Particulate matters deposition in the human respiratory system: A health risk assessment at a technical university
Abstract
Introduction: This study quantified Particulate Matter (PM) deposition and its clearance in the Human Respiratory Tract (HRT) at different microenvironments of a university. The university is located adjacent to the National Highway (NH 334) and main bus stop of the city, thus highly affected by PM pollution.
Materials and methods: The deposition calculations were performed using a widely accepted MPPD 3.04 model. Three seasons (summer, winter and monsoon), seven microenvironments (including three Lecture Hall Complexes (LHCs), a library, two laboratories and outdoor), and different activity patterns associated with each microenvironment were considered.
Results: The deposited mass of coarse fraction (PM2.5-10) in different HRT regions follows the order: pulmonary (0.5%)<tracheobronchial (2%)<head (or extrathoracic region) (97.5%). In the case of lobar region, because of the larger volume of lower lobes, they received higher deposition (53%) than the middle (8%) and upper lobes (39%). Further, the sitting activity level was found to be most critical for lobar deposition. The total deposited mass in the HRT was maximum outdoors and minimum at the library. The difference in winter and monsoon deposition was 100% for PM2.5-10, 75% for PM1-2.5 and 126% for PM1. The clearance rate of PM1 is such that 1.5 % of particles in the tracheobronchial and 64% in the pulmonary region remained even after six months.
Conclusion: The results implied that physical activity levels, mode of inhalation and particle size significantly influence regional deposition. For instance, heavy exercise causes greater deposition in the head region, whereas sitting activity contributes to higher pulmonary and tracheobronchial deposition.
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21. Rajouriya K, Taneja A. Age-specific lobar and regional deposition of size-segregated particulate in a glass city of India and their health impact. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2023 Oct;16(10):2163-76.
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24. Salma I, Füri P, Németh Z, Balásházy I, Hofmann W, Farkas Á. Lung burden and deposition distribution of inhaled atmospheric urban ultrafine particles as the first step in their health risk assessment. Atmospheric Environment. 2015 Mar 1;104:39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosen v.2014.12.060
25. Winter-Sorkina RD, Cassee FR. From concentration to dose: factors influencing airborne particulate matter deposition in humans and rats. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands. Report 650010031/2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10029/9272
26. Xu X, Shang Y, Tian L, Weng W, Tu J. Inhalation health risk assessment for the human tracheobronchial tree under PM exposure in a bus stop scene. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2019 Jun;19(6):1365-76. https://doi.org/ 10.4209/aaqr.2018.09.0343
27. Tung NT, Pan CH, Chen WL, Wang CC, Liang CW, Chien CY, Chuang KJ, Thao HN, Dung HB, Thuy TP, Chuang HC. Associations of PM2.5 with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Shipyard Workers: A Cohort Study. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2022 May;22(5):210272
28. Sung YE, Cho U, Lee KY. Peripheral type squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: clinicopathologic characteristics in comparison to the central type. Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine. 2020 Jun 17;54(4):290-9. https://doi.org/10.4132/ jptm.2020.05.04
29. Xie X, Li X, Tang W, Xie P, Tan X. Primary tumor location in lung cancer: the evaluation and administration. Chinese Medical Journal. 2022 Jan 20;135(02):127-36. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000001802
30. Lv H, Li H, Qiu Z, Zhang F, Song J. Assessment of pedestrian exposure and deposition of PM10, PM2. 5 and ultrafine particles at an urban roadside: a case study of Xi'an, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2021 Apr 1;12(4):112-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021 .02.018
31. Gupta SK, Elumalai SP. Size-segregated particulate matter and its association with respiratory deposition doses among outdoor exercisers in Dhanbad City, India. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2017 Oct 3;67(10):1137-45. https://doi.org/10.1080 /10962247.2017.1344159
32. Martins V, Minguillón MC, Moreno T, Querol X, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, Centelles S, Lazaridis M. Deposition of aerosol particles from a subway microenvironment in the human respiratory tract. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2015 Dec 1;90:103-13.
33. Bennett WD. Effect of Respiratory Tract Disease on Particle Deposition. Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery. 2021 Sep 1;34(5):269-73. https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2021.29045.wdb
34. Mlcak RP, Jeschke MG, Mandel J, Finlay G. Inhalation injury from heat, smoke, or chemical irritants. UpToDate. 2020:1-22.
35. Thangavel P, Park D, Lee YC. Recent insights into particulate matter (PM2.5)-mediated toxicity in humans: an overview. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022 Jun 19;19(12):7511.
2. Nagpure AS, Gurjar BR, Martel JC. Human health risks in national capital territory of Delhi due to air pollution. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2014 Jul 1;5(3):371-80. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.043
3. Tang S, Mao Y, Jones RM, Tan Q, Ji JS, Li N, et al. Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control. Environment international. 2020 Nov 1;144:106039. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint. 2020.106039
4. Yadav SK, Kompalli SK, Gurjar BR, Mishra RK. Aerosol number concentrations and new particle formation events over a polluted megacity during the COVID-19 lockdown. Atmospheric Environment. 2021 Aug 15;259:118526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118526
5. Jia S, Zhang Q, Sarkar S, Mao J, Hang J, Chen W, et al. Size-segregated deposition of atmospheric elemental carbon (EC) in the human respiratory system: A case study of the Pearl River Delta, China. Science of the Total Environment. 2020 Mar 15;708:134932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134932
6. Hofmann W. Modelling inhaled particle deposition in the human lung-A review. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2011 Oct 1;42(10):693-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.05.007
7. Sahu V, Gurjar BR. Spatial and seasonal variation of air quality in different microenvironments of a technical university in India. Building and Environment. 2020 Nov 1;185:107310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107310
8. Rajput P, Izhar S, Gupta T. Deposition modeling of ambient aerosols in human respiratory system: Health implication of fine particles penetration into pulmonary region. Atmospheric pollution research. 2019 Jan 1;10(1):334-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apr.2018.08.013
9. Sarigiannis DΑ, Karakitsios SP, Zikopoulos D, Nikolaki S, Kermenidou M. Lung cancer risk from PAHs emitted from biomass combustion. Environmental Research. 2015 Feb 1;137:147-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.009
10. Byrley P, Boyes WK, Rogers K, Jarabek AM. 3D printer particle emissions: Translation to internal dose in adults and children. Journal of aerosol science. 2021 May 1;154:105765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105765
11. US EPA U. Exposure factors handbook. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2011 Sep.
12. Protection IC. ICRP. Human respiratory tract models for radiological protection. Ann ICRP. 1994;24.
13. Vijayan VK, Kuppurao KV, Venkatesan P, Sankaran K, Prabhakar R. Pulmonary function in healthy young adult Indians in Madras. Thorax. 1990 Aug 1;45(8):611-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.45.8.611
14. Goel A, Izhar S, Gupta T. Study of environmental particle levels, its effects on lung deposition and relationship with human behaviour. Environmental Contaminants: Measurement, Modelling and Control. 2018:77-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7332-8_4
15. Sánchez-Soberón F, Mari M, Kumar V, Rovira J, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M. An approach to assess the Particulate Matter exposure for the population living around a cement plant: modelling indoor air and particle deposition in the respiratory tract. Environmental Research. 2015 Nov 1;143:10-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.008
16. Cheng KH, Swift DL. Calculation of total deposition fraction of ultrafine aerosols in human extrathoracic and intrathoracic regions. Aerosol science and technology. 1995 Jan 1;22(2):194-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829509508887
17. Poland CA, Duffin R, Weber K, Dekant W, Borm PJ. Is pulmonary inflammation a valid predictor of particle induced lung pathology? The case of amorphous and crystalline silicas. Toxicology Letters. 2023 Jul 14.
18. Manojkumar N, Srimuruganandam B, Nagendra SS. Application of multiple-path particle dosimetry model for quantifying age specified deposition of particulate matter in human airway. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2019 Jan 30;168:241-8. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016 /j.ecoenv .2018.10.091
19. Khan S, Gurjar BR, Sahu V. Deposition modeling of ambient particulate matter in the human respiratory tract. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2022 Oct 1;13(10):101565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101565
20. Monn C. Exposure assessment of air pollutants: a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Atmospheric environment. 2001 Jan 1;35(1):1-32. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00330-7
21. Rajouriya K, Taneja A. Age-specific lobar and regional deposition of size-segregated particulate in a glass city of India and their health impact. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2023 Oct;16(10):2163-76.
22. Behera SN, Betha R, Huang X, Balasubramanian R. Characterization and estimation of human airway deposition of size-resolved particulate-bound trace elements during a recent haze episode in Southeast Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015 Mar;22:4265-80. https ://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3645-6
23. Islam MS, Saha SC, Sauret E, Gemci T, Gu Y. Pulmonary aerosol transport and deposition analysis in upper 17 generations of the human respiratory tract. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2017 Jun 1;108:29-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.03.004
24. Salma I, Füri P, Németh Z, Balásházy I, Hofmann W, Farkas Á. Lung burden and deposition distribution of inhaled atmospheric urban ultrafine particles as the first step in their health risk assessment. Atmospheric Environment. 2015 Mar 1;104:39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosen v.2014.12.060
25. Winter-Sorkina RD, Cassee FR. From concentration to dose: factors influencing airborne particulate matter deposition in humans and rats. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands. Report 650010031/2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10029/9272
26. Xu X, Shang Y, Tian L, Weng W, Tu J. Inhalation health risk assessment for the human tracheobronchial tree under PM exposure in a bus stop scene. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2019 Jun;19(6):1365-76. https://doi.org/ 10.4209/aaqr.2018.09.0343
27. Tung NT, Pan CH, Chen WL, Wang CC, Liang CW, Chien CY, Chuang KJ, Thao HN, Dung HB, Thuy TP, Chuang HC. Associations of PM2.5 with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Shipyard Workers: A Cohort Study. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2022 May;22(5):210272
28. Sung YE, Cho U, Lee KY. Peripheral type squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: clinicopathologic characteristics in comparison to the central type. Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine. 2020 Jun 17;54(4):290-9. https://doi.org/10.4132/ jptm.2020.05.04
29. Xie X, Li X, Tang W, Xie P, Tan X. Primary tumor location in lung cancer: the evaluation and administration. Chinese Medical Journal. 2022 Jan 20;135(02):127-36. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000001802
30. Lv H, Li H, Qiu Z, Zhang F, Song J. Assessment of pedestrian exposure and deposition of PM10, PM2. 5 and ultrafine particles at an urban roadside: a case study of Xi'an, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2021 Apr 1;12(4):112-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021 .02.018
31. Gupta SK, Elumalai SP. Size-segregated particulate matter and its association with respiratory deposition doses among outdoor exercisers in Dhanbad City, India. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2017 Oct 3;67(10):1137-45. https://doi.org/10.1080 /10962247.2017.1344159
32. Martins V, Minguillón MC, Moreno T, Querol X, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, Centelles S, Lazaridis M. Deposition of aerosol particles from a subway microenvironment in the human respiratory tract. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2015 Dec 1;90:103-13.
33. Bennett WD. Effect of Respiratory Tract Disease on Particle Deposition. Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery. 2021 Sep 1;34(5):269-73. https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2021.29045.wdb
34. Mlcak RP, Jeschke MG, Mandel J, Finlay G. Inhalation injury from heat, smoke, or chemical irritants. UpToDate. 2020:1-22.
35. Thangavel P, Park D, Lee YC. Recent insights into particulate matter (PM2.5)-mediated toxicity in humans: an overview. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022 Jun 19;19(12):7511.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 1 (2024): Winter 2024 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15075 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Modeling; Indoor; Multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD); Lobar deposition; Particulate matter (PM) | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Khan S, Sahu V, Kumar N, Gurjar B. Particulate matters deposition in the human respiratory system: A health risk assessment at a technical university. JAPH. 2024;9(1):1-14.
