A systematic review on concentration of residential indoor air metals and health risk assessment
Abstract
This review evaluates metal concentrations in indoor air within residential buildings, focusing on original research published in English from 2010 to 2022. We conducted a comprehensive literature search across Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink, identifying 34 relevant studies measuring metal concentrations in various residential environments. Data extraction revealed significant regional variations, with urban homes exhibiting higher metal concentrations compared to rural and industrial areas. Chromium (Cr) levels in urban regions reached 116.00±170.00 mg/kg, compared to 63.40±34.80 mg/kg in rural areas and 30.90±16.90 mg/kg in industrial regions. Nickel (Ni) concentrations were also higher in urban homes at 86.10±126.00 mg/kg, versus 27.60±9.08 mg/kg in rural and 20.40±7.65 mg/kg in industrial settings. The living room showed the highest metal concentrations, with lead (Pb) at 170.00±NA mg/kg and nickel (Ni) at 174.00±144.00 mg/kg, significantly higher than in bedrooms and kitchens (p<0.05). Seasonal variations indicated elevated warm season metal concentrations, with iron (Fe) measured at 11,200 ± 9830 mg/kg. Health risk assessments highlighted a total cancer risk (CR) of 1.59 × 10⁻³ in industrial areas, exceeding acceptable limits (10⁻5 to 10⁻⁶). The ingestion pathway was the primary route for both cancer and non-cancer risks, with copper (Cu) posing the highest potential cancer risk across all regions. These findings emphasize the need for monitoring and regulation of indoor metal concentrations, particularly in industrial areas.
1. Shi T, Wang Y. Heavy metals in indoor dust: Spatial distribution, influencing factors, and potential health risks. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;755:142367.
2. Tran VV, Park D, Lee Y-C. Indoor air pollution, related human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of indoor air quality. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(8):2927.
3. Hunt A, Johnson DL, Griffith DA. Mass transfer of soil indoors by track-in on footwear. Science of the Total Environment. 2006;370(2-3):360-71.
4. Sabzevari E, Sobhanardakani S. Analysis of Selected Heavy Metals in Indoor Dust Collected from City of Khorramabad, Iran: A Case Study. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 2018;10(3):e67382.
5. Kurt-Karakus PB. Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: estimation of the health risk. Environment international. 2012;50:47-55.
6. Tan SY, Praveena SM, Abidin EZ, Cheema MS. A review of heavy metals in indoor dust and its human health-risk implications. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2016;31(4):447-56.
7. Albar HMSA, Ali N, Eqani SAMAS, Alhakamy NA, Nazar E, Rashid MI, et al. Trace metals in different socioeconomic indoor residential settings, implications for human health via dust exposure. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2020;189:109927.
8. Morawska L, Salthammer T. Indoor environment: airborne particles and settled dust: John Wiley & Sons; 2006.
9. Meza-Figueroa D, De la O-Villanueva M, De la Parra ML. Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Atmospheric Environment. 2007;41(2):276-88.
10. Thornton I. Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. 1991.
11. Yang Q, Chen H, Li B. Source identification and health risk assessment of metals in indoor dust in the vicinity of phosphorus mining, Guizhou Province, China. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2015;68:20-30.
12. Jeleńska M, Górka-Kostrubiec B, Werner T, Kądziałko-Hofmokl M, Szczepaniak-Wnuk I, Gonet T, et al. Evaluation of indoor/outdoor urban air pollution by magnetic, chemical and microscopic studies. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2017;8(4):754-66.
13. Mitchell CS, Zhang J, Sigsgaard T, Jantunen M, Lioy PJ, Samson R, et al. Current state of the science: health effects and indoor environmental quality. Environmental health perspectives. 2007;115(6):958-64.
14. EPA U. Soil screening guidance: Technical background document| Superfund| US EPA. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency[Accessed 7 March 2018]. 1996.
15. Clarke CE, Mohammed FK, Hamid A, Bent G-A. Quantification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in residual floor dust at an indoor firing range: A case study in Trinidad, WI. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2022;32(3):652-64.
16. EPA U. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. Peer Review Draft, OSWER. 2001;9355:4-24.
17. risk assessment information system [Internet]. 2004. Available from: http://rais.ornl.gov/
18. Assessment PR. Risk Assessment guidance for superfund: volume III-part a. Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment Unites States Environmental Protection Agency Washington. 2001.
19. Abdul-Wahab SA, Yaghi B. Total suspended dust and heavy metal levels emitted from a workplace compared with nearby residential houses. Atmospheric Environment. 2004;38(5):745-50.
20. Al Hejami A, Davis M, Prete D, Lu J, Wang S. Heavy metals in indoor settled dusts in Toronto, Canada. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;703:134895.
21. Al-Harbi M, Alhajri I, Whalen JK. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination from dust collected on household HVAC air filters. Chemosphere. 2021;277:130276.
22. Altundag H, Dundar MS, Dogancı S, Celik M, Tuzen M. The use of a sequential extraction procedure for heavy metal analysis of house dusts by atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International. 2013;96(1):166-70.
23. Cao S, Chen X, Zhang L, Xing X, Wen D, Wang B, et al. Quantificational exposure, sources, and health risks posed by heavy metals in indoor and outdoor household dust in a typical smelting area in China. Indoor Air. 2020;30(5):872-84.
24. Cao S, Duan X, Zhao X, Chen Y, Wang B, Sun C, et al. Health risks of children's cumulative and aggregative exposure to metals and metalloids in a typical urban environment in China. Chemosphere. 2016;147:404-11.
25. Hashemi SE, Fazlzadeh M, Ahmadi E, Parand M, Ramavandi B, Taghizadeh F, et al. Occurrence, potential sources, in vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metal in indoor dust from different microenvironment of Bushehr, Iran. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2020;42:3641-58.
26. Kim K-W, Myung J-H, Ahn J, Chon H-T. Heavy metal contamination in dusts and stream sediments in the Taejon area, Korea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 1998;64(1-3):409-19.
27. Li Y, Pi L, Hu W, Chen M, Luo Y, Li Z, et al. Concentrations and health risk assessment of metal (loid) s in indoor dust from two typical cities of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016;23:9082-92.
28. Lin Y, Fang F, Wang F, Xu M. Pollution distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust in Anhui rural, China. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2015;187:1-9.
29. Madany IM, Akhter MS, Al Jowder O. The correlations between heavy metals in residential indoor dust and outdoor street dust in Bahrain. Environment international. 1994;20(4):483-92.
30. Meyer I, Heinrich J, Lippold U. Factors affecting lead and cadmium levels in house dust in industrial areas of eastern Germany. Science of the total environment. 1999;234(1-3):25-36.
31. Rasmussen PE, Levesque C, Chénier M, Gardner HD. Contribution of metals in resuspended dust to indoor and personal inhalation exposures: Relationships between PM10 and settled dust. Building and Environment. 2018;143:513-22.
32. Srithawirat T, Latif MT, Sulaiman FR. Indoor PM 10 and its heavy metal composition at a roadside residential environment, Phitsanulok, Thailand. Atmósfera. 2016;29(4):311-22.
33. Tashakor M, Behrooz RD, Asvad SR, Kaskaoutis DG. Tracing of heavy metals embedded in indoor dust particles from the industrial city of Asaluyeh, South of Iran. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(13):7905.
34. Wang Y, Fang F, Lin Y, Cai J, Zhang C, Ge Y. Pollution and influencing factors of heavy metals from rural kitchen dust in Anhui Province, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020;11(7):1211-6.
35. He C-T, Zheng X-B, Yan X, Zheng J, Wang M-H, Tan X, et al. Organic contaminants and heavy metals in indoor dust from e-waste recycling, rural, and urban areas in South China: spatial characteristics and implications for human exposure. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2017;140:109-15.
36. Zhou L, Liu G, Shen M, Hu R, Sun M, Liu Y. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust from different functional areas in Hefei, China. Environmental pollution. 2019;251:839-49.
37. Li Y-C, Shu M, Ho SSH, Wang C, Cao J-J, Wang G-H, et al. Characteristics of PM2. 5 emitted from different cooking activities in China. Atmospheric Research. 2015;166:83-91.
38. Sulistyowati L, Nurhasanah N, Riani E, Cordova MR. Heavy metals concentration in the sediment of the aquatic environment caused by the leachate discharge from a landfill. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management. 2023;9(2):323-36.
39. Ibanez Y, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. House-dust metal content and bioaccessibility: a review. European journal of mineralogy. 2010;22(5):629-37.
40. Sulaiman FR, Bakri NIF, Nazmi N, Latif MT. Assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust of a university in a tropical environment. Environmental forensics. 2017;18(1):74-82.
41. Duan T, Liu S, Wang D, Feng J, Song N, Yu Y, et al. Seasonal variation and sources of heavy metals in urban street dusts and river sediments of Dongluo River Watershed in Ji’nan City, China. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2020;24:1400-10.
42. Škrbić BD, Buljovčić M, Jovanović G, Antić I. Seasonal, spatial variations and risk assessment of heavy elements in street dust from Novi Sad, Serbia. Chemosphere. 2018;205:452-62.
43. Cui L, Wu Z, Han P, Taira Y, Wang H, Meng Q, et al. Chemical content and source apportionment of 36 heavy metal analysis and health risk assessment in aerosol of Beijing. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020;27:7005-14.
44. Sabzevari E, Sobhanardakani S. Analysis of selected heavy metals in indoor dust collected from city of Khorramabad, Iran: A case study. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences. 2018;10(3).
45. Rostami R, Kalan ME, Ghaffari HR, Saranjam B, Ward KD, Ghobadi H, et al. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor air of waterpipe cafés. Building and Environment. 2021;190:107557.
2. Tran VV, Park D, Lee Y-C. Indoor air pollution, related human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of indoor air quality. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(8):2927.
3. Hunt A, Johnson DL, Griffith DA. Mass transfer of soil indoors by track-in on footwear. Science of the Total Environment. 2006;370(2-3):360-71.
4. Sabzevari E, Sobhanardakani S. Analysis of Selected Heavy Metals in Indoor Dust Collected from City of Khorramabad, Iran: A Case Study. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 2018;10(3):e67382.
5. Kurt-Karakus PB. Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: estimation of the health risk. Environment international. 2012;50:47-55.
6. Tan SY, Praveena SM, Abidin EZ, Cheema MS. A review of heavy metals in indoor dust and its human health-risk implications. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2016;31(4):447-56.
7. Albar HMSA, Ali N, Eqani SAMAS, Alhakamy NA, Nazar E, Rashid MI, et al. Trace metals in different socioeconomic indoor residential settings, implications for human health via dust exposure. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2020;189:109927.
8. Morawska L, Salthammer T. Indoor environment: airborne particles and settled dust: John Wiley & Sons; 2006.
9. Meza-Figueroa D, De la O-Villanueva M, De la Parra ML. Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Atmospheric Environment. 2007;41(2):276-88.
10. Thornton I. Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. 1991.
11. Yang Q, Chen H, Li B. Source identification and health risk assessment of metals in indoor dust in the vicinity of phosphorus mining, Guizhou Province, China. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2015;68:20-30.
12. Jeleńska M, Górka-Kostrubiec B, Werner T, Kądziałko-Hofmokl M, Szczepaniak-Wnuk I, Gonet T, et al. Evaluation of indoor/outdoor urban air pollution by magnetic, chemical and microscopic studies. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2017;8(4):754-66.
13. Mitchell CS, Zhang J, Sigsgaard T, Jantunen M, Lioy PJ, Samson R, et al. Current state of the science: health effects and indoor environmental quality. Environmental health perspectives. 2007;115(6):958-64.
14. EPA U. Soil screening guidance: Technical background document| Superfund| US EPA. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency[Accessed 7 March 2018]. 1996.
15. Clarke CE, Mohammed FK, Hamid A, Bent G-A. Quantification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in residual floor dust at an indoor firing range: A case study in Trinidad, WI. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2022;32(3):652-64.
16. EPA U. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. Peer Review Draft, OSWER. 2001;9355:4-24.
17. risk assessment information system [Internet]. 2004. Available from: http://rais.ornl.gov/
18. Assessment PR. Risk Assessment guidance for superfund: volume III-part a. Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment Unites States Environmental Protection Agency Washington. 2001.
19. Abdul-Wahab SA, Yaghi B. Total suspended dust and heavy metal levels emitted from a workplace compared with nearby residential houses. Atmospheric Environment. 2004;38(5):745-50.
20. Al Hejami A, Davis M, Prete D, Lu J, Wang S. Heavy metals in indoor settled dusts in Toronto, Canada. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;703:134895.
21. Al-Harbi M, Alhajri I, Whalen JK. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination from dust collected on household HVAC air filters. Chemosphere. 2021;277:130276.
22. Altundag H, Dundar MS, Dogancı S, Celik M, Tuzen M. The use of a sequential extraction procedure for heavy metal analysis of house dusts by atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International. 2013;96(1):166-70.
23. Cao S, Chen X, Zhang L, Xing X, Wen D, Wang B, et al. Quantificational exposure, sources, and health risks posed by heavy metals in indoor and outdoor household dust in a typical smelting area in China. Indoor Air. 2020;30(5):872-84.
24. Cao S, Duan X, Zhao X, Chen Y, Wang B, Sun C, et al. Health risks of children's cumulative and aggregative exposure to metals and metalloids in a typical urban environment in China. Chemosphere. 2016;147:404-11.
25. Hashemi SE, Fazlzadeh M, Ahmadi E, Parand M, Ramavandi B, Taghizadeh F, et al. Occurrence, potential sources, in vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metal in indoor dust from different microenvironment of Bushehr, Iran. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2020;42:3641-58.
26. Kim K-W, Myung J-H, Ahn J, Chon H-T. Heavy metal contamination in dusts and stream sediments in the Taejon area, Korea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 1998;64(1-3):409-19.
27. Li Y, Pi L, Hu W, Chen M, Luo Y, Li Z, et al. Concentrations and health risk assessment of metal (loid) s in indoor dust from two typical cities of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016;23:9082-92.
28. Lin Y, Fang F, Wang F, Xu M. Pollution distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust in Anhui rural, China. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2015;187:1-9.
29. Madany IM, Akhter MS, Al Jowder O. The correlations between heavy metals in residential indoor dust and outdoor street dust in Bahrain. Environment international. 1994;20(4):483-92.
30. Meyer I, Heinrich J, Lippold U. Factors affecting lead and cadmium levels in house dust in industrial areas of eastern Germany. Science of the total environment. 1999;234(1-3):25-36.
31. Rasmussen PE, Levesque C, Chénier M, Gardner HD. Contribution of metals in resuspended dust to indoor and personal inhalation exposures: Relationships between PM10 and settled dust. Building and Environment. 2018;143:513-22.
32. Srithawirat T, Latif MT, Sulaiman FR. Indoor PM 10 and its heavy metal composition at a roadside residential environment, Phitsanulok, Thailand. Atmósfera. 2016;29(4):311-22.
33. Tashakor M, Behrooz RD, Asvad SR, Kaskaoutis DG. Tracing of heavy metals embedded in indoor dust particles from the industrial city of Asaluyeh, South of Iran. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(13):7905.
34. Wang Y, Fang F, Lin Y, Cai J, Zhang C, Ge Y. Pollution and influencing factors of heavy metals from rural kitchen dust in Anhui Province, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020;11(7):1211-6.
35. He C-T, Zheng X-B, Yan X, Zheng J, Wang M-H, Tan X, et al. Organic contaminants and heavy metals in indoor dust from e-waste recycling, rural, and urban areas in South China: spatial characteristics and implications for human exposure. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2017;140:109-15.
36. Zhou L, Liu G, Shen M, Hu R, Sun M, Liu Y. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust from different functional areas in Hefei, China. Environmental pollution. 2019;251:839-49.
37. Li Y-C, Shu M, Ho SSH, Wang C, Cao J-J, Wang G-H, et al. Characteristics of PM2. 5 emitted from different cooking activities in China. Atmospheric Research. 2015;166:83-91.
38. Sulistyowati L, Nurhasanah N, Riani E, Cordova MR. Heavy metals concentration in the sediment of the aquatic environment caused by the leachate discharge from a landfill. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management. 2023;9(2):323-36.
39. Ibanez Y, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. House-dust metal content and bioaccessibility: a review. European journal of mineralogy. 2010;22(5):629-37.
40. Sulaiman FR, Bakri NIF, Nazmi N, Latif MT. Assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust of a university in a tropical environment. Environmental forensics. 2017;18(1):74-82.
41. Duan T, Liu S, Wang D, Feng J, Song N, Yu Y, et al. Seasonal variation and sources of heavy metals in urban street dusts and river sediments of Dongluo River Watershed in Ji’nan City, China. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2020;24:1400-10.
42. Škrbić BD, Buljovčić M, Jovanović G, Antić I. Seasonal, spatial variations and risk assessment of heavy elements in street dust from Novi Sad, Serbia. Chemosphere. 2018;205:452-62.
43. Cui L, Wu Z, Han P, Taira Y, Wang H, Meng Q, et al. Chemical content and source apportionment of 36 heavy metal analysis and health risk assessment in aerosol of Beijing. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020;27:7005-14.
44. Sabzevari E, Sobhanardakani S. Analysis of selected heavy metals in indoor dust collected from city of Khorramabad, Iran: A case study. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences. 2018;10(3).
45. Rostami R, Kalan ME, Ghaffari HR, Saranjam B, Ward KD, Ghobadi H, et al. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor air of waterpipe cafés. Building and Environment. 2021;190:107557.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 4 (2024): Autumn 2024 | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i4.17652 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Heavy metals; Cancer risk; Residential building; Indoor air quality; Health risk assessment | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Momen A, Rezaie A, Rostami R. A systematic review on concentration of residential indoor air metals and health risk assessment. JAPH. 2024;9(4):531-550.
