Using a Gaussian model to estimate the level of particle matter concentration on paved and unpaved roads in urban environment
,
Abstract
Introduction: In both developed and developing countries, re-suspension of dust particles along the road owing to tire and brake wear is the most common source of Particulate Matters (PM) pollution in metropolitan areas. This study in Douala analyses the effects of paved and unpaved roads on particle matters concentration thresholds in urban environments.
Materials and methods: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)'s model AP-42 equations were used to calculate the amount of particle matter emissions on the roads. Between 6 am and 8 pm, a traffic analysis using information from the city of Douala was conducted. The busiest times for traffic were from 8 to 9 a.m. and 6 to 7 p.m. We applied a two-dimensional Gaussian model to determine the particle concentration. Two different scenarios were taken into account: Compared to Scenario 2 (S2), Scenario 1 (S1) represents an unpaved road. The PM10 and PM2.5 types of particles were the main topics of interest.
Results: We obtained for S1, around 917.70 µg/m3 and 559.00 µg/m3 respectively for PM10 and PM2.5. We got roughly 170.00 µg/m3 and 103.90 µg/m3 for S2, respectively for the two particles. The amount of silt deposited
on the road, the kind of road (paved or unpaved), the number, and the types of vehicles moving all influence the emission of road dust re-suspension. Regardless of particle size, these pollution levels are beyond World Health Organization (WHO) recommended norms.
Conclusion: This study offers important information on Douala's pollution levels, which can be a significant cause of disease in the area and should be considered.
1. Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Bhatti J, Kounga G,
Salmi LR, Lagarde E. Road traffic crashes on
the Yaoundé–Douala road section, Cameroon.
Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2010 Mar
1;42(2):422-6.
2. Business in Cameroon. The rise of Cameroon’s
automotive industry [Internet]. 2021. Available
from: https://www.businessincameroon.com/pdf/
BC109.pdf
3. Komolafe AA, Adegboyega SA, Anifowose
AY, Akinluyi FO, Awoniran DR. Air pollution
and climate change in Lagos, Nigeria: needs for
proactive approaches to risk management and
adaptation. American Journal of Environmental
Sciences. 2014 Jul 1;10(4):412.
4. Laurent O, Hu J, Li L, Kleeman MJ, Bartell
SM, Cockburn M, Escobedo L, Wu J. Low
birth weight and air pollution in California:
Which sources and components drive the risk?.
Environment international. 2016 Jul 1;92:471-7.
5. Almeida SM, Pio CA, Freitas MC, Reis MA,
Trancoso MA. Approaching PM2.5 and PM2.5− 10
source apportionment by mass balance analysis,
principal component analysis and particle size
distribution. Science of the Total Environment.
2006 Sep 15;368(2-3):663-74.
6. Moreno T, Karanasiou A, Amato F, Lucarelli
F, Nava S, Calzolai G, Chiari M, Coz E, Artíñano
B, Lumbreras J, Borge R. Daily and hourly
sourcing of metallic and mineral dust in urban
air contaminated by traffic and coal-burning
emissions. Atmospheric Environment. 2013 Apr
1;68:33-44.
7. Liu TH, Yoon Y. Development of enhanced
emission factor equations for paved and
unpaved roads using artificial neural network.
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and
Environment. 2019 Apr 1;69:196-208.
8. Amato F, editor. Non-exhaust emissions: an
urban air quality problem for public health;
impact and mitigation measures. Academic Press;
2018 Jan 2.
9. Borrego C, Amorim JH, Tchepel O, Dias D,
Rafael S, Sá E, Pimentel C, Fontes T, Fernandes
P, Pereira SR, Bandeira JM. Urban scale air
quality modelling using detailed traffic emissions
estimates. Atmospheric environment. 2016 Apr
1;131:341-51.
10. Dockery DW. Epidemiologic evidence of
cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution.
Environmental health perspectives. 2001
Aug;109(suppl 4):483-6.
11. Pope III CA, Schwartz J, Ransom MR.
Daily mortality and PM10 pollution in Utah
Valley. Archives of Environmental Health: An
International Journal. 1992 Jun 1;47(3):211-7.
12. Pope 3rd CA, Bates DV, Raizenne ME.
Health effects of particulate air pollution:
time for reassessment?. Environmental health
perspectives. 1995 May;103(5):472-80.
13. Tente H, Gomes P, Ferreira F, Amorim JH,
Cascão P, Miranda AI, Nogueira L, Sousa S.
Evaluating the efficiency of Diesel Particulate
Filters in high-duty vehicles: Field operational
testing in Portugal. Atmospheric environment.
2011 May 1;45(16):2623-9.
14. Sahu SK, Sharma S, Zhang H, Chejarla V, Guo
H, Hu J, Ying Q, Xing J, Kota SH. Estimating
ground level PM2.5 concentrations and associated
health risk in India using satellite based AOD
and WRF predicted meteorological parameters.
Chemosphere. 2020 Sep 1;255:126969. 15. Schwartz J, Slater D, Larson TV, Pierson
WE, Koenig JO. Particulate air pollution and
hospital emergency room. Am Rev Respir Dis.
1993;147(4):826-31.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP42
13.2.2 Unpaved Roads. Available
pdf >. 2009 Nov
17. Sager HB, Hulsmans M, Lavine KJ, Moreira
MB, Heidt T, Courties G, Sun Y, Iwamoto Y,
Tricot B, Khan OF, Dahlman JE. Proliferation and
recruitment contribute to myocardial macrophage
expansion in chronic heart failure. Circulation
research. 2016 Sep 16;119(7):853-64.
18. World Health Organization. Lignes directrices
OMS relatives à la qualité de l'air: particules,
ozone, dioxyde d'azote et dioxyde de soufre: mise
à jour mondiale 2005: synthèse de l'évaluation
des risques. Organisation mondiale de la Santé;
2006.
19. Aydemir SB. Estimation of PM10 and SO2
Substances with Extreme Learning Methods for
Analysis of Air Pollution in Amasya Province.
International Journal of Pioneering Technology
and Engineering. 2022 Dec 1;1(02):82-8.
20. Lu HC. The statistical characters of PM10
concentration in Taiwan area. Atmospheric
Environment. 2002 Jan 1;36(3):491-502.
21. Grigoratos T, Martini G. Non-exhaust traffic
related emissions. Brake and tyre wear PM.
Report EUR. 2014 Jun;26648.
22. Lawrence S, Sokhi R, Ravindra K.
Quantification of vehicle fleet PM10 PM10
particulate matter emission factors from
exhaust and non-exhaust sources using tunnel
measurement techniques. Environmental
Pollution. 2016 Mar 1;210:419-28.
23. Rexeis M, Hausberger S. Trend of vehicle
emission levels until 2020–Prognosis based
on current vehicle measurements and future
emission legislation. Atmospheric Environment.
2009 Oct 1;43(31):4689-98.
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Emission factor Documentation for AP-42,
Section 13.2.1 Paved Road. Available at
b13s0201.pdf>. 2011 Nov
25. Sahu SK, Beig G, Parkhi NS. Emissions
inventory of anthropogenic PM2.5 and PM10
in Delhi during Commonwealth Games
2010. Atmospheric Environment. 2011 Nov
1;45(34):6180-90.
26. Pepe N, Lonati G, Pirovano G, Bedogni M.
AP-42 approach for PM traffic resuspension
estimation over a milan domain. In21st
International Transport and Air Pollution
Conference (TAP 2016), Lyon, France 2016.
27. Zehtab Yazdi Y, Mansouri N, Atabi F,
Aghamohammadi H. Dispersion modelling of
particulate matter concentrations of sand product
plants in a mineral complex. Global Journal of
Environmental Science and Management. 2022
Apr 1;8(2):265-80.
28. Boulter PG, Thorpe AJ, Harrison RM, Allen
AG. Road vehicle non-exhaust particulate matter:
Final report on emission modelling. Published
project report PPR110. 2006 Jun.
29. Kumari R, Attri AK, Panis LI, Gurjar BR.
Emission estimates of particulate matter and
heavy metals from mobile sources in Delhi
(India). J. Environ. Science & Engg. 2013 Apr
1;55(2):127-42.
30. Dyck RI, Stukel JJ. Fugitive dust emissions
from trucks on unpaved roads. Environmental
Science & Technology. 1976 Oct;10(10):1046-8.
31. Gonzales HB. Cattle feedlot dust–laser
diffraction analysis of size distribution and
estimation of emissions from unpaved roads and
wind erosion (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State
University). 32. Wankie C, Al-Delaimy W, Stockman J, Alcaraz
J, Shaffer R, Hill L. Prevalence of crashes and
associated factors among commercial motorcycle
riders in Bamenda, Cameroon. Journal of
Transport & Health. 2021 Mar 1;20:100993.
33. Njimanted GF, Mobit MO. Determinants
of Traffic Congestion in the Metropolis of
Douala, Cameroon: An integrated approach.
Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences.
2013;11(2&3):209-22.
34. Adiang CM, Monkam D, Lenouo A, Njeugna
E, Gokhale S. Evaluating impacts of twowheeler emissions on roadside air quality in the
vicinity of a busy traffic intersection in Douala,
Cameroon. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health.
2017 May;10:521-32.
35. Adiang CM, Monkam D, Njeugna E, Gokhale
S. Projecting impacts of two-wheelers on urban
air quality of Douala, Cameroon. Transportation
Research Part D: Transport and Environment.
2017 May 1;52:49-63.
36. Zhang W, Ji Y, Zhang S, Zhang L, Wang
S. Determination of silt loading distribution
characteristics using a rapid silt loading testing
system in Tianjin, China. Aerosol and Air Quality
Research. 2017 Sep;17(9):2129-38.
37. Fitzpatrick M. Emission Control Technologies
and Emission Factors for Unpaved Road Fugitive
Emissions User's Guide. EPA/625/5-87/022;
1987.
38. Ngangmo YC, Adiang CM, Choudhary A,
Monkam D. Road traffic-induced particle matter
dispersion in a calm wind environment at the main
roundabout in Douala, central Africa. Journal of
Air Pollution and Health. 2023 Feb 26.
39. Jia Q, Al-Ansari N, Knutsson S. Dust emission
from unpaved roads in Luleå, Sweden. Journal of
Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering.
2013;3(1):1-3.
40. Pace TG. Examination of the multiplier used
to estimate PM2.5 fugitive dust emissions from
PM10. US Environmental Protection Agency.
2005 Apr.
41. Etyemezian V, Kuhns H, Gillies J, Chow
J, Hendrickson K, McGown M, Pitchford M.
Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement
(III):: effect of speed, traffic volume, location,
and season on PM10 road dust emissions in the
Treasure Valley, ID. Atmospheric Environment.
2003 Oct 1;37(32):4583-93.
42. Douala Urban Council (CUD). Infrastructure
Project: Elaboration of a Transport and Mobility
Plan in Douala City [Internet]. Douala; 2008
[cited 2023 Jan 23]. Available from: https://
douala.cm/maville/region.
43. Nagendra SM, Khare M. Line source emission
modelling. Atmospheric Environment. 2002 May
1;36(13):2083-98.
44. Holmes NS, Morawska L. A review of
dispersion modelling and its application to the
dispersion of particles: an overview of different
dispersion models available. Atmospheric
environment. 2006 Sep 1;40(30):5902-28.
45. Briant R, Korsakissok I, Seigneur C. An
improved line source model for air pollutant
dispersion from roadway traffic. Atmospheric
Environment. 2011 Aug 1;45(24):4099-107.
46. Gulia S, Nagendra SS, Khare M, Khanna
I. Urban air quality management-A review.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2015 Mar
1;6(2):286-304.
47. Ratsombath PN, Morel G, Martell-Flores
H, Berton M. Modélisation de la pollution
particulaire liée au trafic routier à l’échelle de la rue
et étude des leviers d’atténuation. http://journals.
openedition.org/cybergeo [Internet]. 2017 Jan 6
[cited 2021 Nov 11];2017. Available from: http://
journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/27882.
48. de Sá TH, Tainio M, Goodman A, Edwards
P, Haines A, Gouveia N, Monteiro C, Woodcock J. Health impact modelling of different travel
patterns on physical activity, air pollution and
road injuries for São Paulo, Brazil. Environment
international. 2017 Nov 1;108:22-31.
49. Barlow TJ, Boulter PG, McCrae IS, Sivell P,
Harrison RM, Carruthers D. Published project
PPR231.
50. Fitz DR, Bumiller K, Bufalino C, James DE.
Real-time PM10 emission rates from paved roads
by measurement of concentrations in the vehicle's
wake using on-board sensors part 1. SCAMPER
method characterization. Atmospheric
Environment. 2020 Jun 1;230:117483.
51. Tong X, Luke EA, Smith R. Numerical
validation of a near-field fugitive dust model
for vehicles moving on unpaved surfaces.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile
Engineering. 2014 Jun;228(7):747-57.
52. Keuken MP, Jonkers S, Wilmink IR, Wesseling
J. Reduced NOx and PM10 emissions on urban
motorways in The Netherlands by 80 km/h speed
management. Science of the Total Environment.
2010 May 15;408(12):2517-26.
53. Houngbégnon P, Ayivi-Vinz G, Lawin H,
Houessionon K, Tanimomon F, Kêdoté M,
Fayomi B, Dossou-Gbété S, Agueh V. Exposure
to PM2.5 related to road traffic: comparison
between crossroads and outside of crossroads at
Cotonou, Benin.
54. Kumar A, Dikshit AK, Fatima S, Patil RS.
Application of WRF model for vehicular pollution
modelling using AERMOD. Atmospheric and
climate sciences. 2015 Mar 10;5(02):57.
55. Ojo OO, Awokola OS. Investigation of air
pollution from automobiles at intersections on
some selected major roads in Ogbomoso, South
Western, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Mechanical
and Civil Engineering. 2012;1(4):31-5.
56. Sternbeck J, Sjödin Å, Andréasson K. Metal
emissions from road traffic and the influence
of resuspension—results from two tunnel
studies. Atmospheric environment. 2002 Oct
1;36(30):4735-44.
57. Manoli E, Voutsa D, Samara C. Chemical
characterization and source identification/
apportionment of fine and coarse air particles in
Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmospheric Environment.
2002 Feb 1;36(6):949-61.
58. Muleski GE, Cowherd C. Particulate emission
measurements from controlled construction
activities. 2001. 2001.
59. Sharma M, Maloo S. Assessment of ambient
air PM10 and PM2.5 and characterization of
PM10 in the city of Kanpur, India. Atmospheric
Environment. 2005 Oct 1;39(33):6015-26.
60. Abu-Allaban M, Gillies JA, Gertler AW,
Clayton R, Proffitt D. Tailpipe, resuspended road
dust, and brake-wear emission factors from onroad vehicles. Atmospheric environment. 2003
Dec 1;37(37):5283-93.
Salmi LR, Lagarde E. Road traffic crashes on
the Yaoundé–Douala road section, Cameroon.
Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2010 Mar
1;42(2):422-6.
2. Business in Cameroon. The rise of Cameroon’s
automotive industry [Internet]. 2021. Available
from: https://www.businessincameroon.com/pdf/
BC109.pdf
3. Komolafe AA, Adegboyega SA, Anifowose
AY, Akinluyi FO, Awoniran DR. Air pollution
and climate change in Lagos, Nigeria: needs for
proactive approaches to risk management and
adaptation. American Journal of Environmental
Sciences. 2014 Jul 1;10(4):412.
4. Laurent O, Hu J, Li L, Kleeman MJ, Bartell
SM, Cockburn M, Escobedo L, Wu J. Low
birth weight and air pollution in California:
Which sources and components drive the risk?.
Environment international. 2016 Jul 1;92:471-7.
5. Almeida SM, Pio CA, Freitas MC, Reis MA,
Trancoso MA. Approaching PM2.5 and PM2.5− 10
source apportionment by mass balance analysis,
principal component analysis and particle size
distribution. Science of the Total Environment.
2006 Sep 15;368(2-3):663-74.
6. Moreno T, Karanasiou A, Amato F, Lucarelli
F, Nava S, Calzolai G, Chiari M, Coz E, Artíñano
B, Lumbreras J, Borge R. Daily and hourly
sourcing of metallic and mineral dust in urban
air contaminated by traffic and coal-burning
emissions. Atmospheric Environment. 2013 Apr
1;68:33-44.
7. Liu TH, Yoon Y. Development of enhanced
emission factor equations for paved and
unpaved roads using artificial neural network.
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and
Environment. 2019 Apr 1;69:196-208.
8. Amato F, editor. Non-exhaust emissions: an
urban air quality problem for public health;
impact and mitigation measures. Academic Press;
2018 Jan 2.
9. Borrego C, Amorim JH, Tchepel O, Dias D,
Rafael S, Sá E, Pimentel C, Fontes T, Fernandes
P, Pereira SR, Bandeira JM. Urban scale air
quality modelling using detailed traffic emissions
estimates. Atmospheric environment. 2016 Apr
1;131:341-51.
10. Dockery DW. Epidemiologic evidence of
cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution.
Environmental health perspectives. 2001
Aug;109(suppl 4):483-6.
11. Pope III CA, Schwartz J, Ransom MR.
Daily mortality and PM10 pollution in Utah
Valley. Archives of Environmental Health: An
International Journal. 1992 Jun 1;47(3):211-7.
12. Pope 3rd CA, Bates DV, Raizenne ME.
Health effects of particulate air pollution:
time for reassessment?. Environmental health
perspectives. 1995 May;103(5):472-80.
13. Tente H, Gomes P, Ferreira F, Amorim JH,
Cascão P, Miranda AI, Nogueira L, Sousa S.
Evaluating the efficiency of Diesel Particulate
Filters in high-duty vehicles: Field operational
testing in Portugal. Atmospheric environment.
2011 May 1;45(16):2623-9.
14. Sahu SK, Sharma S, Zhang H, Chejarla V, Guo
H, Hu J, Ying Q, Xing J, Kota SH. Estimating
ground level PM2.5 concentrations and associated
health risk in India using satellite based AOD
and WRF predicted meteorological parameters.
Chemosphere. 2020 Sep 1;255:126969. 15. Schwartz J, Slater D, Larson TV, Pierson
WE, Koenig JO. Particulate air pollution and
hospital emergency room. Am Rev Respir Dis.
1993;147(4):826-31.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP42
13.2.2 Unpaved Roads. Available
pdf >. 2009 Nov
17. Sager HB, Hulsmans M, Lavine KJ, Moreira
MB, Heidt T, Courties G, Sun Y, Iwamoto Y,
Tricot B, Khan OF, Dahlman JE. Proliferation and
recruitment contribute to myocardial macrophage
expansion in chronic heart failure. Circulation
research. 2016 Sep 16;119(7):853-64.
18. World Health Organization. Lignes directrices
OMS relatives à la qualité de l'air: particules,
ozone, dioxyde d'azote et dioxyde de soufre: mise
à jour mondiale 2005: synthèse de l'évaluation
des risques. Organisation mondiale de la Santé;
2006.
19. Aydemir SB. Estimation of PM10 and SO2
Substances with Extreme Learning Methods for
Analysis of Air Pollution in Amasya Province.
International Journal of Pioneering Technology
and Engineering. 2022 Dec 1;1(02):82-8.
20. Lu HC. The statistical characters of PM10
concentration in Taiwan area. Atmospheric
Environment. 2002 Jan 1;36(3):491-502.
21. Grigoratos T, Martini G. Non-exhaust traffic
related emissions. Brake and tyre wear PM.
Report EUR. 2014 Jun;26648.
22. Lawrence S, Sokhi R, Ravindra K.
Quantification of vehicle fleet PM10 PM10
particulate matter emission factors from
exhaust and non-exhaust sources using tunnel
measurement techniques. Environmental
Pollution. 2016 Mar 1;210:419-28.
23. Rexeis M, Hausberger S. Trend of vehicle
emission levels until 2020–Prognosis based
on current vehicle measurements and future
emission legislation. Atmospheric Environment.
2009 Oct 1;43(31):4689-98.
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Emission factor Documentation for AP-42,
Section 13.2.1 Paved Road. Available at
b13s0201.pdf>. 2011 Nov
25. Sahu SK, Beig G, Parkhi NS. Emissions
inventory of anthropogenic PM2.5 and PM10
in Delhi during Commonwealth Games
2010. Atmospheric Environment. 2011 Nov
1;45(34):6180-90.
26. Pepe N, Lonati G, Pirovano G, Bedogni M.
AP-42 approach for PM traffic resuspension
estimation over a milan domain. In21st
International Transport and Air Pollution
Conference (TAP 2016), Lyon, France 2016.
27. Zehtab Yazdi Y, Mansouri N, Atabi F,
Aghamohammadi H. Dispersion modelling of
particulate matter concentrations of sand product
plants in a mineral complex. Global Journal of
Environmental Science and Management. 2022
Apr 1;8(2):265-80.
28. Boulter PG, Thorpe AJ, Harrison RM, Allen
AG. Road vehicle non-exhaust particulate matter:
Final report on emission modelling. Published
project report PPR110. 2006 Jun.
29. Kumari R, Attri AK, Panis LI, Gurjar BR.
Emission estimates of particulate matter and
heavy metals from mobile sources in Delhi
(India). J. Environ. Science & Engg. 2013 Apr
1;55(2):127-42.
30. Dyck RI, Stukel JJ. Fugitive dust emissions
from trucks on unpaved roads. Environmental
Science & Technology. 1976 Oct;10(10):1046-8.
31. Gonzales HB. Cattle feedlot dust–laser
diffraction analysis of size distribution and
estimation of emissions from unpaved roads and
wind erosion (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State
University). 32. Wankie C, Al-Delaimy W, Stockman J, Alcaraz
J, Shaffer R, Hill L. Prevalence of crashes and
associated factors among commercial motorcycle
riders in Bamenda, Cameroon. Journal of
Transport & Health. 2021 Mar 1;20:100993.
33. Njimanted GF, Mobit MO. Determinants
of Traffic Congestion in the Metropolis of
Douala, Cameroon: An integrated approach.
Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences.
2013;11(2&3):209-22.
34. Adiang CM, Monkam D, Lenouo A, Njeugna
E, Gokhale S. Evaluating impacts of twowheeler emissions on roadside air quality in the
vicinity of a busy traffic intersection in Douala,
Cameroon. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health.
2017 May;10:521-32.
35. Adiang CM, Monkam D, Njeugna E, Gokhale
S. Projecting impacts of two-wheelers on urban
air quality of Douala, Cameroon. Transportation
Research Part D: Transport and Environment.
2017 May 1;52:49-63.
36. Zhang W, Ji Y, Zhang S, Zhang L, Wang
S. Determination of silt loading distribution
characteristics using a rapid silt loading testing
system in Tianjin, China. Aerosol and Air Quality
Research. 2017 Sep;17(9):2129-38.
37. Fitzpatrick M. Emission Control Technologies
and Emission Factors for Unpaved Road Fugitive
Emissions User's Guide. EPA/625/5-87/022;
1987.
38. Ngangmo YC, Adiang CM, Choudhary A,
Monkam D. Road traffic-induced particle matter
dispersion in a calm wind environment at the main
roundabout in Douala, central Africa. Journal of
Air Pollution and Health. 2023 Feb 26.
39. Jia Q, Al-Ansari N, Knutsson S. Dust emission
from unpaved roads in Luleå, Sweden. Journal of
Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering.
2013;3(1):1-3.
40. Pace TG. Examination of the multiplier used
to estimate PM2.5 fugitive dust emissions from
PM10. US Environmental Protection Agency.
2005 Apr.
41. Etyemezian V, Kuhns H, Gillies J, Chow
J, Hendrickson K, McGown M, Pitchford M.
Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement
(III):: effect of speed, traffic volume, location,
and season on PM10 road dust emissions in the
Treasure Valley, ID. Atmospheric Environment.
2003 Oct 1;37(32):4583-93.
42. Douala Urban Council (CUD). Infrastructure
Project: Elaboration of a Transport and Mobility
Plan in Douala City [Internet]. Douala; 2008
[cited 2023 Jan 23]. Available from: https://
douala.cm/maville/region.
43. Nagendra SM, Khare M. Line source emission
modelling. Atmospheric Environment. 2002 May
1;36(13):2083-98.
44. Holmes NS, Morawska L. A review of
dispersion modelling and its application to the
dispersion of particles: an overview of different
dispersion models available. Atmospheric
environment. 2006 Sep 1;40(30):5902-28.
45. Briant R, Korsakissok I, Seigneur C. An
improved line source model for air pollutant
dispersion from roadway traffic. Atmospheric
Environment. 2011 Aug 1;45(24):4099-107.
46. Gulia S, Nagendra SS, Khare M, Khanna
I. Urban air quality management-A review.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2015 Mar
1;6(2):286-304.
47. Ratsombath PN, Morel G, Martell-Flores
H, Berton M. Modélisation de la pollution
particulaire liée au trafic routier à l’échelle de la rue
et étude des leviers d’atténuation. http://journals.
openedition.org/cybergeo [Internet]. 2017 Jan 6
[cited 2021 Nov 11];2017. Available from: http://
journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/27882.
48. de Sá TH, Tainio M, Goodman A, Edwards
P, Haines A, Gouveia N, Monteiro C, Woodcock J. Health impact modelling of different travel
patterns on physical activity, air pollution and
road injuries for São Paulo, Brazil. Environment
international. 2017 Nov 1;108:22-31.
49. Barlow TJ, Boulter PG, McCrae IS, Sivell P,
Harrison RM, Carruthers D. Published project
PPR231.
50. Fitz DR, Bumiller K, Bufalino C, James DE.
Real-time PM10 emission rates from paved roads
by measurement of concentrations in the vehicle's
wake using on-board sensors part 1. SCAMPER
method characterization. Atmospheric
Environment. 2020 Jun 1;230:117483.
51. Tong X, Luke EA, Smith R. Numerical
validation of a near-field fugitive dust model
for vehicles moving on unpaved surfaces.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile
Engineering. 2014 Jun;228(7):747-57.
52. Keuken MP, Jonkers S, Wilmink IR, Wesseling
J. Reduced NOx and PM10 emissions on urban
motorways in The Netherlands by 80 km/h speed
management. Science of the Total Environment.
2010 May 15;408(12):2517-26.
53. Houngbégnon P, Ayivi-Vinz G, Lawin H,
Houessionon K, Tanimomon F, Kêdoté M,
Fayomi B, Dossou-Gbété S, Agueh V. Exposure
to PM2.5 related to road traffic: comparison
between crossroads and outside of crossroads at
Cotonou, Benin.
54. Kumar A, Dikshit AK, Fatima S, Patil RS.
Application of WRF model for vehicular pollution
modelling using AERMOD. Atmospheric and
climate sciences. 2015 Mar 10;5(02):57.
55. Ojo OO, Awokola OS. Investigation of air
pollution from automobiles at intersections on
some selected major roads in Ogbomoso, South
Western, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Mechanical
and Civil Engineering. 2012;1(4):31-5.
56. Sternbeck J, Sjödin Å, Andréasson K. Metal
emissions from road traffic and the influence
of resuspension—results from two tunnel
studies. Atmospheric environment. 2002 Oct
1;36(30):4735-44.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 2 (2023): Spring 2023 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v8i2.12917 | |
| Keywords | ||
| AP-42 model; Road traffic; Douala air pollution; Silt loading; Paved and Unpaved road | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Yannick Cédric N, Cyrille MA, Serges Charitos M, David M. Using a Gaussian model to estimate the level of particle matter concentration on paved and unpaved roads in urban environment. JAPH. 2023;8(2):183-204.
