Grill workers and air pollution health effects from charcoal combustion in Vientiane capital
-
Vanphanom Sychareun
,
Viengnakhone Vongxay
,
Kongmany Chaleunvong
,
Souksamone Thongmixay
,
Bounmany Soulideth
,
Diane Archer
,
Connie O’Neill
,
Jo Durham
Abstract
Introduction: Grilled street foods are popular in urban communities in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Charcoal is the main fuel used for, posing a risk of elevated exposure to toxic pollutants. This study explored levels of cooking-related pollutants from grilled food business and workers’ health effects.
Materials and methods: A quantitative approach using multiple techniques was conducted during March and April 2022 in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Methods included pollutant emission estimation from charcoal-combusting grill shops/street-carts and Particulate Matter (PM2.5) measurement, and examined the exposure and health effects among grill workers. Multiple sampling techniques were applied to identify study samples. Respiratory symptoms were the health effect of interest among grill workers.
Results: Estimated emission of pollutants was over 75 tons/year from grill shops. Average PM2.5 level was 84.8 μg/m3 (21.6 - 254.8 μg/m3); which is above standard limits. A very high level of PM2.5 was found in grill markets. Most grill workers were female, worked 6-7 days/week, at least 8 h/day. Factors contributing to the presence of respiratory symptoms among grill
workers were female gender, low income, indoor grilling, more years of grill-work, experience of intense smoke-cough, self-reliance on health and cigarette smoking.
Conclusion: Grilling contributes to ambient air pollution, posing potential adverse environmental and public health impacts. Grill workers are likely to be exposed to high levels of all forms of air pollutants from street food grilling. Effective strategies are required to better protect grill workers from the effect of exposure to these harmful toxins and minimize the negative impacts on their health.
1. Chen JW, Wang SL, Hsieh DP, Yang HH,
Lee HL. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors
of restaurants with cooking emissions. Science
of the total environment. 2012 Feb 15;417:68-
75.
2. Kuo CY, Chang SH, Chien YC, Chiang
FY, Wei YC. Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs for
the vendors of broiled food. Journal of exposure
science & environmental epidemiology. 2006
Sep;16(5):410-6.
3. Chao CY, Wong KK. Residential indoor
PM10 and PM2.5 in Hong Kong and the elemental
composition. Atmospheric Environment. 2002
Jan 1;36(2):265-77.
4. Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC,
Coursac I, Zeger SL. Fine particulate air
pollution and mortality in 20 US cities, 1987–
1994. New England journal of medicine. 2000
Dec 14;343(24):1742-9.
5. Polichetti G, Cocco S, Spinali A,
Trimarco V, Nunziata A. Effects of particulate
matter (PM10, PM2. 5 and PM1) on the
cardiovascular system. Toxicology. 2009 Jun
30;261(1-2):1-8.
6. Wu CC, Bao LJ, Guo Y, Li SM, Zeng
EY. Barbecue fumes: an overlooked source
of health hazards in outdoor settings?.
Environmental Science & Technology. 2015
Sep 1;49(17):10607-15.
7. Gemenetzis P, Moussas P, Arditsoglou
A, Samara C. Mass concentration and elemental
composition of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 in
University rooms in Thessaloniki, northern
Greece. Atmospheric Environment. 2006 Jun
1;40(17):3195-206.
8. Oeder S, Dietrich S, Weichenmeier I,
Schober W, Pusch G, Jörres RA, Schierl R,
Nowak D, Fromme H, Behrendt H, Buters
JT. Toxicity and elemental composition of
particulate matter from outdoor and indoor air
of elementary schools in Munich, Germany.
Indoor air. 2012 Apr;22(2):148-58.
9. Juntarawijit C, Juntarawijit Y. Cooking
smoke and respiratory symptoms of restaurant
workers in Thailand. BMC pulmonary
medicine. 2017 Dec;17(1):1-1.
10. Kim KH, Pandey SK, Kabir E, Susaya J, Brown RJ. The modern paradox of
unregulated cooking activities and indoor air
quality. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011
Nov 15;195:1-0.
11. Governor of Vientiane capital. Annual
Urbanization report, 2020; Unpublished report.
12. Ecotech. BAM 1022. Real-Time
Portable Beta Attenuation Mass Monitor, 2018;
available at: https://www.ecotech.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/09/ECOTECH-BAM1022-spec-sheet-20180706.pdf
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Environment [MoNRE]. Lao PDR Factsheet.
Classification of the air quality index in Lao
PDR, 2000; available at: https://www.eanet.
asia/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/5-Lao-PDR_
Factsheet_compressed.pdf
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the Environment. National Pollution Control
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a vision to 2030. Vientiane, Lao PDR, 2017;
available at: http://www.gms-eoc.org/uploads/
resources/922/attachment/Laos-PollutionStrategy-Plan-2018-2025-draft.pdf
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H, Li R, Xue L, Chen J, Wang W. Pollution
characteristics of particulate matters emitted
from outdoor barbecue cooking in urban Jinan
in eastern China. Frontiers of environmental
science & engineering. 2018 Apr;12:1-8.
16. Torkmahalleh MA, Gorjinezhad S,
Unluevcek HS, Hopke PK. Review of factors
impacting emission/concentration of cooking
generated particulate matter. Science of the
Total Environment. 2017 May 15;586:1046-
56.
17. Oliveira M, Capelas S, DelerueMatos C, Morais S. Grill workers exposure to
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Levels and
excretion profiles of the urinary biomarkers.
International journal of environmental research
and public health. 2021 Jan;18(1):230.
18. Hamatui N, Naidoo RN, Kgabi N.
Respiratory health effects of occupational
exposure to charcoal dust in Namibia.
International Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Health. 2016 Jul 2;22(3):240-8.
19. Ibhazehiebo K, Dimkpa U, Uche
KO, Iyawe VI. Peak expiratory flow rate
and respiratory symptoms following chronic
domestic wood smoke exposure in women in
Edo, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical
Research. 2007;10(1).
20. Brunner T, Obernberger I, Scharler R.
Primary measures for low-emission residential
wood combustion–comparison of old with
optimised modern systems. InProceedings
of the 17th European Biomass Conference &
Exhibition 2009 Jun 29 (Vol. 1, No. 10). ETARenewable Energies (ed.) Italy, Hamburg,
Germany.
21. Vicente ED, Vicente A, Evtyugina M,
Carvalho R, Tarelho LA, Oduber FI, Alves
C. Particulate and gaseous emissions from
charcoal combustion in barbecue grills. Fuel
Processing Technology. 2018 Jul 1;176:296-
306.
22. Taner, S., Pekey, B., Pekey, H. Fine
particulate matter in the indoor air of barbeque
restaurants: elemental compositions, sources
and health risks. Sci. Total Environ. 454–455,
2013; 79–87.
23. Huang HL, Lee WM, Wu FS. Emissions
of air pollutants from indoor charcoal barbecue.
Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2016 Jan
25;302:198-20 24. Ott WR, Wallace LA, McAteer JM,
Hildemann LM. Fine and ultrafine particle
exposures on 73 trips by car to 65 non‐smoking
restaurants in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Indoor Air. 2017 Jan;27(1):205-17.
25. Wallace L, Ott W. Personal exposure
to ultrafine particles. Journal of exposure
science & environmental epidemiology. 2011
Jan;21(1):20-30.
26. Gill P, Martin RV. Smoke inhalation
injury. BJA Education. 2015 Jun 1;15(3):143-
8. gov/dep/aqpp/downloads/techman/1003.pdf
2009.
27. Inoue M, Tsurugano S, Nishikitani M,
Yano E. Full‐time workers with precarious
employment face lower protection for receiving
annual health check‐ups. American journal of
industrial medicine. 2012 Oct;55(10):884-92.
28. Vlassoff C. Gender differences in
determinants and consequences of health and
illness. Journal of health, population, and
nutrition. 2007 Mar;25(1):47.
29. Yongabi KA, Teko GN, Nji C,
Endeley JB, Laar A. Gender assessment of
hazard exposure, risk awareness and cultural
perceptions associated with firewood usage: A
case study of Mendakwe village in Cameroon.
International Research Journal of Public and
Environmental Health. 2016;3(12):278-85.
30. Souza RM, Andrade FM, Moura
AB, Teixeira PJ. Respiratory symptoms in
charcoal production workers in the cities of
Lindolfo Collor, Ivoti and Presidente Lucena,
Brazil. Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia.
2010;36:210-7.
31. Obiebi IP, Oyibo PG. A cross-sectional
analysis of respiratory ill-health among charcoal
workers and its implications for strengthening
occupational health services in southern
Nigeria. BMJ open. 2019 Jan 1;9(1):e022361.
32. Chughtai AA, Khan W. Use of personal
protective equipment to protect against
respiratory infections in Pakistan: A systematic
review. Journal of infection and public health.
2020 Mar 1;13(3):385-90.
33. Weyman A, Kelly CJ. Risk perception
and risk communication: A review of literature.
34. Mamuya SH, Bråtveit M, Mashalla
Y, Moen BE. High prevalence of respiratory
symptoms among workers in the development
section of a manually operated coal mine in a
developing country: A cross sectional study.
BMC Public Health. 2007 Dec;7(1):1-8.
35. Sayers R. Principles of awarenessraising for information literacy: A case study.
Communication and Information, UNESCO;
2006.
36. Chang HS, Capuozzo B, Okumus B, Cho
M. Why cleaning the invisible in restaurants
is important during COVID-19: A case study
of indoor air quality of an open-kitchen
restaurant. International Journal of Hospitality
Management. 2021 Apr 1;94:102854.
37. Vongxay V, Chapman RS, Siriwong
W. Respiratory Symptoms In Relation To
Household Air Pollution Sources In Rural
And Urban Areas Of Vientiane Capital,
Lao PDR. Journal of Health Research.
2012;26(Special):S43-52.
38. Guo SE, Chi MC, Hwang SL, Lin CM,
Lin YC. Effects of particulate matter education
on self-care knowledge regarding air pollution,
symptom changes, and indoor air quality
among patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health.
2020 Jun;17(11):4103.
39. Roberts S. Key Facts: Poverty and Poor
Health| Health Poverty Action. Health Poverty
Action Key Facts Poverty and Poor Health
Comments. 2018 Jan;10.
40. Tinson A. Living in poverty was bad
for your health before COVID-19. The Health
Foundation. 2020 Jul 25.
41. Woolf SH, Aron LY, Dubay L, Simon
SM, Zimmerman E, Luk K. How are income
and wealth linked to health and longevity?.
2016.
42. Apte K, Salvi S. Household air pollution
and its effects on health. F1000Research.
2016;5.
43. Pérez-Padilla R, Schilmann A, RiojasRodriguez H. Respiratory health effects of
indoor air pollution. The International Journal
of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2010 Sep
1;14(9):1079-86.
44. Dhimal M, Chirico F, Bista B, Sharma S,
Chalise B, Dhimal ML, Ilesanmi OS, Trucillo
P, Sofia D. Impact of air pollution on global
burden of disease in 2019. Processes. 2021 Sep
25;9(10):1719.
45. Anastasaki M, Tsiligianni I, SifakiPistolla D, Chatzea VE, Karelis A, Bertsias
A, Chavannes NH, van Gemert F, Lionis C,
FRESH AIR Collaborators. Household Air
Pollution and Respiratory Health in Rural
Crete, Greece: A Cross-Sectional FRESH AIR
Study. Atmosphere. 2021 Oct 20;12(11):1369.
46. Balidemaj F, Isaxon C, Abera A,
Malmqvist E. Indoor air pollution exposure of
women in Adama, Ethiopia, and assessment
of disease burden attributable to risk factor.
International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health. 2021 Sep
18;18(18):9859.
47. Demintseva E, Kashnitsky D.
Contextualizing migrants' strategies of seeking
medical care in Russia. International migration.
2016 Oct;54(5):29-42.
48. Loganathan T, Rui D, Ng CW, Pocock
NS. Breaking down the barriers: Understanding
migrant workers’ access to healthcare in
Malaysia. PloS one. 2019 Jul 3;14(7):e0218669.
49. Kim KH, Kabir E, Kabir S. A review on
the human health impact of airborne particulate
matter. Environment international. 2015 Jan
1;74:136-43.
50. WHO. Protecting workers’ health, 2017;
available at https://www.who.int/news-room/
fact-sheets/detail/protecting-workers'-health
51. Forey BA, Thornton AJ, Lee PN.
Systematic review with meta-analysis of the
epidemiological evidence relating smoking to
COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
BMC pulmonary medicine. 2011 Dec;11(1):1-
61.
52. Jayes L, Britton J, Vardavas C,
Leonardi-Bee J. Systematic reviews and metaanalyses on the effects of active and passive
smoking on respiratory health outcomes: the
SmokeHaz online resource. The Lancet. 2014
Nov 19;384:S42.
53. Jayes, L., Haslam, P. L., Gratziou, C. G.,
Powell, P., Britton, J., Vardavas, C., ... & Orive,
J. I. D. G. SmokeHaz: systematic reviews and
meta-analyses of the effects of smoking on
respiratory. Chest, 2016; 150(1):164-79, doi:
10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.060.
54. Hopkins DP, Razi S, Leeks KD, Kalra
GP, Chattopadhyay SK, Soler RE, Task Force
on Community Preventive Services. Smokefree
policies to reduce tobacco use: a systematic review. American journal of preventive
medicine. 2010 Feb 1;38(2):S275-89.
55. Prabandari YS, Bintoro BS, Purwanta
P. A Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy
Program in a Mining Industry in Indonesia: Did
It Work?. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;1.
Lee HL. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors
of restaurants with cooking emissions. Science
of the total environment. 2012 Feb 15;417:68-
75.
2. Kuo CY, Chang SH, Chien YC, Chiang
FY, Wei YC. Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs for
the vendors of broiled food. Journal of exposure
science & environmental epidemiology. 2006
Sep;16(5):410-6.
3. Chao CY, Wong KK. Residential indoor
PM10 and PM2.5 in Hong Kong and the elemental
composition. Atmospheric Environment. 2002
Jan 1;36(2):265-77.
4. Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC,
Coursac I, Zeger SL. Fine particulate air
pollution and mortality in 20 US cities, 1987–
1994. New England journal of medicine. 2000
Dec 14;343(24):1742-9.
5. Polichetti G, Cocco S, Spinali A,
Trimarco V, Nunziata A. Effects of particulate
matter (PM10, PM2. 5 and PM1) on the
cardiovascular system. Toxicology. 2009 Jun
30;261(1-2):1-8.
6. Wu CC, Bao LJ, Guo Y, Li SM, Zeng
EY. Barbecue fumes: an overlooked source
of health hazards in outdoor settings?.
Environmental Science & Technology. 2015
Sep 1;49(17):10607-15.
7. Gemenetzis P, Moussas P, Arditsoglou
A, Samara C. Mass concentration and elemental
composition of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 in
University rooms in Thessaloniki, northern
Greece. Atmospheric Environment. 2006 Jun
1;40(17):3195-206.
8. Oeder S, Dietrich S, Weichenmeier I,
Schober W, Pusch G, Jörres RA, Schierl R,
Nowak D, Fromme H, Behrendt H, Buters
JT. Toxicity and elemental composition of
particulate matter from outdoor and indoor air
of elementary schools in Munich, Germany.
Indoor air. 2012 Apr;22(2):148-58.
9. Juntarawijit C, Juntarawijit Y. Cooking
smoke and respiratory symptoms of restaurant
workers in Thailand. BMC pulmonary
medicine. 2017 Dec;17(1):1-1.
10. Kim KH, Pandey SK, Kabir E, Susaya J, Brown RJ. The modern paradox of
unregulated cooking activities and indoor air
quality. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011
Nov 15;195:1-0.
11. Governor of Vientiane capital. Annual
Urbanization report, 2020; Unpublished report.
12. Ecotech. BAM 1022. Real-Time
Portable Beta Attenuation Mass Monitor, 2018;
available at: https://www.ecotech.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/09/ECOTECH-BAM1022-spec-sheet-20180706.pdf
13. Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment [MoNRE]. Lao PDR Factsheet.
Classification of the air quality index in Lao
PDR, 2000; available at: https://www.eanet.
asia/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/5-Lao-PDR_
Factsheet_compressed.pdf
14. Ministry of Natural Resources and
the Environment. National Pollution Control
Strategy and Action Plan from 2018-2025 with
a vision to 2030. Vientiane, Lao PDR, 2017;
available at: http://www.gms-eoc.org/uploads/
resources/922/attachment/Laos-PollutionStrategy-Plan-2018-2025-draft.pdf
15. Song Y, Sun L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang
H, Li R, Xue L, Chen J, Wang W. Pollution
characteristics of particulate matters emitted
from outdoor barbecue cooking in urban Jinan
in eastern China. Frontiers of environmental
science & engineering. 2018 Apr;12:1-8.
16. Torkmahalleh MA, Gorjinezhad S,
Unluevcek HS, Hopke PK. Review of factors
impacting emission/concentration of cooking
generated particulate matter. Science of the
Total Environment. 2017 May 15;586:1046-
56.
17. Oliveira M, Capelas S, DelerueMatos C, Morais S. Grill workers exposure to
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Levels and
excretion profiles of the urinary biomarkers.
International journal of environmental research
and public health. 2021 Jan;18(1):230.
18. Hamatui N, Naidoo RN, Kgabi N.
Respiratory health effects of occupational
exposure to charcoal dust in Namibia.
International Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Health. 2016 Jul 2;22(3):240-8.
19. Ibhazehiebo K, Dimkpa U, Uche
KO, Iyawe VI. Peak expiratory flow rate
and respiratory symptoms following chronic
domestic wood smoke exposure in women in
Edo, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical
Research. 2007;10(1).
20. Brunner T, Obernberger I, Scharler R.
Primary measures for low-emission residential
wood combustion–comparison of old with
optimised modern systems. InProceedings
of the 17th European Biomass Conference &
Exhibition 2009 Jun 29 (Vol. 1, No. 10). ETARenewable Energies (ed.) Italy, Hamburg,
Germany.
21. Vicente ED, Vicente A, Evtyugina M,
Carvalho R, Tarelho LA, Oduber FI, Alves
C. Particulate and gaseous emissions from
charcoal combustion in barbecue grills. Fuel
Processing Technology. 2018 Jul 1;176:296-
306.
22. Taner, S., Pekey, B., Pekey, H. Fine
particulate matter in the indoor air of barbeque
restaurants: elemental compositions, sources
and health risks. Sci. Total Environ. 454–455,
2013; 79–87.
23. Huang HL, Lee WM, Wu FS. Emissions
of air pollutants from indoor charcoal barbecue.
Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2016 Jan
25;302:198-20 24. Ott WR, Wallace LA, McAteer JM,
Hildemann LM. Fine and ultrafine particle
exposures on 73 trips by car to 65 non‐smoking
restaurants in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Indoor Air. 2017 Jan;27(1):205-17.
25. Wallace L, Ott W. Personal exposure
to ultrafine particles. Journal of exposure
science & environmental epidemiology. 2011
Jan;21(1):20-30.
26. Gill P, Martin RV. Smoke inhalation
injury. BJA Education. 2015 Jun 1;15(3):143-
8. gov/dep/aqpp/downloads/techman/1003.pdf
2009.
27. Inoue M, Tsurugano S, Nishikitani M,
Yano E. Full‐time workers with precarious
employment face lower protection for receiving
annual health check‐ups. American journal of
industrial medicine. 2012 Oct;55(10):884-92.
28. Vlassoff C. Gender differences in
determinants and consequences of health and
illness. Journal of health, population, and
nutrition. 2007 Mar;25(1):47.
29. Yongabi KA, Teko GN, Nji C,
Endeley JB, Laar A. Gender assessment of
hazard exposure, risk awareness and cultural
perceptions associated with firewood usage: A
case study of Mendakwe village in Cameroon.
International Research Journal of Public and
Environmental Health. 2016;3(12):278-85.
30. Souza RM, Andrade FM, Moura
AB, Teixeira PJ. Respiratory symptoms in
charcoal production workers in the cities of
Lindolfo Collor, Ivoti and Presidente Lucena,
Brazil. Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia.
2010;36:210-7.
31. Obiebi IP, Oyibo PG. A cross-sectional
analysis of respiratory ill-health among charcoal
workers and its implications for strengthening
occupational health services in southern
Nigeria. BMJ open. 2019 Jan 1;9(1):e022361.
32. Chughtai AA, Khan W. Use of personal
protective equipment to protect against
respiratory infections in Pakistan: A systematic
review. Journal of infection and public health.
2020 Mar 1;13(3):385-90.
33. Weyman A, Kelly CJ. Risk perception
and risk communication: A review of literature.
34. Mamuya SH, Bråtveit M, Mashalla
Y, Moen BE. High prevalence of respiratory
symptoms among workers in the development
section of a manually operated coal mine in a
developing country: A cross sectional study.
BMC Public Health. 2007 Dec;7(1):1-8.
35. Sayers R. Principles of awarenessraising for information literacy: A case study.
Communication and Information, UNESCO;
2006.
36. Chang HS, Capuozzo B, Okumus B, Cho
M. Why cleaning the invisible in restaurants
is important during COVID-19: A case study
of indoor air quality of an open-kitchen
restaurant. International Journal of Hospitality
Management. 2021 Apr 1;94:102854.
37. Vongxay V, Chapman RS, Siriwong
W. Respiratory Symptoms In Relation To
Household Air Pollution Sources In Rural
And Urban Areas Of Vientiane Capital,
Lao PDR. Journal of Health Research.
2012;26(Special):S43-52.
38. Guo SE, Chi MC, Hwang SL, Lin CM,
Lin YC. Effects of particulate matter education
on self-care knowledge regarding air pollution,
symptom changes, and indoor air quality
among patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health.
2020 Jun;17(11):4103.
39. Roberts S. Key Facts: Poverty and Poor
Health| Health Poverty Action. Health Poverty
Action Key Facts Poverty and Poor Health
Comments. 2018 Jan;10.
40. Tinson A. Living in poverty was bad
for your health before COVID-19. The Health
Foundation. 2020 Jul 25.
41. Woolf SH, Aron LY, Dubay L, Simon
SM, Zimmerman E, Luk K. How are income
and wealth linked to health and longevity?.
2016.
42. Apte K, Salvi S. Household air pollution
and its effects on health. F1000Research.
2016;5.
43. Pérez-Padilla R, Schilmann A, RiojasRodriguez H. Respiratory health effects of
indoor air pollution. The International Journal
of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2010 Sep
1;14(9):1079-86.
44. Dhimal M, Chirico F, Bista B, Sharma S,
Chalise B, Dhimal ML, Ilesanmi OS, Trucillo
P, Sofia D. Impact of air pollution on global
burden of disease in 2019. Processes. 2021 Sep
25;9(10):1719.
45. Anastasaki M, Tsiligianni I, SifakiPistolla D, Chatzea VE, Karelis A, Bertsias
A, Chavannes NH, van Gemert F, Lionis C,
FRESH AIR Collaborators. Household Air
Pollution and Respiratory Health in Rural
Crete, Greece: A Cross-Sectional FRESH AIR
Study. Atmosphere. 2021 Oct 20;12(11):1369.
46. Balidemaj F, Isaxon C, Abera A,
Malmqvist E. Indoor air pollution exposure of
women in Adama, Ethiopia, and assessment
of disease burden attributable to risk factor.
International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health. 2021 Sep
18;18(18):9859.
47. Demintseva E, Kashnitsky D.
Contextualizing migrants' strategies of seeking
medical care in Russia. International migration.
2016 Oct;54(5):29-42.
48. Loganathan T, Rui D, Ng CW, Pocock
NS. Breaking down the barriers: Understanding
migrant workers’ access to healthcare in
Malaysia. PloS one. 2019 Jul 3;14(7):e0218669.
49. Kim KH, Kabir E, Kabir S. A review on
the human health impact of airborne particulate
matter. Environment international. 2015 Jan
1;74:136-43.
50. WHO. Protecting workers’ health, 2017;
available at https://www.who.int/news-room/
fact-sheets/detail/protecting-workers'-health
51. Forey BA, Thornton AJ, Lee PN.
Systematic review with meta-analysis of the
epidemiological evidence relating smoking to
COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
BMC pulmonary medicine. 2011 Dec;11(1):1-
61.
52. Jayes L, Britton J, Vardavas C,
Leonardi-Bee J. Systematic reviews and metaanalyses on the effects of active and passive
smoking on respiratory health outcomes: the
SmokeHaz online resource. The Lancet. 2014
Nov 19;384:S42.
53. Jayes, L., Haslam, P. L., Gratziou, C. G.,
Powell, P., Britton, J., Vardavas, C., ... & Orive,
J. I. D. G. SmokeHaz: systematic reviews and
meta-analyses of the effects of smoking on
respiratory. Chest, 2016; 150(1):164-79, doi:
10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.060.
54. Hopkins DP, Razi S, Leeks KD, Kalra
GP, Chattopadhyay SK, Soler RE, Task Force
on Community Preventive Services. Smokefree
policies to reduce tobacco use: a systematic review. American journal of preventive
medicine. 2010 Feb 1;38(2):S275-89.
55. Prabandari YS, Bintoro BS, Purwanta
P. A Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy
Program in a Mining Industry in Indonesia: Did
It Work?. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;1.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 2 (2023): Spring 2023 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v8i2.12916 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Grill worker; Air pollution; Charcoal; Particulate matter (PM); Respiratory symptom | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sychareun V, Vongxay V, Chaleunvong K, Thongmixay S, Soulideth B, Archer D, O’Neill C, Durham J. Grill workers and air pollution health effects from charcoal combustion in Vientiane capital. JAPH. 2023;8(2):165-182.
