The effect of particle size, meteorological parameters, and building airtightness on particulate matters infiltration
-
Fatemeh Zahed
,
Alireza Pardakhti
,
Majid Shafiepour Motlagh
,
Behrouz Mohammad Kari
,
Azadeh Tavakoli
Abstract
Introduction: The present study analyzed the infiltration behavior of sizefractionated particles and the influencing parameters.
Materials and methods: The studies were carried out in two apartments under varying conditions of airtightness, utilizing real-time surveillance of Particulate Matters (PM0.3, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10), along with air exchange rates and meteorological factors. The seasonal variations of the indoor dissemination of particulate matters have been also discussed.
Results: The analysis of correlations indicated a strong dependency of indoor Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations on outdoor levels. However, the penetration patterns varied across different particle sizes. The highest contribution to outdoor PM10 was observed for PM2.5-10 while indoors, the predominant particle size was among the finer categories, PM0.3-1.0. Moreover, window air-tightening appeared to decrease the overall effective leakage area of the building envelope, which in turn slightly lowered the ratio of indoor to outdoor PMs as well as the infiltrability for particles of all sizes. However, this intervention did not alter the distribution of particles within indoor environments. The most penetrated particles were observed in the size range 0.3-1.0 µm and then PM<0.3 µm, and the least in the size range 2.5-10 µm.
Conclusion: Particle dimensions and external sources primarily influenced the degree of particle infiltration, significantly overshading the impact of weather-related factors. The relationship between indoor and outdoor particulate matter was diminished by the airtightness of windows, particularly for larger particles. No notable difference was observed in the infiltrability and indoor distribution of particles of varying sizes between the winter and fall seasons.
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24. Choi DH, Kang DH. Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 through building envelope in apartment housing units in Korea. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2017 Feb;17(2):598-607.
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26. Shrubsole C. Changes in exposure to PM2.5 in English dwellings: an unintended consequence of energy efficient refurbishment of the housing stock (Doctoral dissertation, UCL (University College London)).
27. Tian L, Zhang G, Lin Y, Yu J, Zhou J, Zhang Q. Mathematical model of particle penetration through smooth/rough building envelop leakages. Building and Environment. 2009 Jun 1;44(6):1144-9.
28. Zahed F, Pardakhti A, Motlagh MS, Kari BM, Tavakoli A. Comparison of infiltration of different particle sizes and influencing parameters. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2024 Aug 1;15(8):102156.
29. Vo LH, Yoneda M, Nghiem TD, Shimada Y, Van DA, Nguyen TH, Nguyen TT. Indoor PM0. 1 and PM2.5 in Hanoi: chemical characterization, source identification, and health risk assessment. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2022 Feb 1;13(2):101324.
30. Oroji B, Sadighzadeh A, Solgi E, Zakeri A, Oliaei MS, Yousefi H. Size distribution and chemical composition of indoor and outdoor particles in lab building. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2019 Feb 26;4(1):15-26.
31. Vo LH, Yoneda M, Nghiem TD, Sekiguchi K, Fujitani Y, Shimada Y. Seasonal variation of size-fractionated particulate matter in residential houses in urban area in Vietnam: relationship of indoor and outdoor particulate matter and mass size distribution. InE3S Web of Conferences 2022 (Vol. 347, p. 04020). EDP Sciences.
32. Abdel-Salam MM. Seasonal variation in indoor concentrations of air pollutants in residential buildings. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2021 Jun 3;71(6):761-77.
33. Chao CY, Wong KK. Residential indoor PM10 and PM2.5 in Hong Kong and the elemental composition. Atmospheric Environment. 2002 Jan 1;36(2):265-77.
34. D. Laussmann and D. Helm, “Chemistry, Emission Control, Radioactive Pollution and Indoor Air Quality,” Chem. Emiss. Control. Radioact. Pollut. Indoor Air Qual., 2012, doi: 10.5772/1030.
35. Rim D, Wallace L, Persily A. Infiltration of outdoor ultrafine particles into a test house. Environmental science & technology. 2010 Aug 1;44(15):5908-13.
36. Switzer PA, Ott WA. Derivation of an indoor air averaging time model from the mass balance equation for the case of independent source inputs and fixed air exchange rates. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States). Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Lab.; 1993 Jan 1.
37. Pietrogrande MC, Casari L, Demaria G, Russo M. Indoor air quality in domestic environments during periods close to Italian COVID-19 lockdown. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021 Apr 12;18(8):4060.
38. Fu N, Kim MK, Huang L, Liu J, Chen B, Sharples S. Experimental and numerical analysis of indoor air quality affected by outdoor air particulate levels (PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10), room infiltration rate, and occupants' behaviour. Science of The Total Environment. 2022 Dec 10;851:158026.
39. Zahed F, Pardakhti A, Motlagh MS, Mohammad Kari B, Tavakoli A. Infiltration of outdoor PM2.5 and influencing factors. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2022 Dec;15(12):2215-30.
40. Lazaridis M, Aleksandropoulou V, Smolik J, Hansen JE, Glytsos T, Kalogerakis N, Dahlin E. Physico-chemical characterization of indoor/outdoor particulate matter in two residential houses in Oslo, Norway: measurements overview and physical properties-urban-Aaerosol Project. Indoor air. 2006 Aug 1;16(4).
2. Kakoulli C, Kyriacou A, Michaelides MP. A review of field measurement studies on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and virus risk. Atmosphere. 2022 Jan 25;13(2):191.
3. Tran VV, Park D, Lee YC. Indoor air pollution, related human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of indoor air quality. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Apr;17(8):2927.
4. Mannan M, Al-Ghamdi SG. Indoor air quality in buildings: a comprehensive review on the factors influencing air pollution in residential and commercial structure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Mar 22;18(6):3276.
5. Ścibor M, Balcerzak B, Galbarczyk A, Targosz N, Jasienska G. Are we safe inside? Indoor air quality in relation to outdoor concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 and to characteristics of homes. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019 Jul 1;48:101537.
6. Saini J, Dutta M, Marques G. A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health. Sustainable environment research. 2020 Dec;30:1-2.
7. World Health Organization. Preventing Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) by reducing environmental risk factors. World Health Organization; 2017. Available: http://apps.who.int/bookorders.%0Ahttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/258796/1/WHO-FWC-EPE-17.01-eng.pdf?ua=1.
8. Yao Z, Zhao T, Su W, You S, Wang CH. Towards understanding respiratory particle transport and deposition in the human respiratory system: Effects of physiological conditions and particle properties. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2022 Oct 5;439:129669.doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129669.
9. Clark NA, Allen RW, Hystad P, Wallace L, Dell SD, Foty R, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Evans G, Wheeler AJ. Exploring variation and predictors of residential fine particulate matter infiltration. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2010 Aug;7(8):3211-24.
10. Azimi P, Stephens B. A framework for estimating the US mortality burden of fine particulate matter exposure attributable to indoor and outdoor microenvironments. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology. 2020 Mar 1;30(2):271-84.
11. Stephens B, Siegel JA. Penetration of ambient submicron particles into single‐family residences and associations with building characteristics. Indoor Air. 2012 Dec;22(6):501-13.
12. Le Ha VT, Hien NT, Dung NT, Simada Y, Yoneda M. Indoor and outdoor relationships of particle with different sizes in an apartment in Hanoi: mass concentration and respiratory dose estimation. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology. 2020 Dec 15;58(6):736-46.
13. Eom YS, Park BR, Shin HW, Kang DH. Evaluation of outdoor particle infiltration into classrooms considering air leakage and other building characteristics in Korean schools. Sustainability. 2021 Jul 1;13(13):7382.
14. Shi S, Chen C, Zhao B. Air infiltration rate distributions of residences in Beijing. Building and environment. 2015 Oct 1;92:528-37.
15. Wilkinson P, Smith KR, Davies M, Adair H, Armstrong BG, Barrett M, Bruce N, Haines A, Hamilton I, Oreszczyn T, Ridley I. Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: household energy. The lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1917-29.
16. Tian L, Zhang G, Lin Y, Yu J, Zhou J, Zhang Q. Mathematical model of particle penetration through smooth/rough building envelop leakages. Building and Environment. 2009 Jun 1;44(6):1144-9.
17. Diapouli E, Chaloulakou A, Mihalopoulos N, Spyrellis N. Indoor and outdoor PM mass and number concentrations at schools in the Athens area. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2008 Jan;136(1):13-20.
18. Saraga D, Maggos T, Sadoun E, Fthenou E, Hassan H, Tsiouri V, Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Vasilakos C, Kakosimos K. Chemical characterization of indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) in Doha, Qatar. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2017 May 1;17:1156-68.
19. Hoek G, Kos G, Harrison R, de Hartog J, Meliefste K, ten Brink H, Katsouyanni K, Karakatsani A, Lianou M, Kotronarou A, Kavouras I. Indoor–outdoor relationships of particle number and mass in four European cities. Atmospheric environment. 2008 Jan 1;42(1):156-69.
20. Chen C, Zhao B. Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles: I/O ratio, infiltration factor and penetration factor. Atmospheric environment. 2011 Jan 1;45(2):275-88.
21. A. Di Bucchianico, G. Cattani, and M. Inglessis, “outdoor/indoor particle infiltration factor in residential buildings and its relation extended abstract,” vol. 12, no. July 2010, pp. 221–224, 2013.
22. Wan Y, Chen C, Wang P, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhao L. Infiltration characteristic of outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for the window gaps. Procedia Engineering. 2015 Jan 1;121:191-8.
23. Kearney J, Wallace L, MacNeill M, Héroux ME, Kindzierski W, Wheeler A. Residential infiltration of fine and ultrafine particles in Edmonton. Atmospheric environment. 2014 Sep 1;94:793-805.
24. Choi DH, Kang DH. Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 through building envelope in apartment housing units in Korea. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2017 Feb;17(2):598-607.
25. Taylor J, Shrubsole C, Davies M, Biddulph P, Das P, Hamilton I, Vardoulakis S, Mavrogianni A, Jones B, Oikonomou E. The modifying effect of the building envelope on population exposure to PM 2.5 from outdoor sources. Indoor Air. 2014 Dec;24(6):639-51.
26. Shrubsole C. Changes in exposure to PM2.5 in English dwellings: an unintended consequence of energy efficient refurbishment of the housing stock (Doctoral dissertation, UCL (University College London)).
27. Tian L, Zhang G, Lin Y, Yu J, Zhou J, Zhang Q. Mathematical model of particle penetration through smooth/rough building envelop leakages. Building and Environment. 2009 Jun 1;44(6):1144-9.
28. Zahed F, Pardakhti A, Motlagh MS, Kari BM, Tavakoli A. Comparison of infiltration of different particle sizes and influencing parameters. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2024 Aug 1;15(8):102156.
29. Vo LH, Yoneda M, Nghiem TD, Shimada Y, Van DA, Nguyen TH, Nguyen TT. Indoor PM0. 1 and PM2.5 in Hanoi: chemical characterization, source identification, and health risk assessment. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2022 Feb 1;13(2):101324.
30. Oroji B, Sadighzadeh A, Solgi E, Zakeri A, Oliaei MS, Yousefi H. Size distribution and chemical composition of indoor and outdoor particles in lab building. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2019 Feb 26;4(1):15-26.
31. Vo LH, Yoneda M, Nghiem TD, Sekiguchi K, Fujitani Y, Shimada Y. Seasonal variation of size-fractionated particulate matter in residential houses in urban area in Vietnam: relationship of indoor and outdoor particulate matter and mass size distribution. InE3S Web of Conferences 2022 (Vol. 347, p. 04020). EDP Sciences.
32. Abdel-Salam MM. Seasonal variation in indoor concentrations of air pollutants in residential buildings. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2021 Jun 3;71(6):761-77.
33. Chao CY, Wong KK. Residential indoor PM10 and PM2.5 in Hong Kong and the elemental composition. Atmospheric Environment. 2002 Jan 1;36(2):265-77.
34. D. Laussmann and D. Helm, “Chemistry, Emission Control, Radioactive Pollution and Indoor Air Quality,” Chem. Emiss. Control. Radioact. Pollut. Indoor Air Qual., 2012, doi: 10.5772/1030.
35. Rim D, Wallace L, Persily A. Infiltration of outdoor ultrafine particles into a test house. Environmental science & technology. 2010 Aug 1;44(15):5908-13.
36. Switzer PA, Ott WA. Derivation of an indoor air averaging time model from the mass balance equation for the case of independent source inputs and fixed air exchange rates. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States). Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Lab.; 1993 Jan 1.
37. Pietrogrande MC, Casari L, Demaria G, Russo M. Indoor air quality in domestic environments during periods close to Italian COVID-19 lockdown. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021 Apr 12;18(8):4060.
38. Fu N, Kim MK, Huang L, Liu J, Chen B, Sharples S. Experimental and numerical analysis of indoor air quality affected by outdoor air particulate levels (PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10), room infiltration rate, and occupants' behaviour. Science of The Total Environment. 2022 Dec 10;851:158026.
39. Zahed F, Pardakhti A, Motlagh MS, Mohammad Kari B, Tavakoli A. Infiltration of outdoor PM2.5 and influencing factors. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2022 Dec;15(12):2215-30.
40. Lazaridis M, Aleksandropoulou V, Smolik J, Hansen JE, Glytsos T, Kalogerakis N, Dahlin E. Physico-chemical characterization of indoor/outdoor particulate matter in two residential houses in Oslo, Norway: measurements overview and physical properties-urban-Aaerosol Project. Indoor air. 2006 Aug 1;16(4).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 3 (2024): Summer 2024 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i3.16679 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Size-fractionated particles; Infiltration; Size distribution; Seasonal change | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Zahed F, Pardakhti A, Shafiepour Motlagh M, Mohammad Kari B, Tavakoli A. The effect of particle size, meteorological parameters, and building airtightness on particulate matters infiltration. JAPH. 2024;9(3):349-372.
