Classroom indoor air quality and noise level assessment of different educational institutions in a university area in Bangladesh
,
Abstract
Introduction: The classroom environment is crucial for fostering effective learning and safeguarding teacher-student health. This study assessed the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and noise levels in classrooms across three
institutions: a university, a secondary and higher secondary school (called a school and college), and a primary school.
Materials and methods: Various IAQ parameters such as Particulate Matters (PM2.5 and PM10), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC), and temperature, Relative Humidity (RH), light, and noise levels were measured using calibrated instruments from February to March 2024.
Results: The air pollutants and noise levels varied among the institutions. The mean values of PM2.5 (76.6 µg/m3) and PM10 (116.7 µg/m3) were highest in the primary school, while CO (0.82 ppm), light (92.9 lux), temperature (27.6 °C), and noise levels (77.6 dB) peaked in the school and college. University classrooms showed the maximum concentrations of CO2 (804.9 ppm), TVOC (32.9 ppb), and RH (58.6%). In all institutions, PM2.5, PM10, and noise levels exceeded WHO-recommended limits, whereas CO, CO2, RH, and temperature remained within their respective standards. Light levels were below Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between PM2.5, PM10, and CO. Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded 1.0, indicating potential health risks. Variations in pollutants and noise levels among institutions may be due to classroom facilities, student density,
ventilation systems, and student activities.
Conclusion: Long-term exposure to IAQ pollutants and noise levels could impair cognitive function, respiratory health, and overall well-being of the students and educators. Implementing proper ventilation (e.g., HEPA filters) systems, soundproofing acoustic panels, and continuous IAQ monitoring is recommended for a safer classroom environment.
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2. Vornanen-Winqvist C, Järvi K, Andersson MA, Duchaine C, Létourneau V, Kedves O, et al. Exposure to indoor air contaminants in school buildings with and without reported indoor air quality problems. Environ Int. 2020 Aug 1;141:105781.
3. Andamon MM, Rajagopalan P, Woo J. Evaluation of ventilation in Australian school classrooms using long-term indoor CO2 concentration measurements. Build Environ. 2023 Jun 1;237:110313.
4. Ali SA. Study effects of school noise on learning achievement and annoyance in Assiut city, Egypt. Appl Acoust. 2013 Apr 1;74(4):602–6.
5. Astolfi A, Puglisi GE, Murgia S, Minelli G, Pellerey F, Prato A, et al. Influence of Classroom Acoustics on Noise Disturbance and Well-Being for First Graders. Front Psychol. 2019 Dec 13;10:2736.
6. Ahmed R, Mumovic D, Bagkeris E, Ucci M. Combined effects of ventilation rates and indoor temperatures on cognitive performance of female higher education students in a hot climate. Indoor Air. 2022 Feb;32(2):e13004.
7. Annesi-Maesano I, Baiz N, Banerjee S, Rudnai P, Rive S, Sinphonie Group. Indoor air quality and sources in schools and related health effects. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 2013 Nov 17;16(8):491-550.
8. Holden KA, Lee AR, Hawcutt DB, Sinha IP. The impact of poor housing and indoor air quality on respiratory health in children. Breathe. 2023 Jun;19(2):230058.
9. Lipsett MJ, Ostro BD, Reynolds P, Goldberg D, Hertz A, Jerrett M, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory disease in the California teachers study cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Oct 1;184(7):828–35.
10. Ge R, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Sun H, Chang J. Association of long-term exposure to various ambient air pollutants, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition with incident cognitive impairment and dementia. BMC Public Health. 2024 Jan 15;24(1):179.
11. Fsadni P, Bezzina F, Fsadni C, Montefort S. Impact of School Air Quality on Children’s Respiratory Health. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2018;22(3):156–62.
12. Jahan N. Air Pollution around Schools and Poorer Student Health and Academic Performance: A Case of Dhaka, Bangladesh. ABC J Adv Res. 2020 Jan 19;9(1):9–18.
13. Thompson R, Smith RB, Bou Karim Y, Shen C, Drummond K, Teng C, et al. Noise pollution and human cognition: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of recent evidence. Environ Int. 2022 Jan 1;158:106905.
14. Bhang S young, Yoon J, Sung J, Yoo C, Sim C, Lee C, et al. Comparing Attention and Cognitive Function in School Children across Noise Conditions: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Psychiatry Investig. 2018 Jun;15(6):620–7.
15. Caviola S, Visentin C, Borella E, Mammarella I, Prodi N. Out of the noise: Effects of sound environment on maths performance in middle-school students. J Environ Psychol. 2021 Feb 1;73:101552.
16. Ibrahim SAJ. Reviewing the effects of noise pollution on students (college and university). AIP Conf Proc. 2023 Mar 29;2591(1):030056.
17. Mundackal A, Ngole-Jeme VM. Evaluation of indoor and outdoor air quality in university academic buildings and associated health risk. Int J Environ Health Res. 2022 May 4;32(5):1076–94.
18. Zhang L, Morisaki H, Wei Y, Li Z, Yang L, Zhou Q, et al. Characteristics of air pollutants inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing and respiratory health impact on children. Environ Pollut. 2019 Dec 1;255:113147.
19. Kaewrat J, Janta R, Sichum S, Kanabkaew T. Indoor Air Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in the Open-Air Classroom. Sustainability. 2021 Jan;13(15):8302.
20. Ismail M, Sofian N, Abdullah AM. Indoor Air Quality in Selected Samples of Primary Schools in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. EnvironmentAsia. 2010;3:103–8.
21. Alqahtani AY, Makki AA, Alidrisi HM. Revealing factors influencing classroom noise in the universities teaching and learning environment: A design of experiments approach. J Eng Res. 2023 Mar 1;11(1):100009.
22. Yassin MF, Almutairi H, Alhajeri N, Al-Fadhli F, Al Rashidi MS, Shatti T. Assessment of noise exposure and associated health risk in school environment. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Aug 1;13(8):2011–24.
23. El Yamlahi Chahdi C, El Wahbi B, El Madhi Y, Soulaymani A. Noise pollution in school institutions: Study case at Sidi Yahya Zaer middle school in Temara, Morocco. Soc Sci Humanit Open. 2024 Jan 1;9:100877.
24. Roy S, Zaman SU, Joy KS, Jeba F, Kumar P, Salam A. Impact of fine particulate matter and toxic gases on the health of school children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environ Res Commun. 2023 Feb;5(2):025004.
25. Hossain MdI, Mahdi MM, Tamanna A, Shaheriar P. Assessment of Excess Noise Level and Its Adverse Health Effect on Students of Dhaka University, Bangladesh. J Pollut. 2019;2(1):1–5.
26. IAQ Handbook. A practical guide to indoor air quality investigations [Internet]. TSI Incorporated; 2023 [cited 2024 May 6]. Available from: https://tsi.com/getmedia/ca6fc9d8-c9be-46b8-8227-d8ed1e563147/IAQ_Handbook_2011_US_2980187-web
27. WHO. What are the WHO Air quality guidelines? Improving health by reducing air pollution [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2024 May 6]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789289002134
28. WHO. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2010 [cited 2024 May 6]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/260127/9789289002134-eng.pdf?sequence=1
29. ASHRAE. Standard AS. 62.1-2017, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality [Internet]. ANSI; 2017 [cited 2024 May 6]. Available from: https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standards-62-1-62-2
30. RESET. Air Indoor air quality Standard [Internet]. RESET Standards; 2018 [cited 2024 May 6]. Available from: https://www.reset.build/standard/air
31. ASHRAE. Standard 55-2017: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy [Internet]. ANSI; 2020 [cited 2024 May 7]. Available from: https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/standards%20and%20guidelines/standards%20addenda/55_2017_d_20200731.pdf
32. OSHA. Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Lighting at Workplace [Internet]. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Malaysia; 2018 [cited 2024 May 7]. Available from: https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/competent-person-form/occupational-health/regulation/guidelines/industrial-hygiene-1/2912-guidelines-on-osh-for-lighting-at-workplace/file
33. WHO. Guidelines for community noise [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999 [cited 2024 May 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/a68672
34. Kirch W. Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Encyclopedia of public health. 2008;1:1090-1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_2569
35. Pal SK, Masum MdMH, Salauddin Md, Hossen MdA, Ruva IJ, Akhie AA. Appraisal of stormwater-induced runoff quality influenced by site-specific land use patterns in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2023 Mar 1;30(13):36112–26.
36. Saju JA, Bari QH, Mohiuddin KABM, Strezov V. Measurement of ambient particulate matter (PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10) in Khulna City of Bangladesh and their implications for human health. Environ Syst Res. 2023 Dec 19;12(1):42.
37. Brown DG. Development of a Raoult’s Law-Based Screening-Level Risk Assessment Methodology for Coal Tar and Its Application to Ten Tars Obtained from Former Manufactured Gas Plants in the Eastern United States. J Environ Prot [Internet]. 2013 Jun 22 [cited 2024 May 9];2013. Available from: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=33554
38. Le TT, Kim KW, Nguyen DQ, Ngo HTT. Trace element contamination in rice and its potential health risks to consumers in North-Central Vietnam. Environ Geochem Health. 2023 Jun 1;45(6):3361–75.
39. Hunashal RB, Patil YB. Assessment of Noise Pollution Indices in the City of Kolhapur, India. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci. 2012 Jan 1;37:448–57.
40. Chowdhury SC, Razzaque MM, Helali MM, Bodén H. Assessment of noise pollution in Dhaka city. In17th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Cairo, Egypt, 2010-07-18-2010-07-22 2010. Available from: https://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:479977/FULLTEXT01.pdf
41. Yang W, Sohn J, Kim J, Son B, Park J. Indoor air quality investigation according to age of the school buildings in Korea. J Environ Manage. 2009 Jan 1;90(1):348–54.
42. Nunes RAO, Branco PTBS, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Martins FG, Sousa SIV. Particulate matter in rural and urban nursery schools in Portugal. Environ Pollut. 2015 Jul 1;202:7–16.
43. Alameddine I, Gebrael K, Hanna F, El-Fadel M. Quantifying indoor PM2.5 levels and its sources in schools: What role does location, chalk use, and socioeconomic equity play ? Atmospheric Pollut Res. 2022 Apr 1;13(4):101375.
44. Mahyuddin N, Awbi HB, Alshitawi M. The spatial distribution of carbon dioxide in rooms with particular application to classrooms. Indoor Built Environ. 2014 May 1;23(3):433–48.
45. Jia C, Cao K, Valaulikar R, Fu X, Sorin AB. Variability of Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) in the Indoor Air of Retail Stores. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec;16(23):4622.
46. Lazovic I, Stevanovic Z, Jovasevic-Stojanovic M, Zivkovic M, Banjac M. Impact of CO2 concentration on indoor air quality and correlation with relative humidity and indoor air temperature in school buildings in Serbia. Therm Sci. 2016;20(suppl. 1):297–307.
47. Winterbottom M, Wilkins A. Lighting and discomfort in the classroom. J Environ Psychol. 2009 Mar 1;29(1):63–75.
48. Cohen Y, Iribarren R, Ben-Eli H, Massarwa A, Shama-Bakri N, Chassid O. Light Intensity in Nursery Schools: A Possible Factor in Refractive Development. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol. 2022 Jan 1;11(1):66–71.
49. Ana GREE, Shendell DG, Brown GE, Sridhar MKC. Assessment of Noise and Associated Health Impacts at Selected Secondary Schools in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Environ Public Health. 2009;2009:739502.
50. Ochiabuto OMTB, Abonyi IC, Ofili RN, Obiagwu OS, Ede AO, Okeke M, et al. Assessment of Noise Levels in Primary and Secondary Schools in Nnewi, Anambra State. Eur J Environ Public Health. 2020 Jul 30;5(1):em0054.
51. Novanta GGR, Garavelli SL, Sampaio ALL. Is the Level of Noise in a School Environment be Harmful to the Hearing of Teachers? Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 Oct;24(4):e503–7.
52. Quartey LNK, Amos-Abanyie S, Afram SO. Noise Exposure Levels in Basic School Environments in a City in Ghana. Open J Civ Eng. 2021 Jan 28;11(1):81–95.
53. USEPA. Revised Air Quality Standards for Particle Pollution and Updates to the Air Quality Index (AQI). [Internet]. United States Environmental Protection Agency; 2012 [cited 2024 May 13]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-04/documents/2012_aqi_factsheet.pdf
54. Rahman EA, Hamzah FM, Latif MT, Dominick D. Assessment of PM2.5 Patterns in Malaysia Using the Clustering Method. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2022;22(1):210161.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 3 (2024): Summer 2024 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i3.16677 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Indoor air quality (IAQ); Noise level; Health hazard; Correlation analysis; Teachinglearning environm | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Islam MB, Masum MMH, Hoque DA. Classroom indoor air quality and noise level assessment of different educational institutions in a university area in Bangladesh. JAPH. 2024;9(3):311-330.
