Human health risk assessment of trace elements in PM10 for industrial areas in Gujarat
,
Abstract
Introduction: The present study examines human exposure to Particulate Matter (PM10) and analyses potential health concerns in the industrial zones of Ankleshwar and Vapi in Gujarat.
Materials and methods: For Ankleshwar and Vapi, 120 samples were collected, and characterisation was carried out to determine the concentration of NO3, SO4, NH3, K-S, Na, EC, OC, Al, Si, Fe, K, Ti, Ni, Br, Ca, Cl, Mn,
Pb, Cr, Zn, S, V, and Cu in PM10 mass. The health risk from exposure to different trace elements, including both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic, is evaluated for three distinct paths of ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact.
Results: The Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) values for Cr and Pb for the ingestion pathway and the carcinogenic risks for Cr, Ni, and Pb for the inhalation pathway are both found to be higher than the minimal permissible threshold (1×10−6) for both children and adults for Ankleshwar and Vapi. However, for Ankleshwar and Vapi, the carcinogenic risks from dermal exposure to Cr and Pb are found to be lower than the permissible limit for
both adults and children. It is observed that non-carcinogenic Hazard Index (HI) values for the skin contact and ingestion routes are less than 1 for both children and adults for Ankleshwar and Vapi. While the HI value for the
inhalation pathway is found to be larger than the tolerable limit of 1 for both adults and children.
Conclusion: For the purpose of creating sustainable cities and improving the health of the urban population, this study will provide a fundamental basis and help the governing authorities design mandatory pollution prevention and control methods, restoration plans, and systematic monitoring programmes.
1. Pandey P, Patel DK, Khan AH,
Barman SC, Murthy RC, Kisku GC. Temporal
distribution of fine particulates (PM2.5, PM10),
potentially toxic metals, PAHs and Metal-bound
carcinogenic risk in the population of Lucknow
City, India. Journal of Environmental Science
and Health, Part A. 2013 Jun 1;48(7):730-45.
2. Khillare PS, Sarkar S. Airborne
inhalable metals in residential areas of Delhi,
India: distribution, source apportionment and
health risks. Atmospheric pollution research.
2012 Jan 1;3(1):46-54.
3. Das R, Khezri B, Srivastava B, Datta
S, Sikdar PK, Webster RD, Wang X. Trace
element composition of PM2.5 and PM10 from
Kolkata–a heavily polluted Indian metropolis.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2015 Sep
1;6(5):742-50.
4. Pope Iii CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle
EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Lung
cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and longterm exposure to fine particulate air pollution.
Jama. 2002 Mar 6;287(9):1132-41.
5. Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong
Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, Luepker R, Mittleman
M, Samet J, Smith Jr SC, Tager I. Air pollution
and cardiovascular disease: a statement for
healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel
on Population and Prevention Science of the
American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004
Jun 1;109(21):2655-71.
6. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ,
Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr
G, Hoffmann B, Fischer P, Nieuwenhuijsen
MJ, Brunekreef B, Xun WW. Air pollution and
lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts:
prospective analyses from the European Study
of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).
The lancet oncology. 2013 Aug 1;14(9):813-
22.
7. International Agency for Research
on Cancer. Monographs on the evaluation
of carcinogenic risks to humans. http://
monographs. iarc. fr/ENG/Classification/
index. php. 2006.
8. Sun Y, Hu X, Wu J, Lian H, Chen Y.
Fractionation and health risks of atmospheric
particle-bound As and heavy metals in summer
and winter. Science of the Total Environment.
2014 Sep 15;493:487-94.
9. Fang Y, Naik V, Horowitz LW, Mauzerall
DL. Air pollution and associated human
mortality: the role of air pollutant emissions,
climate change and methane concentration
increases from the preindustrial period to
present. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.
2013 Feb 4;13(3):1377-94.
10. Cadelis G, Tourres R, Molinie J. Shortterm effects of the particulate pollutants
contained in Saharan dust on the visits of
children to the emergency department due to
asthmatic conditions in Guadeloupe (French
Archipelago of the Caribbean). PloS one. 2014
Mar 6;9(3):e91136.
11. Esworthy R. Air quality: EPA's 2013. changes to the particulate matter (PM) standard.
Washington, DC, USA: Library of Congress,
Congressional Research Service.
12. Juda-Rezler K, Reizer M, Oudinet JP.
Determination and analysis of PM10 source
apportionment during episodes of air pollution
in Central Eastern European urban areas:
The case of wintertime 2006. Atmospheric
Environment. 2011 Nov 1;45(36):6557-66.
13. Brown JS, Gordon T, Price O, Asgharian
B. Thoracic and respirable particle definitions
for human health risk assessment. Particle and
fibre toxicology. 2013 Dec;10:1-2.
14. Fang W, Delapp RC, Kosson DS, van
der Sloot HA, Liu J. Release of heavy metals
during long-term land application of sewage
sludge compost: Percolation leaching tests with
repeated additions of compost. Chemosphere.
2017 Feb 1;169:271-80.
15. IAfRoC IA. Agents classified by the
IARC monographs. 2016.
16. Samara C, Kantiranis N, Kollias P,
Planou S, Kouras A, Besis A, Manoli E, Voutsa
D. Spatial and seasonal variations of the
chemical, mineralogical and morphological
features of quasi-ultrafine particles (PM0. 49)
at urban sites. Science of the Total Environment.
2016 May 15;553:392-403.
17. USEPA. Guidance for evaluating the
oral bioavailability of metals in soils for use
in human health risk assessment. OSWER.
2007;9285:7-80.
18. Means B. Risk-assessment guidance
for superfund. Volume 1. Human health
evaluation manual. Part A. Interim report
(Final). Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC (USA). Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response; 1989 Dec 1.
19. Hu X, Zhang Y, Ding Z, Wang T, Lian
H, Sun Y, Wu J. Bioaccessibility and health
risk of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr,
Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM2.5 in
Nanjing, China. Atmospheric environment.
2012 Sep 1;57:146-52.
20. Kong S, Lu B, Ji Y, Zhao X, Bai Z, Xu
Y, Liu Y, Jiang H. Risk assessment of heavy
metals in road and soil dusts within PM2.5, PM10
and PM100 fractions in Dongying city, Shandong
Province, China. Journal of Environmental
Monitoring. 2012;14(3):791-803.
21. Zheng N, Liu J, Wang Q, Liang
Z. Health risk assessment of heavy metal
exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting
district, Northeast of China. Science of the
total environment. 2010 Jan 15;408(4):726-33.
22. Li PH, Kong SF, Geng CM, Han B, Lu
B, Sun RF, Zhao RJ, Bai ZP. Assessing the
hazardous risks of vehicle inspection workers’
exposure to particulate heavy metals in their
work places. Aerosol and Air Quality Research.
2013 Jan;13(1):255-65.
23. Du Y, Gao B, Zhou H, Ju X, Hao H, Yin
S. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in
road dusts in urban parks of Beijing, China.
Procedia environmental sciences. 2013 Jan
1;18:299-309.
24. Source Apportionment Study &
Preparation of Air Quality Action Plan for
Surat City, The Energy and Resources Institute
(TERI), New Delhi, TERI. 2021.
25. World Health Organization. The world
health report 2006: working together for health.
World Health Organization; 2006 Mar 23.
26. Kulshrestha A, Satsangi PG, Masih
J, Taneja A. Metal concentration of PM2.5
and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in
urban and rural environment of Agra, India.
Science of the Total Environment. 2009 Dec
1;407(24):6196-204.
27. Sah D, Verma PK, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Chemical partitioning of fine particlebound As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb and assessment
of associated cancer risk due to inhalation,
ingestion and dermal exposure. Inhalation
toxicology. 2017 Sep 19;29(11):483-93.
28. Pathak AK, Yadav S, Kumar P, Kumar
R. Source apportionment and spatial–temporal
variations in the metal content of surface dust
collected from an industrial area adjoining
Delhi, India. Science of the Total Environment.
2013 Jan 15;443:662-72.
29. Rajaram BS, Suryawanshi PV, Bhanarkar
AD, Rao CV. Heavy metals contamination in
road dust in Delhi city, India. Environmental
Earth Sciences. 2014 Nov;72:3929-38.
30. Chatterjee A, Banerjee RN.
Determination of lead and other metals in a
residential area of greater Calcutta. Science
of the total environment. 1999 Mar 9;227(2-
3):175-85.
31. Kushwaha K, Sundar KS, Karthikeyan
S. Assessment of Heavy Metals from Respirable
Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10) in Manali,
Chennai, India. Int. J. Sci. Adv. Res. Technol.
2016;2(9):1052-2395.
32. Mohanraj R, Azeez PA, Priscilla T.
Heavy metals in airborne particulate matter of
urban Coimbatore. Archives of environmental
contamination and toxicology. 2004
Aug;47:162-7.
33. Jena S, Singh G. Human health risk
assessment of airborne trace elements in
Dhanbad, India. Atmospheric Pollution
Research. 2017 May 1;8(3):490-502.
34. Yadav AK. Elemental composition and
source apportionment of suspended particulate
matters and health risk assessment in mining
and nonmining areas of Odisha, India. Journal
of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste.
2015 Jul 1;19(3):04014037.
35. Jan R, Roy R, Yadav S, Satsangi
PG. Chemical fractionation and health risk
assessment of particulate matter-bound metals
in Pune, India. Environmental geochemistry
and health. 2018 Feb;40:255-70.
36. Botle A, Singhal RK, Basu H, Manisha
V, Masih J. Health risk assessment of heavy
metals associated with Coarse and Quasiaccumulative airborne particulate matter in
Mumbai City situated on the Western Coast
of India. Environmental Technology &
Innovation. 2020 Aug 1;19:100857.
37. Rani N, Sastry BS, Dey K. Assessment of
metal contamination and the associated human
health risk from dustfall deposition: a study
in a mid-sized town in India. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research. 2019 Aug
1;26:23173-91.
38. Mondal S, Singh G. PM2.5-bound trace
elements in a critically polluted industrial
coal belt of India: seasonal patterns, source
identification, and human health risk
assessment. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2021 Jul;28:32634-47.
39. Mondal S, Singh G, Jain MK. Spatiotemporal variation of air pollutants around the
coal mining areas of Jharia Coalfield, India.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
2020 Jun;192:1-7.
40. Jena S, Perwez A, Singh G. Trace
element characterization of fine particulate
matter and assessment of associated health
risk in mining area, transportation routes
and institutional area of Dhanbad, India.
Environmental geochemistry and health. 2019
Dec;41:2731-47.
41. Dubey B, Pal AK, Singh G. Trace
metal composition of airborne particulate
matter in the coal mining and non–mining
areas of Dhanbad Region, Jharkhand, India.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2012 Apr 1;3(2):238-46.
42. Khairy MA, Barakat AO, Mostafa AR,
Wade TL. Multielement determination by
flame atomic absorption of road dust samples
in Delta Region, Egypt. Microchemical journal.
2011 Mar 1;97(2):234-42.
43. Izhar S, Goel A, Chakraborty A, Gupta
T. Annual trends in occurrence of submicron
particles in ambient air and health risk posed
by particle bound metals. Chemosphere. 2016
Mar 1;146:582-90.
Barman SC, Murthy RC, Kisku GC. Temporal
distribution of fine particulates (PM2.5, PM10),
potentially toxic metals, PAHs and Metal-bound
carcinogenic risk in the population of Lucknow
City, India. Journal of Environmental Science
and Health, Part A. 2013 Jun 1;48(7):730-45.
2. Khillare PS, Sarkar S. Airborne
inhalable metals in residential areas of Delhi,
India: distribution, source apportionment and
health risks. Atmospheric pollution research.
2012 Jan 1;3(1):46-54.
3. Das R, Khezri B, Srivastava B, Datta
S, Sikdar PK, Webster RD, Wang X. Trace
element composition of PM2.5 and PM10 from
Kolkata–a heavily polluted Indian metropolis.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2015 Sep
1;6(5):742-50.
4. Pope Iii CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle
EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Lung
cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and longterm exposure to fine particulate air pollution.
Jama. 2002 Mar 6;287(9):1132-41.
5. Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong
Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, Luepker R, Mittleman
M, Samet J, Smith Jr SC, Tager I. Air pollution
and cardiovascular disease: a statement for
healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel
on Population and Prevention Science of the
American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004
Jun 1;109(21):2655-71.
6. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ,
Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr
G, Hoffmann B, Fischer P, Nieuwenhuijsen
MJ, Brunekreef B, Xun WW. Air pollution and
lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts:
prospective analyses from the European Study
of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).
The lancet oncology. 2013 Aug 1;14(9):813-
22.
7. International Agency for Research
on Cancer. Monographs on the evaluation
of carcinogenic risks to humans. http://
monographs. iarc. fr/ENG/Classification/
index. php. 2006.
8. Sun Y, Hu X, Wu J, Lian H, Chen Y.
Fractionation and health risks of atmospheric
particle-bound As and heavy metals in summer
and winter. Science of the Total Environment.
2014 Sep 15;493:487-94.
9. Fang Y, Naik V, Horowitz LW, Mauzerall
DL. Air pollution and associated human
mortality: the role of air pollutant emissions,
climate change and methane concentration
increases from the preindustrial period to
present. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.
2013 Feb 4;13(3):1377-94.
10. Cadelis G, Tourres R, Molinie J. Shortterm effects of the particulate pollutants
contained in Saharan dust on the visits of
children to the emergency department due to
asthmatic conditions in Guadeloupe (French
Archipelago of the Caribbean). PloS one. 2014
Mar 6;9(3):e91136.
11. Esworthy R. Air quality: EPA's 2013. changes to the particulate matter (PM) standard.
Washington, DC, USA: Library of Congress,
Congressional Research Service.
12. Juda-Rezler K, Reizer M, Oudinet JP.
Determination and analysis of PM10 source
apportionment during episodes of air pollution
in Central Eastern European urban areas:
The case of wintertime 2006. Atmospheric
Environment. 2011 Nov 1;45(36):6557-66.
13. Brown JS, Gordon T, Price O, Asgharian
B. Thoracic and respirable particle definitions
for human health risk assessment. Particle and
fibre toxicology. 2013 Dec;10:1-2.
14. Fang W, Delapp RC, Kosson DS, van
der Sloot HA, Liu J. Release of heavy metals
during long-term land application of sewage
sludge compost: Percolation leaching tests with
repeated additions of compost. Chemosphere.
2017 Feb 1;169:271-80.
15. IAfRoC IA. Agents classified by the
IARC monographs. 2016.
16. Samara C, Kantiranis N, Kollias P,
Planou S, Kouras A, Besis A, Manoli E, Voutsa
D. Spatial and seasonal variations of the
chemical, mineralogical and morphological
features of quasi-ultrafine particles (PM0. 49)
at urban sites. Science of the Total Environment.
2016 May 15;553:392-403.
17. USEPA. Guidance for evaluating the
oral bioavailability of metals in soils for use
in human health risk assessment. OSWER.
2007;9285:7-80.
18. Means B. Risk-assessment guidance
for superfund. Volume 1. Human health
evaluation manual. Part A. Interim report
(Final). Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC (USA). Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response; 1989 Dec 1.
19. Hu X, Zhang Y, Ding Z, Wang T, Lian
H, Sun Y, Wu J. Bioaccessibility and health
risk of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr,
Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM2.5 in
Nanjing, China. Atmospheric environment.
2012 Sep 1;57:146-52.
20. Kong S, Lu B, Ji Y, Zhao X, Bai Z, Xu
Y, Liu Y, Jiang H. Risk assessment of heavy
metals in road and soil dusts within PM2.5, PM10
and PM100 fractions in Dongying city, Shandong
Province, China. Journal of Environmental
Monitoring. 2012;14(3):791-803.
21. Zheng N, Liu J, Wang Q, Liang
Z. Health risk assessment of heavy metal
exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting
district, Northeast of China. Science of the
total environment. 2010 Jan 15;408(4):726-33.
22. Li PH, Kong SF, Geng CM, Han B, Lu
B, Sun RF, Zhao RJ, Bai ZP. Assessing the
hazardous risks of vehicle inspection workers’
exposure to particulate heavy metals in their
work places. Aerosol and Air Quality Research.
2013 Jan;13(1):255-65.
23. Du Y, Gao B, Zhou H, Ju X, Hao H, Yin
S. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in
road dusts in urban parks of Beijing, China.
Procedia environmental sciences. 2013 Jan
1;18:299-309.
24. Source Apportionment Study &
Preparation of Air Quality Action Plan for
Surat City, The Energy and Resources Institute
(TERI), New Delhi, TERI. 2021.
25. World Health Organization. The world
health report 2006: working together for health.
World Health Organization; 2006 Mar 23.
26. Kulshrestha A, Satsangi PG, Masih
J, Taneja A. Metal concentration of PM2.5
and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in
urban and rural environment of Agra, India.
Science of the Total Environment. 2009 Dec
1;407(24):6196-204.
27. Sah D, Verma PK, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Chemical partitioning of fine particlebound As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb and assessment
of associated cancer risk due to inhalation,
ingestion and dermal exposure. Inhalation
toxicology. 2017 Sep 19;29(11):483-93.
28. Pathak AK, Yadav S, Kumar P, Kumar
R. Source apportionment and spatial–temporal
variations in the metal content of surface dust
collected from an industrial area adjoining
Delhi, India. Science of the Total Environment.
2013 Jan 15;443:662-72.
29. Rajaram BS, Suryawanshi PV, Bhanarkar
AD, Rao CV. Heavy metals contamination in
road dust in Delhi city, India. Environmental
Earth Sciences. 2014 Nov;72:3929-38.
30. Chatterjee A, Banerjee RN.
Determination of lead and other metals in a
residential area of greater Calcutta. Science
of the total environment. 1999 Mar 9;227(2-
3):175-85.
31. Kushwaha K, Sundar KS, Karthikeyan
S. Assessment of Heavy Metals from Respirable
Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10) in Manali,
Chennai, India. Int. J. Sci. Adv. Res. Technol.
2016;2(9):1052-2395.
32. Mohanraj R, Azeez PA, Priscilla T.
Heavy metals in airborne particulate matter of
urban Coimbatore. Archives of environmental
contamination and toxicology. 2004
Aug;47:162-7.
33. Jena S, Singh G. Human health risk
assessment of airborne trace elements in
Dhanbad, India. Atmospheric Pollution
Research. 2017 May 1;8(3):490-502.
34. Yadav AK. Elemental composition and
source apportionment of suspended particulate
matters and health risk assessment in mining
and nonmining areas of Odisha, India. Journal
of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste.
2015 Jul 1;19(3):04014037.
35. Jan R, Roy R, Yadav S, Satsangi
PG. Chemical fractionation and health risk
assessment of particulate matter-bound metals
in Pune, India. Environmental geochemistry
and health. 2018 Feb;40:255-70.
36. Botle A, Singhal RK, Basu H, Manisha
V, Masih J. Health risk assessment of heavy
metals associated with Coarse and Quasiaccumulative airborne particulate matter in
Mumbai City situated on the Western Coast
of India. Environmental Technology &
Innovation. 2020 Aug 1;19:100857.
37. Rani N, Sastry BS, Dey K. Assessment of
metal contamination and the associated human
health risk from dustfall deposition: a study
in a mid-sized town in India. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research. 2019 Aug
1;26:23173-91.
38. Mondal S, Singh G. PM2.5-bound trace
elements in a critically polluted industrial
coal belt of India: seasonal patterns, source
identification, and human health risk
assessment. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2021 Jul;28:32634-47.
39. Mondal S, Singh G, Jain MK. Spatiotemporal variation of air pollutants around the
coal mining areas of Jharia Coalfield, India.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
2020 Jun;192:1-7.
40. Jena S, Perwez A, Singh G. Trace
element characterization of fine particulate
matter and assessment of associated health
risk in mining area, transportation routes
and institutional area of Dhanbad, India.
Environmental geochemistry and health. 2019
Dec;41:2731-47.
41. Dubey B, Pal AK, Singh G. Trace
metal composition of airborne particulate
matter in the coal mining and non–mining
areas of Dhanbad Region, Jharkhand, India.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2012 Apr 1;3(2):238-46.
42. Khairy MA, Barakat AO, Mostafa AR,
Wade TL. Multielement determination by
flame atomic absorption of road dust samples
in Delta Region, Egypt. Microchemical journal.
2011 Mar 1;97(2):234-42.
43. Izhar S, Goel A, Chakraborty A, Gupta
T. Annual trends in occurrence of submicron
particles in ambient air and health risk posed
by particle bound metals. Chemosphere. 2016
Mar 1;146:582-90.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 2 (2023): Spring 2023 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v8i2.12913 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Vapi; Ankleshwar; Risk assessment; Oral reference dose; Inhalation reference concentrations | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Nihalani S, Jariwala N, Khambete A. Human health risk assessment of trace elements in PM10 for industrial areas in Gujarat. JAPH. 2023;8(2):117-134.
