Indoor air quality monitoring in metropolitan city Lahore: Using handheld devices
Abstract
Introduction: Outdoor air pollution has been considered the primary issueby scientists and environmentalists for decades. With the advancement of technology, the activities of human are shifting from outdoor to indoor, urging researchers to investigate the indoor environment. Theerefore, the focus of this study is to examine indoor air quality in the metropolitan of Lahore.
Materials and methods: The Temtop M2000C and Temtop H3 Laser monitors were used to collect data on Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), and formaldehyde (HCHO). The concentration of air pollutants in nine indoor areas was measured for a specified time interval. The values of particulate matter are measured to find the impact of the outdoor environment on the indoor environment.
Results: The maximum average values of the particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 were 488.6 μg/m³ and 737.2 6 μg/m³, respectively, which reduced drastically after the rain to 219 μg/m³ and 340 μg/m³, respectively. The maximum values of PM2.5 and PM10 during coal burning outside the room were 997.6 μg/m³ and 999.9 μg/m³, respectively, far higher than the values during normal conditions. TVOC and HCHO were found within the prescribed limits.
Conclusion: The outcomes of this study established a deep impact of the outdoor environment on the indoor environment and recommend air purifiers to reduce the level of pollutants in the indoor environment.
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9. Fakinle BS, Sonibare JA, Okedere OB, Jimoda LA, Ayodele CO. Air quality index pattern of particulate around a haulage vehicle park. Cogent Environmental Science. 2016 Dec 31;2(1):1208448.
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12. Wyon DP. The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity. Indoor air. 2004 Aug 14;14(7):92-101.
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14. Gonzalez-Martin J, Kraakman NJ, Perez C, Lebrero R, Munoz R. A state–of–the-art review on indoor air pollution and strategies for indoor air pollution control. Chemosphere. 2021 Jan 1;262:128376.
15. Fuentes-Leonarte V, Ballester F, Tenías JM. Sources of indoor air pollution and respiratory health in preschool children. Journal of environmental and public health. 2009 Jan 1;2009.
16. Saini J, Dutta M, Marques G. A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health. Sustainable environment research. 2020 Dec;30(1):1-2.
17. Kubba S. Handbook of green building design and construction: Leed, Breeam, and Green Globes. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2012 Oct 11.
18. Kumar P, Imam B. Footprints of air pollution and changing environment on the sustainability of built infrastructure. Science of the total environment. 2013 Feb 1;444:85-101.
19. Cho ME, Kim MJ. Residents’ perceptions of and response behaviors to particulate matter-a case study in Seoul, Korea. Applied Sciences. 2019 Sep 4;9(18):3660.
20. Mainka A, Zajusz-Zubek E. Keeping doors closed as one reason for fatigue in teenagers-A case study. Applied Sciences. 2019 Aug 28;9(17):3533.
21. Kamaruzzaman SN, Sabrani NA. The effect of indoor air quality (IAQ) towards occupants’ psychological performance in office buildings. Journal Design+ Built. 2011;4(1):49-61.
22. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z. The state of indoor air quality in Pakistan-a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2010 Jul;17:1187-96.
23. Fatmi Z, Rahman A, Kazi A, Kadir MM, Sathiakumar N. Situational analysis of household energy and biomass use and associated health burden of indoor air pollution and mitigation efforts in Pakistan. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2010 Jul;7(7):2940-52.
24. Kanama N, Ondarts M, Guyot G, Outin J, Gonze E. Indoor Air Quality Campaign in an Occupied Low-Energy House with a High Level of Spatial and Temporal Discretization. Applied Sciences. 2021 Dec 11;11(24):11789.
25. Lin B, Wei K. Does use of solid cooking fuels increase family medical expenses in China?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Jan 31;19(3):1649.
26. Chen YY, Sung FC, Chen ML, Mao IF, Lu CY. Indoor air quality in the metro system in north Taiwan. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2016 Dec;13(12):1200.
27. Kim GS, Son YS, Lee JH, Kim IW, Kim JC, Oh JT, Kim H. Air pollution monitoring and control system for subway stations using environmental sensors. Journal of Sensors. 2016 Sep;2016.
28. Yen YC, Yang CY, Mena KD, Cheng YT, Chen PS. Cooking/window opening and associated increases of indoor PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations of children’s houses in kaohsiung, Taiwan. Applied Sciences. 2019 Oct 14;9(20):4306.
29. Zuo J, Ji W, Ben Y, Hassan MA, Fan W, Bates L, Dong Z. Using big data from air quality monitors to evaluate indoor PM2.5 exposure in buildings: Case study in Beijing. Environmental pollution. 2018 Sep 1;240:839-47.
30. Orecchio S, Fiore M, Barreca S, Vara G. Volatile profiles of emissions from different activities analyzed using canister samplers and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis: A case study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2017 Feb;14(2):195.
31. Vilčeková S, Apostoloski IZ, Mečiarová Ľ, Krídlová Burdová E, Kiseľák J. Investigation of indoor air quality in houses of Macedonia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017 Jan;14(1):37.
32. Assimakopoulos VD, Saraga D, Helmis CG, Stathopoulou OI, Halios CH. An experimental study of the indoor air quality in areas of different use. Global Nest J. 2008 Jul 1;10:192-200.
33. Aslam S, Javed M, Reyaz N. Measurement of air concentrations of particulate matters, volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde in Lahore. Biomedica. 2020 Jun 1;36(2):188-92.
34. Javed H, Ghani N, Tahir A, Nasir AH, Zahid H. Spatiotemporal variability of indoor atmospheric emissions in the mega-city of Pakistan. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research. 2019 Mar 1;17(2).
35. Sipra H, Aslam F, Syed JH, Awan TM. Investigating the Implications of COVID-19 on PM2. 5 in Pakistan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2021 Feb;21(2):200459.
36. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Hasnain S, Sultan S. Indoor air quality at rural and urban sites in Pakistan. Water, air, & soil pollution: focus. 2008 Feb;8:61-9.
37. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ahmad S, Ali Z. Exposure to PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and carbon monoxide on roads in Lahore, Pakistan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2011;11(6):689-95.
38. Sidra S, Ali Z, Sultan S, Ahmed S, Colbeck I, Nasir ZA. Assessment of airborne microflora in the indoor micro-environments of residential houses of Lahore, Pakistan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2015;15(6):2385-96.
39. Maggos T, Binas V, Siaperas V, Terzopoulos A, Panagopoulos P, Kiriakidis G. A promising technological approach to improve indoor air quality. Applied Sciences. 2019 Nov 12;9(22):4837.
40. Ayaz A, Sajid J, Ahmed N. Performance Investigation of Novel Improved Cooking Stove Model for Cold Rural Populations. Engineering Proceedings. 2022 Jan 21;12(1):86.
41. IQAIr. Air quality in Lahore. [cited 2021]; Available from: https://www.iqair.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore.
42. Dawn. Hazy Lahore declared most polluted city in the world. 2021. Available from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1655402
43. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z, Safdar S. Indoor air quality in Lahore, Pakistan. 2012
44. Wang F, Fan F, Wang L, Ye W, Zhang Q, Xie S. Maternal cadmium levels during pregnancy and the relationship with preeclampsia and fetal biometric parameters. Biological Trace Element Research. 2018 Dec;186:322-9.
45. Pervaiz S, Javid K, Khan FZ, Zahid Y, Akram MA. Preliminary assessment of air during COVID-19 lockdown: An unintended benefit to environment. Environment and Natural Resources Journal. 2020 Aug 11;18(4):363-75.
46. Sung WT, Hsiao SJ. Building an indoor air quality monitoring system based on the architecture of the Internet of Things. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2021 Dec;2021:1-41.
47. Leung DY. Outdoor-indoor air pollution in urban environment: challenges and opportunity. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2015 Jan 15;2:69.
48. Tran VV, Park D, Lee YC. Indoor air pollution, related human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of indoor air quality. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Apr;17(8):2927.
49. Susanto AD, Winardi W, Hidayat M, Wirawan A. The use of indoor plant as an alternative strategy to improve indoor air quality in Indonesia. Reviews on Environmental health. 2021 Mar 26;36(1):95-9.
50. Harbizadeh A, Mirzaee SA, Khosravi AD, Shoushtari FS, Goodarzi H, Alavi N, Ankali KA, Rad HD, Maleki H, Goudarzi G. Indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial air quality in day-care centers (DCCs) in greater Ahvaz, Iran. Atmospheric Environment. 2019 Nov 1;216:116927.
2. Moreno-Rangel A, Baek J, Roh T, Xu X, Carrillo G. Assessing impact of household intervention on indoor air quality and health of children with asthma in the US-Mexico border: A pilot study. Journal of environmental and public health. 2020 Aug 3;2020.
3. Kolle SR, Thyavanahalli SH. Global research on air pollution between 2005 and 2014: a bibliometric study. Collection Building. 2016 Jul 4;35(3):84-92.
4. Fowler D, Pyle JA, Sutton MA, Williams ML. Global Air Quality, past present and future: an introduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 2020 Oct 30;378(2183):20190323.
5. Tsakas MP, Siskos AP, Siskos PA. Indoor air pollutants and the impact on human health. Chemistry, Emission Control, Radioactive Pollution and Indoor Air Quality. 2011 Jul 27:447-84.
6. Tiotiu AI, Novakova P, Nedeva D, Chong-Neto HJ, Novakova S, Steiropoulos P, Kowal K. Impact of air pollution on asthma outcomes. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Sep;17(17):6212.
7. Kanchan K, Gorai AK, Goyal P. A review on air quality indexing system. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment. 2015;9(2):101-13.
8. Khanum F, Chaudhry MN, Kumar P. Characterization of five-year observation data of fine particulate matter in the metropolitan area of Lahore. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2017 Aug;10:725-36.
9. Fakinle BS, Sonibare JA, Okedere OB, Jimoda LA, Ayodele CO. Air quality index pattern of particulate around a haulage vehicle park. Cogent Environmental Science. 2016 Dec 31;2(1):1208448.
10. Vardoulakis S, Giagloglou E, Steinle S, Davis A, Sleeuwenhoek A, Galea KS, Dixon K, Crawford JO. Indoor exposure to selected air pollutants in the home environment: A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Dec;17(23):8972.
11. Agarwal N, Meena CS, Raj BP, Saini L, Kumar A, Gopalakrishnan N, et al. Indoor air quality improvement in COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021 Jul 1;70:102942.
12. Wyon DP. The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity. Indoor air. 2004 Aug 14;14(7):92-101.
13. Kakoulli C, Kyriacou A, Michaelides MP. A review of field measurement studies on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and virus risk. Atmosphere. 2022 Jan 25;13(2):191.
14. Gonzalez-Martin J, Kraakman NJ, Perez C, Lebrero R, Munoz R. A state–of–the-art review on indoor air pollution and strategies for indoor air pollution control. Chemosphere. 2021 Jan 1;262:128376.
15. Fuentes-Leonarte V, Ballester F, Tenías JM. Sources of indoor air pollution and respiratory health in preschool children. Journal of environmental and public health. 2009 Jan 1;2009.
16. Saini J, Dutta M, Marques G. A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health. Sustainable environment research. 2020 Dec;30(1):1-2.
17. Kubba S. Handbook of green building design and construction: Leed, Breeam, and Green Globes. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2012 Oct 11.
18. Kumar P, Imam B. Footprints of air pollution and changing environment on the sustainability of built infrastructure. Science of the total environment. 2013 Feb 1;444:85-101.
19. Cho ME, Kim MJ. Residents’ perceptions of and response behaviors to particulate matter-a case study in Seoul, Korea. Applied Sciences. 2019 Sep 4;9(18):3660.
20. Mainka A, Zajusz-Zubek E. Keeping doors closed as one reason for fatigue in teenagers-A case study. Applied Sciences. 2019 Aug 28;9(17):3533.
21. Kamaruzzaman SN, Sabrani NA. The effect of indoor air quality (IAQ) towards occupants’ psychological performance in office buildings. Journal Design+ Built. 2011;4(1):49-61.
22. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z. The state of indoor air quality in Pakistan-a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2010 Jul;17:1187-96.
23. Fatmi Z, Rahman A, Kazi A, Kadir MM, Sathiakumar N. Situational analysis of household energy and biomass use and associated health burden of indoor air pollution and mitigation efforts in Pakistan. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2010 Jul;7(7):2940-52.
24. Kanama N, Ondarts M, Guyot G, Outin J, Gonze E. Indoor Air Quality Campaign in an Occupied Low-Energy House with a High Level of Spatial and Temporal Discretization. Applied Sciences. 2021 Dec 11;11(24):11789.
25. Lin B, Wei K. Does use of solid cooking fuels increase family medical expenses in China?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Jan 31;19(3):1649.
26. Chen YY, Sung FC, Chen ML, Mao IF, Lu CY. Indoor air quality in the metro system in north Taiwan. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2016 Dec;13(12):1200.
27. Kim GS, Son YS, Lee JH, Kim IW, Kim JC, Oh JT, Kim H. Air pollution monitoring and control system for subway stations using environmental sensors. Journal of Sensors. 2016 Sep;2016.
28. Yen YC, Yang CY, Mena KD, Cheng YT, Chen PS. Cooking/window opening and associated increases of indoor PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations of children’s houses in kaohsiung, Taiwan. Applied Sciences. 2019 Oct 14;9(20):4306.
29. Zuo J, Ji W, Ben Y, Hassan MA, Fan W, Bates L, Dong Z. Using big data from air quality monitors to evaluate indoor PM2.5 exposure in buildings: Case study in Beijing. Environmental pollution. 2018 Sep 1;240:839-47.
30. Orecchio S, Fiore M, Barreca S, Vara G. Volatile profiles of emissions from different activities analyzed using canister samplers and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis: A case study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2017 Feb;14(2):195.
31. Vilčeková S, Apostoloski IZ, Mečiarová Ľ, Krídlová Burdová E, Kiseľák J. Investigation of indoor air quality in houses of Macedonia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017 Jan;14(1):37.
32. Assimakopoulos VD, Saraga D, Helmis CG, Stathopoulou OI, Halios CH. An experimental study of the indoor air quality in areas of different use. Global Nest J. 2008 Jul 1;10:192-200.
33. Aslam S, Javed M, Reyaz N. Measurement of air concentrations of particulate matters, volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde in Lahore. Biomedica. 2020 Jun 1;36(2):188-92.
34. Javed H, Ghani N, Tahir A, Nasir AH, Zahid H. Spatiotemporal variability of indoor atmospheric emissions in the mega-city of Pakistan. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research. 2019 Mar 1;17(2).
35. Sipra H, Aslam F, Syed JH, Awan TM. Investigating the Implications of COVID-19 on PM2. 5 in Pakistan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2021 Feb;21(2):200459.
36. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Hasnain S, Sultan S. Indoor air quality at rural and urban sites in Pakistan. Water, air, & soil pollution: focus. 2008 Feb;8:61-9.
37. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ahmad S, Ali Z. Exposure to PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and carbon monoxide on roads in Lahore, Pakistan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2011;11(6):689-95.
38. Sidra S, Ali Z, Sultan S, Ahmed S, Colbeck I, Nasir ZA. Assessment of airborne microflora in the indoor micro-environments of residential houses of Lahore, Pakistan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2015;15(6):2385-96.
39. Maggos T, Binas V, Siaperas V, Terzopoulos A, Panagopoulos P, Kiriakidis G. A promising technological approach to improve indoor air quality. Applied Sciences. 2019 Nov 12;9(22):4837.
40. Ayaz A, Sajid J, Ahmed N. Performance Investigation of Novel Improved Cooking Stove Model for Cold Rural Populations. Engineering Proceedings. 2022 Jan 21;12(1):86.
41. IQAIr. Air quality in Lahore. [cited 2021]; Available from: https://www.iqair.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore.
42. Dawn. Hazy Lahore declared most polluted city in the world. 2021. Available from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1655402
43. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z, Safdar S. Indoor air quality in Lahore, Pakistan. 2012
44. Wang F, Fan F, Wang L, Ye W, Zhang Q, Xie S. Maternal cadmium levels during pregnancy and the relationship with preeclampsia and fetal biometric parameters. Biological Trace Element Research. 2018 Dec;186:322-9.
45. Pervaiz S, Javid K, Khan FZ, Zahid Y, Akram MA. Preliminary assessment of air during COVID-19 lockdown: An unintended benefit to environment. Environment and Natural Resources Journal. 2020 Aug 11;18(4):363-75.
46. Sung WT, Hsiao SJ. Building an indoor air quality monitoring system based on the architecture of the Internet of Things. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2021 Dec;2021:1-41.
47. Leung DY. Outdoor-indoor air pollution in urban environment: challenges and opportunity. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2015 Jan 15;2:69.
48. Tran VV, Park D, Lee YC. Indoor air pollution, related human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of indoor air quality. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Apr;17(8):2927.
49. Susanto AD, Winardi W, Hidayat M, Wirawan A. The use of indoor plant as an alternative strategy to improve indoor air quality in Indonesia. Reviews on Environmental health. 2021 Mar 26;36(1):95-9.
50. Harbizadeh A, Mirzaee SA, Khosravi AD, Shoushtari FS, Goodarzi H, Alavi N, Ankali KA, Rad HD, Maleki H, Goudarzi G. Indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial air quality in day-care centers (DCCs) in greater Ahvaz, Iran. Atmospheric Environment. 2019 Nov 1;216:116927.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 4 (2023): Autumn 2023 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v8i4.14539 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Indoor air quality; Particulate matter; Carbon dioxide; Volatile organic compound (VOC); Formaldehyde | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Iqbal M, Shafiq M. Indoor air quality monitoring in metropolitan city Lahore: Using handheld devices. JAPH. 2024;8(4):435-452.
