Indoor air microbial quality in medical emergency of an Algerian hospital
-
Amina Djadi
,
Samia Benadda
,
Farid Agouillal
,
Amel Kaced
,
Nabila Cherifi
,
Abdelkader Lemou
,
Nabila Ait Ouakli
,
Riad Ladji
Abstract
Introduction: In this work, we target the analysis and the characterization of bioaerosols species present in medical emergency of north Algerian hospital, were we consider in four operating rooms, two preoperative and resuscitation rooms.
Materials and methods: Passive technique was applied for the collection of bacterial and fungal samples in indoor air, for three days from 16 to 18 January 2018. Two techniques were then chosen for the bacterial identification, the Analytical Profile Index (API) system and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
Results: It has been found that fungal contamination was highest in neurosurgery block, 103 CFU/m3
, whereas the highest bacterial contamination, 2645 CFU/m3 , was noted in postoperative room. The most predominant identified bacteria were Gram-positive cocci.
Conclusion: The high contamination in bioaerosols and the types of bacteria identified in the premises studied increase the risk of contracting a nosocomial infection, hence the importance of daily disinfection and sterilization of hospitals area in order to reduce bioaerosols dangerous effects on human health
1. Martinez Herrera EO, Frias De Leon MG, Duarte Escalante E, Calderon Ezquerro MD, Jimenez Martinez MD, Acosta Altamirano G, et al. Fungal diversity and Aspergillus species in hospital environments. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2016; 23 (2): 264–269.
2. Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health. Journal of Environmental sciences. 2018 May 1;67:23-35.
3. Ghosh B, Lal H, Srivastava A. Review of bioaerosols in indoor environment with special reference to sampling, analysis and control mechanisms. Environment International. 2015; 85: 254–72.
4. Prussin AJ, Marr LC. Sources of airborne microorganisms in the built environment. Microbiome. 2015 Dec;3:1-0.
5. Karimpour Roshan S, Godini H, Nikmanesh B, Bakhshi H, Charsizadeh A. Study on the relationship between the concentration and type of fungal bio-aerosols at indoor and outdoor air in the Children’s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2019 Feb;191:1-3.
6. Viegas C, Faria T, Pacífico C, Dos Santos M, Monteiro A, Lança C, et al. Microbiota and Particulate Matter Assessment in Portuguese Optical Shops Providing Contact Lens Services. Healthcare. 2017; 5 (2) : 24.
7. Eriksen E, Komlavi Afanou A, Mette Madsen A, Straumfors A, Graff P. An assessment of occupational exposure to bioaerosols in automated versus manual waste sorting plants. Environmental Research. 2023; 218: 115040.
8. Zhang S, Liang Z, Wang X, Ye Z, Li G, An T. Bioaerosols in an industrial park and the adjacent houses: Dispersal between indoor/outdoor, the impact of air purifier, and health risk reduction. Environment International. 2023; 172: 107778.
9. Zhao XY, An DZ, Liu ML, Ma JX, Ali W, Zhu H, Li M, Ai XJ, Nasir ZA, Alcega SG, Coulon F. Bioaerosols emission characteristics from wastewater treatment aeration tanks and associated health risk exposure assessment during autumn and winter. Science of The Total Environment. 2022 Dec 10;851:158106.
10. Yann C, Zhang MM, Cui BB. Using reverse quantitative microbial risk assessment for estimating acceptable exposure time of bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2022 Sep 1:1-4.
11. Gladding TL, Rolph CA, Gwyther CL, Kinnersley R, Walsh K, Tyrrel S. Concentration and composition of bioaerosol emissions from intensive farms: Pig and poultry livestock. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 272 : 111052.
12. Hamoda MF, Mahmoud H. Microbiological characteristics of indoor air bioaerosols in a waste paper recycling factory. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Jun 6;16:2601-10.
13. Douglas P, Robertson S, Gay R, Hansell AL, Gant TW. A systematic review of the public health risks of bioaerosols from intensive farming. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2018; 221 (2): 134-173.
14. Yildiz S, Enç V, Kara M, Tabak Y, Emine Acet E. Assessment of the potential risks of airbone microbial contamination in solid recovered fuel plants: a case study in Istanbul. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 2017; 16 (7): 1415-1421.
15. Necib A, Boughediri L. Airborne pollen in the El-Hadjar town (Algeria NE). Aerobiologia. 2016; 32 (2): 277-288.
16. Canha N, Almeida SM, Freitas MD, Wolterbeek HT. Assessment of bioaerosols in urban and rural primary schools using passive and active sampling methodologies. Archives of Environmental Protection. 2015; 41(4): 11–22.
17. Hayleeyesus SF, Manaye AM. Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Libraries. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2014; 4: S312–S317.
18. Pertegal V, Lacasa E, Ca˜nizares P, Rodrigo M.A, S´aez C. Understanding the influence of the bioaerosol source on the distribution of airborne bacteria in hospital indoor air. Environmental Research. 2023; 216 : 114458
19. Paddy EN, Afolabi OO, Sohail M. Toilet plume bioaerosols in health care and hospitality settings: A systematic review. American Journal of Infection Control. 2023; 51(3): 324−333.
20. Mousavi E, Grosskopf K, Arnold P, Lautz R, Lau J. Experimental measurement of bioaerosol concentrations and containment in long-term care environments. Building and Environment. 2022; 223: 109415.
21. Liu Z, Zhuang W, Hu X, Zhao Z, Rong R, Li J, Li N, Ding W. Potential infection risk assessment of improper bioaerosol experiment operation in one BSL-3 laboratory based on the improved Wells-Riley method. Building and Environment. 2021; 201: 107974.
22. Liu Z, Zhang P, Li Y, Yang W, Guo J, Liu J, Yao G. Assessment of spatial concentration variation and deposition of bioaerosol in a dental clinic during oral cleaning. Building and Environment. 2021; 202: 108024.
23. Liu Z, Zhang M, Cao G, Tang S, Liu H, Wang L. Influence of air supply velocity and room temperature conditions on bioaerosols distribution in a class I operating room. Building and Environment. 2021; 204: 108116.
24. Liu Z, Zhuang W, Hu L, Rong R, Li J, Ding W, Li N. Experimental and numerical study of potential infection risks from exposure to bioaerosols in one BSL-3 laboratory. Building and Environment. 2020; 179: 106991.
25. Yarahmadi R, Bokharaei-Salim F, Soleimani-Alyar S, Moridi P, Moradi-Moghaddam O, Niakan-Lahiji M, et al. Occupational exposure of health care personnel to SARS-CoV-2 particles in the intensive care unit of Tehran hospital. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2021 Feb 2:1-8.
26. Asif A, Zeeshan M, Hashmi I, Zahid U, Bhatti MF. Microbial quality assessment of indoor air in a large hospital building during winter and spring seasons. Building and Environment. 2018; 135: 68–73.
27. Ghasemian A, Khodaparast S, Moghadam FS, Nojoomi F, Vardanjani HR. Types and levels of Bioaerosols in healthcare and community indoor settings in Iran. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2016 Sep 13;4(1):41036-.
28. Okten S, Asan A. Airborne fungi and bacteria in indoor and outdoor environment of the Pediatric Unit of Edirne Government Hospital. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2012; 184 (3): 1739–1751.
29. Rocha-Melogno L, Ginn O, Bailey ES, Soria F, Andrad M, Bergin MH, et al. Bioaerosol sampling optimization for community exposure assessment in cities with poor sanitation: A one health cross-sectional study. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 738: 139495.
30. Colbeck I, Sidra S, Ali Z, Ahmed S, Nasir ZA. Spatial and temporal variations in indoor air quality in Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2019 Jun 6;16:2565-72.
31. Meharzi S, Mansouri R, Chekchaki N, Bouchair N, Belgharssa A, Tridon A, et al. Indoor Aeroallergens in Asthmatic Pediatric Population in Annaba (Algeria). Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2017; 17: 2482–2490.
32. Ramos CA, Viegas C, Verde SC, Wolterbeek HT, Almeida SM. Characterizing the fungal and bacterial microflora and concentrations in fitness centres. Indoor and Built Environment. 2016; 25 (6) : 872–882.
33. Benammar L, Menasria T, Chergui A, Benfiala S, Ayachi A. Indoor fungal contamination of traditional public baths (Hammams). International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 2017; 117 : 115–122.
34. Bolookat F, Sadegh Hassanvand M, Faridi S, Hadei M, Rahmatinia M, Alimohammadi M. Assessment of bioaerosol particle characteristics at different hospital wards and operating theaters rooms: A case study in Tehran. Methods X. 2018; 5: 1588–1596.
35. Dehghani M, Sorooshiann A, Nazmara S, Baghani AN, Delikhoon M. Concentration and type of bioaerosols before and after conventional disinfection and sterilization procedures inside hospital operating rooms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018; 164: 277–282.
36. King MF, Noakes CJ, Sleigh PA, Camargo-Valero MA. Bioaerosol deposition in single and two-bed hospital rooms: A numerical and experimental study. Building and Environment. 2013; 59: 436-447.
37. Soleimani Z, Teymouri P, Darvishi Boloorani A, Mesdaghinia A, Middleton N, Griffin DW. An overview of bioaerosol load and health impacts associated with dust storms: A focus on the Middle East. Atmospheric Environment Journal. 2020 Feb 15;223:117187.
38. Stockwell RE, Ballard EL, O’Rourke P, Knibbs LD, Morawska L, Bell SC. Indoor hospital air and the impact of ventilation on bioaerosols: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2019; 103: 175-84.
39. Maleki R, Nazari S. Investigation of type and density of bacterial bioaerosols in the air of Imam Hossein hospital in Tehran in 2018. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2022; 7(1): 61-68.
40. Dashti M, Beghani A, Sorooshiani A, Vosoughi M, Mokhtari S, Sedeghi H. On the nature of indoor airborne bioaerosols at a hospital in Iran. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2021; 6(1): 14-29.
41. Madhwal S, Prabhu V, Sundriyal S, Shridhar V. Distribution, characterization and health risk assessment of size fractionated bioaerosols at an open landfill site in Dehradun, India. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020; 11: 156–169.
42. Biglari A, Barzeghar V, Firouzsalari N, Gholampour A. Assessment of airborne bacterial and fungal communities in different wards of educational hospitals: A case study in Urmia, Iran. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2020; 5(4): 209-222.
43. Azimi F, Nabizadeh R, Alimohammadi M, Naddafi K. Bacterial bioaerosols in the operating rooms: a case study in tehran shariati hospital. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2016; 1(3): 215-218.
44. Napoli C, Marcotrigiano V, Montagna MT. Air sampling procedures to evaluate microbial contamination: a comparison between active and passive methods in operating theatres. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12 : 594.
45. Pedersen M.K, Andersen AB, Andersen PH, Svensson E, Jensen SG, Lillebaek T. Occupational tuberculosis in Denmark through 21 years analysed by nationwide genotyping. PLoS One. 2016; 11(4): e0153668.
46. Bouzid M, Djadi A, Guechtoulli S. Global Approach and Targeted Approach in the Management of Hospital Effluents. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B. 2013; 3 (4): 214-225.
47. Bouzid M, Djadi A, Aribi C, Irekti A, Bezzazi B, Halouane F. Multilayer System of Thermosetting Polymers and Specific Confining, Application to the Walls of the Hospital unit. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2014; 120: 175-184.
48. Cabo Verde S, Almeida SM, Matos J, Guerreiro D, Meneses M, Faria T, Viegas C. Microbiological assessment of indoor air quality at different hospital sites. Research in Microbiology. 2015; 166 (7): 557–563.
49. WHO. Indoor air quality: biological contaminants. WHO- Regional Publications. European Series. World Health Organization. Copenhagen. 1990; p. 11031.
50. David MZ, Daum RS. Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Clinical Consequences of an Emerging Epidemic. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2010; 616–687.
51. Ait Ziane M, Lounis-Mokrani Z, Allab M. Exposure to indoor radon and natural gamma radiation in some workplaces at Algiers, Algeria. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2014; 160 (1-3): 128–133.
52. Boudehane A, Lounas A, Moussaoui Y, Balducci C, Cecinato A. Levels of organic compounds in interors (school, home, university and hospital) of Ouargla city, Algeria. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 144: 266-273.
53. Khedidji S, Balducci C, Ladji R, Cecinato A, Perilli M, Yassaa N. Chemical composition of particulate organic matter at industrial, university and forest areas located in Bouira province, Algeria. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2017; 8 (3): 474–482.
54. Khedidji S, Ladji R, Yassaa N. A wintertime study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air in a big student residence in Algiers, Algeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2013; 20 (7) : 4906–4919.
55. Agabou A, Abdeldjalil M.C, Bensegueni A, Semouma S. Spatial variability of airborne bacteria in the municipal slaughterhouse of constantine – Algeria. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 2013; 2 (6) : 2419-2422.
56. Pasquarella C, Pitzurra O, Savino A. The index of microbial air contamination. Journal of hospital infection. 2002; 46: 241-256.
57. Hosseini S, Kafil H, Mousavi S, Gholampour A, Seasonal and spatial variations of bioaerosols and antibiotic resistance bacteria in different wards of the hospital. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. Autumn 2022; 7(4): 409-422.
58. ACGIH. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Guidelines for the Assessment about Aerosols in the Indoor Environment, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati OH. 1989; USA.
59. Hoseinzadeh E, Samarghandie M. R, Ghiasian S. A, Alikhani M. Y, Roshanaie G. Evaluation of Bioaerosols in Five Educational Hospitals Wards Air in Hamedan, During 2011-2012. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 2013; 6 (6) : e10704.
60. Heo K. J, Lim C. E, Kim H. B, Lee B. U. Effects of human activities on concentrations of culturable bioaerosols in indoor air environments. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2017; 104: 58–65.
61. Setlhare G, Malebo N, Shale K, Lues R. Identification of airborne microbiota in selected areas in a health-care setting in South Africa. BMC Microbiology. 2014; 14:100.
62. Pati P. Review on Common Microbiological Contamination Found in Hospital Air. J Microbiology and Pathology. 2018; 2 (1): 103.
2. Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health. Journal of Environmental sciences. 2018 May 1;67:23-35.
3. Ghosh B, Lal H, Srivastava A. Review of bioaerosols in indoor environment with special reference to sampling, analysis and control mechanisms. Environment International. 2015; 85: 254–72.
4. Prussin AJ, Marr LC. Sources of airborne microorganisms in the built environment. Microbiome. 2015 Dec;3:1-0.
5. Karimpour Roshan S, Godini H, Nikmanesh B, Bakhshi H, Charsizadeh A. Study on the relationship between the concentration and type of fungal bio-aerosols at indoor and outdoor air in the Children’s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2019 Feb;191:1-3.
6. Viegas C, Faria T, Pacífico C, Dos Santos M, Monteiro A, Lança C, et al. Microbiota and Particulate Matter Assessment in Portuguese Optical Shops Providing Contact Lens Services. Healthcare. 2017; 5 (2) : 24.
7. Eriksen E, Komlavi Afanou A, Mette Madsen A, Straumfors A, Graff P. An assessment of occupational exposure to bioaerosols in automated versus manual waste sorting plants. Environmental Research. 2023; 218: 115040.
8. Zhang S, Liang Z, Wang X, Ye Z, Li G, An T. Bioaerosols in an industrial park and the adjacent houses: Dispersal between indoor/outdoor, the impact of air purifier, and health risk reduction. Environment International. 2023; 172: 107778.
9. Zhao XY, An DZ, Liu ML, Ma JX, Ali W, Zhu H, Li M, Ai XJ, Nasir ZA, Alcega SG, Coulon F. Bioaerosols emission characteristics from wastewater treatment aeration tanks and associated health risk exposure assessment during autumn and winter. Science of The Total Environment. 2022 Dec 10;851:158106.
10. Yann C, Zhang MM, Cui BB. Using reverse quantitative microbial risk assessment for estimating acceptable exposure time of bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2022 Sep 1:1-4.
11. Gladding TL, Rolph CA, Gwyther CL, Kinnersley R, Walsh K, Tyrrel S. Concentration and composition of bioaerosol emissions from intensive farms: Pig and poultry livestock. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 272 : 111052.
12. Hamoda MF, Mahmoud H. Microbiological characteristics of indoor air bioaerosols in a waste paper recycling factory. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Jun 6;16:2601-10.
13. Douglas P, Robertson S, Gay R, Hansell AL, Gant TW. A systematic review of the public health risks of bioaerosols from intensive farming. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2018; 221 (2): 134-173.
14. Yildiz S, Enç V, Kara M, Tabak Y, Emine Acet E. Assessment of the potential risks of airbone microbial contamination in solid recovered fuel plants: a case study in Istanbul. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 2017; 16 (7): 1415-1421.
15. Necib A, Boughediri L. Airborne pollen in the El-Hadjar town (Algeria NE). Aerobiologia. 2016; 32 (2): 277-288.
16. Canha N, Almeida SM, Freitas MD, Wolterbeek HT. Assessment of bioaerosols in urban and rural primary schools using passive and active sampling methodologies. Archives of Environmental Protection. 2015; 41(4): 11–22.
17. Hayleeyesus SF, Manaye AM. Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Libraries. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2014; 4: S312–S317.
18. Pertegal V, Lacasa E, Ca˜nizares P, Rodrigo M.A, S´aez C. Understanding the influence of the bioaerosol source on the distribution of airborne bacteria in hospital indoor air. Environmental Research. 2023; 216 : 114458
19. Paddy EN, Afolabi OO, Sohail M. Toilet plume bioaerosols in health care and hospitality settings: A systematic review. American Journal of Infection Control. 2023; 51(3): 324−333.
20. Mousavi E, Grosskopf K, Arnold P, Lautz R, Lau J. Experimental measurement of bioaerosol concentrations and containment in long-term care environments. Building and Environment. 2022; 223: 109415.
21. Liu Z, Zhuang W, Hu X, Zhao Z, Rong R, Li J, Li N, Ding W. Potential infection risk assessment of improper bioaerosol experiment operation in one BSL-3 laboratory based on the improved Wells-Riley method. Building and Environment. 2021; 201: 107974.
22. Liu Z, Zhang P, Li Y, Yang W, Guo J, Liu J, Yao G. Assessment of spatial concentration variation and deposition of bioaerosol in a dental clinic during oral cleaning. Building and Environment. 2021; 202: 108024.
23. Liu Z, Zhang M, Cao G, Tang S, Liu H, Wang L. Influence of air supply velocity and room temperature conditions on bioaerosols distribution in a class I operating room. Building and Environment. 2021; 204: 108116.
24. Liu Z, Zhuang W, Hu L, Rong R, Li J, Ding W, Li N. Experimental and numerical study of potential infection risks from exposure to bioaerosols in one BSL-3 laboratory. Building and Environment. 2020; 179: 106991.
25. Yarahmadi R, Bokharaei-Salim F, Soleimani-Alyar S, Moridi P, Moradi-Moghaddam O, Niakan-Lahiji M, et al. Occupational exposure of health care personnel to SARS-CoV-2 particles in the intensive care unit of Tehran hospital. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2021 Feb 2:1-8.
26. Asif A, Zeeshan M, Hashmi I, Zahid U, Bhatti MF. Microbial quality assessment of indoor air in a large hospital building during winter and spring seasons. Building and Environment. 2018; 135: 68–73.
27. Ghasemian A, Khodaparast S, Moghadam FS, Nojoomi F, Vardanjani HR. Types and levels of Bioaerosols in healthcare and community indoor settings in Iran. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2016 Sep 13;4(1):41036-.
28. Okten S, Asan A. Airborne fungi and bacteria in indoor and outdoor environment of the Pediatric Unit of Edirne Government Hospital. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2012; 184 (3): 1739–1751.
29. Rocha-Melogno L, Ginn O, Bailey ES, Soria F, Andrad M, Bergin MH, et al. Bioaerosol sampling optimization for community exposure assessment in cities with poor sanitation: A one health cross-sectional study. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 738: 139495.
30. Colbeck I, Sidra S, Ali Z, Ahmed S, Nasir ZA. Spatial and temporal variations in indoor air quality in Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2019 Jun 6;16:2565-72.
31. Meharzi S, Mansouri R, Chekchaki N, Bouchair N, Belgharssa A, Tridon A, et al. Indoor Aeroallergens in Asthmatic Pediatric Population in Annaba (Algeria). Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2017; 17: 2482–2490.
32. Ramos CA, Viegas C, Verde SC, Wolterbeek HT, Almeida SM. Characterizing the fungal and bacterial microflora and concentrations in fitness centres. Indoor and Built Environment. 2016; 25 (6) : 872–882.
33. Benammar L, Menasria T, Chergui A, Benfiala S, Ayachi A. Indoor fungal contamination of traditional public baths (Hammams). International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 2017; 117 : 115–122.
34. Bolookat F, Sadegh Hassanvand M, Faridi S, Hadei M, Rahmatinia M, Alimohammadi M. Assessment of bioaerosol particle characteristics at different hospital wards and operating theaters rooms: A case study in Tehran. Methods X. 2018; 5: 1588–1596.
35. Dehghani M, Sorooshiann A, Nazmara S, Baghani AN, Delikhoon M. Concentration and type of bioaerosols before and after conventional disinfection and sterilization procedures inside hospital operating rooms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018; 164: 277–282.
36. King MF, Noakes CJ, Sleigh PA, Camargo-Valero MA. Bioaerosol deposition in single and two-bed hospital rooms: A numerical and experimental study. Building and Environment. 2013; 59: 436-447.
37. Soleimani Z, Teymouri P, Darvishi Boloorani A, Mesdaghinia A, Middleton N, Griffin DW. An overview of bioaerosol load and health impacts associated with dust storms: A focus on the Middle East. Atmospheric Environment Journal. 2020 Feb 15;223:117187.
38. Stockwell RE, Ballard EL, O’Rourke P, Knibbs LD, Morawska L, Bell SC. Indoor hospital air and the impact of ventilation on bioaerosols: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2019; 103: 175-84.
39. Maleki R, Nazari S. Investigation of type and density of bacterial bioaerosols in the air of Imam Hossein hospital in Tehran in 2018. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2022; 7(1): 61-68.
40. Dashti M, Beghani A, Sorooshiani A, Vosoughi M, Mokhtari S, Sedeghi H. On the nature of indoor airborne bioaerosols at a hospital in Iran. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2021; 6(1): 14-29.
41. Madhwal S, Prabhu V, Sundriyal S, Shridhar V. Distribution, characterization and health risk assessment of size fractionated bioaerosols at an open landfill site in Dehradun, India. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020; 11: 156–169.
42. Biglari A, Barzeghar V, Firouzsalari N, Gholampour A. Assessment of airborne bacterial and fungal communities in different wards of educational hospitals: A case study in Urmia, Iran. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2020; 5(4): 209-222.
43. Azimi F, Nabizadeh R, Alimohammadi M, Naddafi K. Bacterial bioaerosols in the operating rooms: a case study in tehran shariati hospital. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2016; 1(3): 215-218.
44. Napoli C, Marcotrigiano V, Montagna MT. Air sampling procedures to evaluate microbial contamination: a comparison between active and passive methods in operating theatres. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12 : 594.
45. Pedersen M.K, Andersen AB, Andersen PH, Svensson E, Jensen SG, Lillebaek T. Occupational tuberculosis in Denmark through 21 years analysed by nationwide genotyping. PLoS One. 2016; 11(4): e0153668.
46. Bouzid M, Djadi A, Guechtoulli S. Global Approach and Targeted Approach in the Management of Hospital Effluents. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B. 2013; 3 (4): 214-225.
47. Bouzid M, Djadi A, Aribi C, Irekti A, Bezzazi B, Halouane F. Multilayer System of Thermosetting Polymers and Specific Confining, Application to the Walls of the Hospital unit. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2014; 120: 175-184.
48. Cabo Verde S, Almeida SM, Matos J, Guerreiro D, Meneses M, Faria T, Viegas C. Microbiological assessment of indoor air quality at different hospital sites. Research in Microbiology. 2015; 166 (7): 557–563.
49. WHO. Indoor air quality: biological contaminants. WHO- Regional Publications. European Series. World Health Organization. Copenhagen. 1990; p. 11031.
50. David MZ, Daum RS. Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Clinical Consequences of an Emerging Epidemic. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2010; 616–687.
51. Ait Ziane M, Lounis-Mokrani Z, Allab M. Exposure to indoor radon and natural gamma radiation in some workplaces at Algiers, Algeria. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2014; 160 (1-3): 128–133.
52. Boudehane A, Lounas A, Moussaoui Y, Balducci C, Cecinato A. Levels of organic compounds in interors (school, home, university and hospital) of Ouargla city, Algeria. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 144: 266-273.
53. Khedidji S, Balducci C, Ladji R, Cecinato A, Perilli M, Yassaa N. Chemical composition of particulate organic matter at industrial, university and forest areas located in Bouira province, Algeria. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2017; 8 (3): 474–482.
54. Khedidji S, Ladji R, Yassaa N. A wintertime study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air in a big student residence in Algiers, Algeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2013; 20 (7) : 4906–4919.
55. Agabou A, Abdeldjalil M.C, Bensegueni A, Semouma S. Spatial variability of airborne bacteria in the municipal slaughterhouse of constantine – Algeria. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 2013; 2 (6) : 2419-2422.
56. Pasquarella C, Pitzurra O, Savino A. The index of microbial air contamination. Journal of hospital infection. 2002; 46: 241-256.
57. Hosseini S, Kafil H, Mousavi S, Gholampour A, Seasonal and spatial variations of bioaerosols and antibiotic resistance bacteria in different wards of the hospital. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. Autumn 2022; 7(4): 409-422.
58. ACGIH. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Guidelines for the Assessment about Aerosols in the Indoor Environment, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati OH. 1989; USA.
59. Hoseinzadeh E, Samarghandie M. R, Ghiasian S. A, Alikhani M. Y, Roshanaie G. Evaluation of Bioaerosols in Five Educational Hospitals Wards Air in Hamedan, During 2011-2012. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 2013; 6 (6) : e10704.
60. Heo K. J, Lim C. E, Kim H. B, Lee B. U. Effects of human activities on concentrations of culturable bioaerosols in indoor air environments. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2017; 104: 58–65.
61. Setlhare G, Malebo N, Shale K, Lues R. Identification of airborne microbiota in selected areas in a health-care setting in South Africa. BMC Microbiology. 2014; 14:100.
62. Pati P. Review on Common Microbiological Contamination Found in Hospital Air. J Microbiology and Pathology. 2018; 2 (1): 103.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 4 (2023): Autumn 2023 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v8i4.14541 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bioaerosols; Passive sampling; Hospital; Bacterial identification | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Djadi A, Benadda S, Agouillal F, Kaced A, Cherifi N, Lemou A, Ait Ouakli N, Ladji R. Indoor air microbial quality in medical emergency of an Algerian hospital. JAPH. 2024;8(4):471-484.
