack MM, Sinha MS, et al. Assessing the filtration efficiency and regulatory status of N95s and nontraditional filtering face-piece respirators available during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC infectious diseases. 2021;21(1):1-13.
67. Balazy A, Toivola M, Reponen T, Podgórski A, Zimmer A, Grinshpun SA. Manikin-based performance evaluation of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators challenged with nanoparticles. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2006;50(3):259-69.
68. Huang S-H, Chen C-W, Chang C-P, Lai C-Y, Chen C-C. Penetration of 4.5 nm to 10μm aerosol particles through fibrous filters. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2007;38(7):719-27.
69. Kim SC, Harrington MS, Pui DY. Experimental study of nanoparticles penetration through commercial filter media. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2007;9:117-25.
70. Qian H, Zheng X. Ventilation control for airborne transmission of human exhaled bio-aerosols in buildings. Journal of thoracic disease. 2018;10(Suppl 19):S2295.
71. Nishiura H, Oshitani H, Kobayashi T, Saito T, Sunagawa T, Matsui T, et al. Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv. 2020.
2. Samadi S, Wouters IM, Heederik DJ. A review of bio-aerosol exposures and associated health effects in veterinary practice. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine. 2013;20(2).
3. Jones RM. Relative contributions of transmission routes for COVID-19 among healthcare personnel providing patient care. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2020;17(9):408-15.
4. Morawska L, Milton DK. It is time to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(9):2311-3.
5. Gralton J, Tovey E, McLaws M-L, Rawlinson WD. The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: a review. Journal of infection. 2011;62(1):1-13.
6. Thomas RJ. Particle size and pathogenicity in the respiratory tract. Virulence. 2013;4(8):847-58.
7. Tellier R, Li Y, Cowling BJ, Tang JW. Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC infectious diseases. 2019;19(1):1-9.
8. Su W-C, Tolchinsky AD, Sigaev VI, Cheng YS. A wind tunnel test of newly developed personal bioaerosol samplers. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2012;62(7):828-37.
9. Mihucz VG, Ruus A, Raamets J, Wimmerová L, Vera T, Bossi R, et al. A review of microbial and chemical assessment of indoor surfaces. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2022;57(9-10):817-89.
10. Zumla A, Niederman MS. The explosive epidemic outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the persistent threat of respiratory tract infectious diseases to global health security. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2020;26(3):193-6.
11. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-3.
12. Organization WH. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 73. 2020.
13. Ma Y, Zhao Y, Liu J, He X, Wang B, Fu S, et al. Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Science of the total environment. 2020;724:138226.
14. Zahedi A, Seif F, Golshan M, Khammar A, Rezaei Kahkha MR. Air Surveillance for Viral Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 RNA at a Healthcare Facility. Food and Environmental Virology. 2022:1-10.
15. Henningson EW, Ahlberg MS. Evaluation of microbiological aerosol samplers: a review. Journal of Aerosol Science. 1994;25(8):1459-92.
16. Hinds WC. Aerosol technology, 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 1999.
17. Verreault D, Moineau S, Duchaine C. Methods for sampling of airborne viruses. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews. 2008;72(3):413-44.
18. Gerone PJ, Couch RB, Keefer GV, Douglas R, Derrenbacher EB, Knight V. Assessment of experimental and natural viral aerosols. Bacteriological reviews. 1966;30(3):576-88.
19. Tseng C-C, Li C-S. Collection efficiencies of aerosol samplers for virus-containing aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2005;36(5-6):593-607.
20. Donaldson AI, Gibson C, Oliver R, Hamblin C, Kitching RP. Infection of cattle by airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus: minimal doses with O1 and SAT 2 strains. Research in veterinary science. 1987;43(3):339-46.
21. Donaldson A, Wardley R, Martin S, Ferris N. Experimental Aujeszky's disease in pigs: excretion, survival and transmission of the virus. The Veterinary Record. 1983;113(21):490-4.
22. Control CfD, Prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for healthcare personnel during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 2020.
23. Levy B, Wegman D. Occupational Health--Recognizing and Preventing Work-Related Disease. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 1996;10(11):1248.
24. Kyung SY, Kim Y, Hwang H, Park J-W, Jeong SH. Risks of N95 face mask use in subjects with COPD. Respiratory care. 2020;65(5):658-64.
25. Geiss O. Effect of wearing face masks on the carbon dioxide concentration in the breathing zone. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2021;21(2):200403.
26. Das S, Sarkar S, Das A, Das S, Chakraborty P, Sarkar J. A comprehensive review of various categories of face masks resistant to Covid-19. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2021;12:100835.
27. Levine M, Levine L, Xun H, Gerber A, Antonietti M, Mathew PJ, Singh D. Face Off: 3D-Printed Masks as a Cost-Effective and Reusable Alternative to N95 Respirators: A Feasibility Study. The American Journal of Medicine. 2022.
28. Tcharkhtchi A, Abbasnezhad N, Seydani MZ, Zirak N, Farzaneh S, Shirinbayan M. An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration. Bioactive materials. 2021;6(1):106-22.
29. Hariharan P, Sharma N, Guha S, Banerjee RK, D’Souza G, Myers MR. A computational model for predicting changes in infection dynamics due to leakage through N95 respirators. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1-19.
30. ÖNORM E. EN149: 2009 0701, Respiratory protective devices–Filtering half masks to protect against particles–Requirements, testing, marking. Austrian Standards Institute, Vienna. 2009.
31. Mostofi R, Bahloul A, Lara J, Wang B, Cloutier Y, Haghighat F. Investigation of potential affecting factors on performance of N95 respirator. Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection. 2011;28(1):26-39.
32. J Alsaadi EA, Jones IM. Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses. Future Virology. 2019;14(4):275-86.
33. Sutton GHC. Enumeration of total airborne bacteria, yeast and mold contaminants and identification of Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. in a beef and pork slaughter facility: University of Florida; 2004.
34. Kang Y-j, Frank JF. Biological aerosols: a review of airborne contamination and its measurement in dairy processing plants. Journal of Food Protection. 1989;52(7):512-24.
35. Harbizadeh A, Mirzaee SA, Khosravi AD, Shoushtari FS, Goodarzi H, Alavi N, et al. Indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial air quality in day-care centers (DCCs) in greater Ahvaz, Iran. Atmospheric Environment. 2019;216:116927.
36. Girlando EM. Sampling for airborne influenza virus using RNA preservation buffer: a new approach: The University of Iowa; 2014.
37. Bokharaei‐Salim F, Keyvani H, Esghaei M, Zare‐Karizi S, Dermenaki‐Farahani SS, Hesami‐Zadeh K, Fakhim S. Prevalence of occult hepatitis C virus infection in the Iranian patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of medical virology. 2016;88(11):1960-6.
38. Quillard T, Devallière J, Coupel S, Charreau B. Inflammation dysregulates Notch signaling in endothelial cells: implication of Notch2 and Notch4 to endothelial dysfunction. Biochemical pharmacology. 2010;80(12):2032-41.
39. Bertoletti A, Ferrari C. Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic hepatitis B virus infections: towards restoration of immune control of viral infection. Gut. 2012;61(12):1754-64.
40. De Oliveira S, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Candel S, Renshaw SA, Mulero V, Calado Â. Cxcl8 (IL-8) mediates neutrophil recruitment and behavior in the zebrafish inflammatory response. The Journal of Immunology. 2013;190(8):4349-59.
41. Yarahmadi R, Soleimani-Alyar S, Darvishi M-M. Inactivation of airborne SARS-Co-V2 using NTP-UVGI hybrid process. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2023;20(1):209-18.
42. Richardson AW, Eshbaugh JP, Hofacre KC, Gardner PD. Respirator filter efficiency testing against particulate and biological aerosols under moderate to high flow rates. Battle memorial inst Columbus OH, 2006.
43. Chen C-C, Willeke K. Aerosol penetration through surgical masks. American journal of infection control. 1992;20(4):177-84.
44. Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks. ACS nano. 2020;14(5):6339-47.
45. Cheng VC-C, Wong S-C, Chan VW-M, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Yip CC-Y, et al. Air and environmental sampling for SARS-CoV-2 around hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2020;41(11):1258-65.
46. Zahedi A SF, Golshan M, Khammar A, Rezaei Kahkha MR. . Air Surveillance for Viral Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 RNA at a Healthcare Facility. Food and Environmental Virology. 2022 May 24:1-0.
47. Lindsley W. Filter pore size and aerosol sample collection. NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 2016;14.
48. Schaeffer J, Olson L. Air filtration media for transportation applications. Filtration & Separation. 1998;35(2):124-9.
49. Harper G. Airborne micro-organisms: survival tests with four viruses. Epidemiology & Infection. 1961;59(4):479-86.
50. JR. S. Influence of relative humidity on the survival of some airborne viruses. Applied microbiology. 1967 Jan;15(1):35-42.
51. Karim YG, Ijaz MK, Sattar SA, Johnson-Lussenburg CM. Effect of relative humidity on the airborne survival of rhinovirus-14. Canadian journal of microbiology. 1985;31(11):1058-61.
52. Ijaz M, Karim Y, Sattar S, Johnson-Lussenburg C. Development of methods to study the survival of airborne viruses. Journal of virological methods. 1987;18(2-3):87-106.
53. Ijaz MK, Sattar SA, Johnson-Lussenburg CM, Springthorpe V. Comparison of the airborne survival of calf rotavirus and poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) aerosolized as a mixture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1985;49(2):289-93.
54. Akers T, Hatch M. Survival of a picornavirus and its infectious ribonucleic acid after aerosolization. Applied Microbiology. 1968;16(11):1811-3.
55. Elazhary M, Derbyshire J. Aerosol stability of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine. 1979;43(3):295.
56. Elazhary M, Derbyshire J. Effect of temperature, relative humidity and medium on the aerosol stability of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine. 1979;43(2):158.
57. Mahdavi A. Efficiency measurement of N95 filtering facepiece respirators against ultrafine particles under cyclic and constant flows: Concordia University; 2013.
58. Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117(22):11875-7.
59. Schurwanz M, Hoeher PA, Bhattacharjee S, Damrath M, Stratmann L, Dressler F. Duality between coronavirus transmission and air-based macroscopic molecular communication. IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological and Multi-Scale Communications. 2021;7(3):200-8.
60. Ma J, Qi X, Chen H, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 patients in earlier stages exhaled millions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 per hour. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021;72(10):e652-e4.
61. Stern RA, Koutrakis P, Martins MA, Lemos B, Dowd SE, Sunderland EM, Garshick E. Characterization of hospital airborne SARS-CoV-2. Respiratory Research. 2021;22(1):1-8.
62. Zhou L, Yao M, Zhang X, Hu B, Li X, Chen H, et al. Breath-, air-and surface-borne SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals. Journal of aerosol science. 2021;152:105693.
63. Yarahmadi R, Bokharaei-Salim F, Soleimani-Alyar S, Moridi P, Moradi-Moghaddam O, Niakan-Lahiji M, et al. Occupational exposure of health care personnel to SARS-CoV-2 particles in the intensive care unit of Tehran hospital. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2021;18(12):3739-46.
64. Eninger RM, Honda T, Adhikari A, Heinonen-Tanski H, Reponen T, Grinshpun SA. Filter performance of N99 and N95 facepiece respirators against viruses and ultrafine particles. Annals of occupational hygiene. 2008;52(5):385-96.
65. Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MSY, Marimuthu K. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. Jama. 2020;323(16):1610-2.
66. Plana D, Tian E, Cramer AK, Yang H, Carmack MM, Sinha MS, et al. Assessing the filtration efficiency and regulatory status of N95s and nontraditional filtering face-piece respirators available during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC infectious diseases. 2021;21(1):1-13.
67. Balazy A, Toivola M, Reponen T, Podgórski A, Zimmer A, Grinshpun SA. Manikin-based performance evaluation of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators challenged with nanoparticles. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2006;50(3):259-69.
68. Huang S-H, Chen C-W, Chang C-P, Lai C-Y, Chen C-C. Penetration of 4.5 nm to 10μm aerosol particles through fibrous filters. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2007;38(7):719-27.
69. Kim SC, Harrington MS, Pui DY. Experimental study of nanoparticles penetration through commercial filter media. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2007;9:117-25.
70. Qian H, Zheng X. Ventilation control for airborne transmission of human exhaled bio-aerosols in buildings. Journal of thoracic disease. 2018;10(Suppl 19):S2295.
71. Nishiura H, Oshitani H, Kobayashi T, Saito T, Sunagawa T, Matsui T, et al. Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv. 2020.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 4 (2024): Autumn 2024 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i4.17649 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Face masks; Filtration capacity; SARSCoV-2; Bioaerosol; Airborne particulates | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Dalvand S, Nasiri R, Yarahmadi R, Bokharaei-Salim F, Farshad A-A, Soleimani-Alyar S. Filtration efficiency of medical and community face masks against particles carrying SARS-CoV-2. JAPH. 2024;9(4):467-492.
