Microplastic levels in the indoor air of buildings based on plastic waste recycling in Indonesia
,
Abstract
Introduction: Microplastics are a new type of contamination in the environment caused by plastic fragmentation and degradation. The generation of plastic waste increases every year, therefore efforts are made to recycle it into building materials. It is unclear how building use resulting from recycling plastic waste affects the development of microplastics in the atmosphere. The purpose of this study is to determine the airborne concentrations of microplastics in buildings constructed from recycled plastic waste.
Materials and methods: The study measured microplastic levels in the air for 30 days in a miniature building made from plastic waste. Samples taken during the dry season in Indonesia in 2023. Air sampling is carried out by passive method. Visual observation of the shape, and amount of microplastics using a microscope.
Results: Microplastics are found in the air of building spaces made from recycled plastic waste with varying levels every day. The average level of microplasty in the air for 30 days was 30,8 particles/m2/day. Maximum
microplastic rate of 63 particles/m2/day, and minimum rate of 18 particles/m2/day. The average air temperature when sampling is 25,48 ºC, air humidity is68,37 % and ultraviolet intensity is 860 mwatt/cm2.
Conclusion: Microplastic levels in the air of building spaces made from recycled plastic waste that can not be identified can be identified whether they are still within safe limits or not. This is because there is no regulation in Indonesia even in the world that regulates the safe limit of microplastic levels in the environment
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33. Vianello A, Jensen RL, Liu L, Vollertsen J. Simulating human exposure to indoor airborne microplastics using a Breathing Thermal Manikin. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2019;9(1):1–11. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45054-w
34. Huang S, Huang X, Bi R, Guo Q, Yu X, Zeng Q, et al. Detection and Analysis of Microplastics in Human Sputum. Environ Sci Technol. 2022 Feb 15;56(4):2476–86.
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37. Lusher A, Hollman P, Mandoza-Hill J. Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture [Internet]. Vol. 615, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. 2017. 127 p. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7677e.pdf
38. Yin J, Ju Y, Qian H, Wang J, Miao X, Zhu Y, et al. Nanoplastics and Microplastics May Be Damaging Our Livers. Vol. 10, Toxics. MDPI; 2022.
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40. Li X, Zhang T, Lv W, Wang H, Chen H, Xu Q, et al. Intratracheal administration of polystyrene microplastics induces pulmonary fibrosis by activating oxidative stress and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in mice. Vol. 232, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2022.
41. Yang S, Cheng Y, Chen Z, Liu T, Yin L, Pu Y, et al. In vitro evaluation of nanoplastics using human lung epithelial cells, microarray analysis and co-culture model. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2021;226(October):112837. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112837
2. Rochman CM, Brookson C, Bikker J, Djuric N, Earn A, Bucci K, et al. Rethinking microplastics as a diverse contaminant suite. Vol. 38, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Wiley Blackwell; 2019. p. 703–11.
3. Prata JC. Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health? Environmental Pollution [Internet]. 2018;234:115–26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.043
4. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup RI. Komposisi Sampah [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 18]. Available from: https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/public/data/komposisi
5. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah. 2008;282.
6. Arico Z, Jayanthi S. Pengolahan Limbah Plastik Menjadi Produk Kreatif Sebagai Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pesisir. Martabe : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. 2018;1(1):1.
7. Burhanuddin B, Basuki B, Darmanijati M. Pemanfaatan Limbah Plastik Bekas Untuk Bahan Utama Pembuatan Paving Block. Jurnal Rekayasa Lingkungan. 2020;18(1):1–7.
8. Winnerdy FR, Laoda M. Daur Ulang Plastik Untuk Bahan Bangunan Upcycled Plastics For Building Materials. Jurnal Strategi & Inovasi Sosial. 2020;1(2):157–74.
9. Sejati PP. Produksi Sampah Plastik Berlimpah, Pemkab Banyumas Mendaur Ulang Jadi Genting dan Paving. Tribun Banyumas [Internet]. 2021; Available from: https://banyumas.tribunnews.com/2021/10/17/produksi-sampah-plastik-berlimpah-pemkab-banyumas-mendaur-ulang-jadi-genting-dan-paving
10. Susanto SS, Trihadiningrum Y. Kajian Fragmentasi Polypropylene Akibat Radiasi Sinar Ultraviolet dan Kecepatan Aliran Air. Jurnal Teknik ITS [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 10];9(2):28–33. Available from: https://ejurnal.its.ac.id/index.php/teknik/article/view/53583
11. WHO. Microplastics in Drinking Water. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2019.
12. Ummah N Al. Uji Ketahanan Biodegradable Plastic Berbasis Tepung Biji Durian (Duri Zibhetinus Murr) Terhadap Air dan Pengukuran Densitasnya. Universitas Negeri Semarang; 2013.
13. GESAMP. Guidelines or the monitoring and assessment of plastic litter in the ocean. 2019.
14. Mulyasari TM, Mukono J, Sincihu Y. The presence of microplastics in the Indonesian environment and its effects on health. J Public Health Afr. 2023;14(S2).
15. Ageel HK, Harrad S, Abdallah MAE. Occurrence, human exposure, and risk of microplastics in the indoor environment. Vol. 24, Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts. 2022. p. 17–31.
16. Dris R, Gasperi J, Mirande C, Mandin C, Guerrouache M, Langlois V, et al. A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments. Environmental Pollution. 2017;221:453–8.
17. Bahrina I. Korelasi Aktivitas Karyawan dan Mikrplastik di Udara (Studi Kasus: Dalam Sebuah Gedung Perkantoran Pemerintah di Surabaya) [Internet]. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November; 2021. Available from: https://respository.its.ac.id/83450/
18. Soltani NS, Taylor MP, Wilson SP. Quantification and exposure assessment of microplastics in Australian indoor house dust. Environmental Pollution. 2021;283.
19. Xie Y, Li Y, Feng Y, Cheng W, Wang Y. Inhalable microplastics prevails in air: Exploring the size detection limit. Environ Int [Internet]. 2022;162:107151. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107151
20. Jain S, Mishra D, Khare P. Microplastics as an Emerging Contaminant in Environment: Occurrence, Distribution, and Management Strategy [Internet]. Vol. 6, elsevier. Elsevier Inc.; 2021. 281–299 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822263-8/00010-5
21. Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Ghosh S, Vashisth K, Han S, Bhaskar R. Microplastics as an Emerging Threat to the Global Environment and Human Health. Vol. 15, Sustainability (Switzerland). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2023.
22. Chen G, Feng Q, Wang J. Mini-review of microplastics in the atmosphere and their risks to humans. Science of the Total Environment [Internet]. 2020;703:135504. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135504
23. Abbasi S, Turner A. Human exposure to microplastics: A study in Iran. J Hazard Mater [Internet]. 2021;403(August 2020):123799. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123799
24. Jenner LC, Sadofsky LR, Danopoulos E, Rotchell JM, Author C. Household indoor microplastics within the Humber region (United Kingdom): quantification and chemical characterisation of particles present. 2021.
25. Liu K, Wang X, Fang T, Xu P, Zhu L, Li D. Source and potential risk assessment of suspended atmospheric microplastics in Shanghai. Science of the Total Environment [Internet]. 2019;675:462–71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.110
26. Allen S, Allen D, Phoenix VR, Le Roux G, Durántez Jiménez P, Simonneau A, et al. Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment. Nat Geosci. 2019;12(5):339–44.
27. Bajt O. From plastics to microplastics and organisms. Vol. 11, FEBS Open Bio. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2021. p. 954–66.
28. Zhu L, Zhao S, Bittar TB, Stubbins A, Li D. Photochemical dissolution of buoyant microplastics to dissolved organic carbon: Rates and microbial impacts. J Hazard Mater. 2020 Feb 5;383.
29. Turner A, Arnold R, Williams T. Weathering and persistence of plastic in the marine environment: Lessons from LEGO. Environmental Pollution. 2020 Jul;262:114299.
30. ter Halle A, Ladirat L, Martignac M, Mingotaud AF, Boyron O, Perez E. To what extent are microplastics from the open ocean weathered? Environmental Pollution. 2017 Aug;227:167–74.
31. Naik RA, Rowles LS, Hossain AI, Yen M, Aldossary RM, Apul OG, et al. Microplastic particle versus fiber generation during photo-transformation in simulated seawater. Science of The Total Environment. 2020 Sep;736:139690.
32. Cai L, Wang J, Peng J, Wu Z, Tan X. Observation of the degradation of three types of plastic pellets exposed to UV irradiation in three different environments. Science of The Total Environment. 2018 Jul;628–629:740–7.
33. Vianello A, Jensen RL, Liu L, Vollertsen J. Simulating human exposure to indoor airborne microplastics using a Breathing Thermal Manikin. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2019;9(1):1–11. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45054-w
34. Huang S, Huang X, Bi R, Guo Q, Yu X, Zeng Q, et al. Detection and Analysis of Microplastics in Human Sputum. Environ Sci Technol. 2022 Feb 15;56(4):2476–86.
35. Dong C Di, Chen CW, Chen YC, Chen HH, Lee JS, Lin CH. Polystyrene microplastic particles: In vitro pulmonary toxicity assessment. Vol. 385, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020.
36. Goodman KE, Hare JT, Khamis ZI, Hua T, Sang QXA. Exposure of Human Lung Cells to Polystyrene Microplastics Significantly Retards Cell Proliferation and Triggers Morphological Changes. Chem Res Toxicol. 2021;34(4):1069–81.
37. Lusher A, Hollman P, Mandoza-Hill J. Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture [Internet]. Vol. 615, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. 2017. 127 p. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7677e.pdf
38. Yin J, Ju Y, Qian H, Wang J, Miao X, Zhu Y, et al. Nanoplastics and Microplastics May Be Damaging Our Livers. Vol. 10, Toxics. MDPI; 2022.
39. Lim D, Jeong J, Song KS, Sung JH, Oh SM, Choi J. Inhalation toxicity of polystyrene micro(nano)plastics using modified OECD TG 412. Vol. 262, Chemosphere. 2021.
40. Li X, Zhang T, Lv W, Wang H, Chen H, Xu Q, et al. Intratracheal administration of polystyrene microplastics induces pulmonary fibrosis by activating oxidative stress and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in mice. Vol. 232, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2022.
41. Yang S, Cheng Y, Chen Z, Liu T, Yin L, Pu Y, et al. In vitro evaluation of nanoplastics using human lung epithelial cells, microarray analysis and co-culture model. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2021;226(October):112837. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112837
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 3 (2024): Summer 2024 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i3.16676 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Microplastics; Air pollution; Building; Plastic waste; Recycle | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mulyasari T, Mukono J, Sudiana I, Hilal N. Microplastic levels in the indoor air of buildings based on plastic waste recycling in Indonesia. JAPH. 2024;9(3):297-310.
