Road traffic-induced particle matter dispersion in a calm wind environment at the main roundabout in Douala, central Africa
,
Abstract
Introduction: Road traffic emissions are among the most significant sources of pollution in Douala, Cameroon's economic town, alongside industrial operations. The morning and the evening are two times of the day when traffic is heavier and the winds are also at their calmest. The majority of the non-exhaust Particulate Matters (PMs) produced by autos is re-suspended road contaminants. The purpose of this research is to estimate fine particle dispersion in conditions of calm winds.
Materials and methods: In one of Douala's roundabouts, the Gaussian Plume model is employed to calculate the PM concentration under calm winds conditions. Different vehicle classes (HDV: Heavy Duty Vehicles, LDV: Light Duty Vehicles, PC: Passenger Cars) are used to figure out the amount of PMs they produce. Measurements of ambient fine particle concentrations are made with the OC-300 laser dust particle detector.
Results: The results made it possible to compare actual measurements of PM2.5, PM10 (300±150 µg/m3 and 650±150 µg/m3 , respectively) with simulated values (PM2.5, PM10: 310 µg/m3 and 631 µg/m3 , respectively). The difference between in-situ and computed values can range from 10 to 132
µg/m3. From 6 to 10 AM, the population's exposure to PM pollution is more severe. It has also been demonstrated that there is a significant association between traffic flow and PM Concentration during the dry season (R2=0.921). With increased traffic flow intensity, particle concentration levels rise.
Conclusion: The concentration threshold stays above the World Health Organization (WHO) limits regardless of the approach. Furthermore, this paper provides important information about Douala's pollution levels.
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Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019 Mar
1;10(2):480-92.
6. Choudhary A, Gokhale S. Evaluation of
emission reduction benefits of traffic flow
management and technology upgrade in
a congested urban traffic corridor. Clean
Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2019.
Mar 15;21:257-73.
7. Heft-Neal S, Burney J, Bendavid E, Voss KK,
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2020 Oct;3(10):863-71. Available from: https://
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8. De Longueville F, Hountondji YC, Ozer P,
Marticorena B, Chatenet B, Henry S. Saharan
dust impacts on air quality: what are the potential
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Guo H, Hu J, Ying Q, Xing J, Kota SH. Estimating
ground level PM2.5 concentrations and associated
health risk in India using satellite based AOD
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Chemosphere. 2020 Sep 1;255:126969.
12. Yim SH, Barrett SR. Public health impacts
of combustion emissions in the United Kingdom.
Environmental science & technology. 2012 Apr
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E, Djamen JK, Leduc R, Bobda C. Atmospheric
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Nov 9;6(4):117-34. Available from: http://
www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.
aspx?PaperID=80227
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D, Poletto M. Pollution dispersion from a fire
using a Gaussian plume model. International
Journal of Safety and Security Engineering.
2020;10(4):431-9.
15. Kinney PL. Climate change, air quality, and
human health. American journal of preventive
medicine. 2008 Nov 1;35(5):459-67.
16. Cuesta-Mosquera AP, Wahl M, Acosta-López
JG, García-Reynoso JA, Aristizábal-Zuluaga BH.
Mixing layer height and slope wind oscillation:
Factors that control ambient air SO2 in a tropical
mountain city. Sustainable cities and society.
2020 Jan 1;52:101852.
17. Salam A, Hossain T, Siddique MN, Alam
AS. Characteristics of atmospheric trace gases,
particulate matter, and heavy metal pollution in
Dhaka, Bangladesh. Air Quality, Atmosphere
& Health. 2008 Oct;1:101-9. Available from:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-
008-0017-8
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S. Projecting impacts of two-wheelers on urban
air quality of Douala, Cameroon. Transportation
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2023 Jan 23]. Available from: https://douala.cm/
maville/region
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B, Ouafo M, Assamoi EM, Gardrat E, Castera
P, Rosset R, Akpo A, Sigha L. Real time black
carbon measurements in West and Central Africa
urban sites. Atmospheric Environment. 2012 Jul
1;54:529-37.
21. Ngom B, Seye MR, Diallo M, Gueye B,
Drame MS. A hybrid measurement kit for realtime air quality monitoring across senegal cities.
In2018 1st International Conference on Smart
Cities and Communities (SCCIC) 2018 Jul 24
(pp. 1-6). IEEE.
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2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.
ocgasdetector.com/en/product/Handheld-Laserparticle-counter-with-optical-sensor.html
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distributed real-time air quality monitoring.
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Energy and Structural Monitoring Systems 2011
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24. Douala Urban Council. Douala infrastructure
project : elaboration of a transport and mobility
plan in Douala city. Douala; 2008.
25. Etyemezian V, Kuhns H, Gillies J, Chow
J, Hendrickson K, McGown M, Pitchford M.
Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement
(III):: effect of speed, traffic volume, location,
and season on PM10 road dust emissions in the
Treasure Valley, ID. Atmospheric Environment.
2003 Oct 1;37(32):4583-93.
26. Guttikunda S. Four Simple Equations for
Vehicular Emissions Inventory. SIM-air Working
Paper Series. 2008 Jul;2.
27. Adiang CM, Monkam D, Lenouo A, Njeugna
E, Gokhale S. Evaluating impacts of twowheeler emissions on roadside air quality in the
vicinity of a busy traffic intersection in Douala,
Cameroon. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health.
2017 May;10:521-32.
28. Choudhary A, Gokhale S. Urban real-world
driving traffic emissions during interruption and
congestion. Transportation Research Part D:
Transport and Environment. 2016 Mar 1;43:59-
70.
29. Houngbégnon P, Ayivi-Vinz G, Lawin H,
Houessionon K, Tanimomon F, Kêdoté M,
Fayomi B, Dossou-Gbété S, Agueh V. Exposure
to PM2.5 related to road traffic: comparison
between crossroads and outside of crossroads at
Cotonou, Benin.
30. Gulia S, Nagendra SS, Khare M, Khanna
I. Urban air quality management-A review.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2015 Mar
1;6(2):286-304.
31. C Cimorelli AJ, Perry SG, Venkatram A,
Weil JC, Paine RJ, Wilson RB, Lee RF, Peters
WD, Brode RW. AERMOD: A dispersion
model for industrial source applications. Part I:
General model formulation and boundary layer
characterization. Journal of Applied Meteorology
and Climatology. 2005 May 1;44(5):682-93.
Available from: https://journals.ametsoc.org/
view/journals/apme/44/5/jam2227.1.xml
32. Carruthers DJ, Holroyd RJ, Hunt JC, Weng
WS, Robins AG, Apsley DD, Thompson DJ,
Smith FB. UK-ADMS: A new approach to
modelling dispersion in the earth's atmospheric
boundary layer. Journal of wind engineering and
industrial aerodynamics. 1994 May 1;52:139-53.
33. Venkatram A, Snyder MG, Heist DK, Perry SG,
Petersen WB, Isakov V. Re-formulation of plume
spread for near-surface dispersion. Atmospheric
environment. 2013 Oct 1;77:846-55.
34. Briant R, Korsakissok I, Seigneur C. An
improved line source model for air pollutant
dispersion from roadway traffic. Atmospheric
Environment. 2011 Aug 1;45(24):4099-107.
35. Ngam’nye Fotso L, Mbiaké R. Challenges
of assessing, air pollution data in a developing
region: case of cameroon, Douala. University of
Douala; 2018.
36. Haddar M, Djemel H, Kallel A, Baccar M.
Preliminary Assessment of Volatile Organic
Compounds (Vocs) and Hazardous Gases
Dispersion at Low Winds: Case of Mellitah Gas
Complex, Libya.
37. Cao B, Cui W, Chen C, Chen Y. Development
and uncertainty analysis of radionuclide
atmospheric dispersion modeling codes based
on Gaussian plume model. Energy. 2020 Mar
1;194:116925.
Comparison of spatial and temporal variations of
aerosol optical thickness and particulate matter
over Europe. Atmospheric Environment. 2006
Sep 1;40(27):5304-15.
2. Andersen ZJ, Kristiansen LC, Andersen KK,
Olsen TS, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M,
Loft S, Sørensen M, Tjønneland A, Overvad K.
Stroke and long-term exposure to outdoor air
pollution from nitrogen dioxide: a cohort study.
Stroke. 2012 Feb;43(2):320-5. Available from:
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/
STROKEAHA.111.629246
3. Snow SJ, Cheng W, Wolberg AS, Carraway
MS. Air Pollution Upregulates Endothelial Cell
Procoagulant Activity via Ultrafine ParticleInduced Oxidant Signaling and Tissue Factor
Expression. Toxicol Sci [Internet]. 2014 Jul 1
[cited 2021 Nov 15];140(1):83–93. Available
from: https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/
article/140/1/83/1675677
4. Ratsombath PN, Morel G, Martell-Flores
H, Berton M. Modélisation de la pollution
particulaire liée au trafic routier à l’échelle de la
rue et étude des leviers d’atténuation. Cybergeo:
European Journal of Geography. 2017 Jan 6.
Available from: http://journals.openedition.org/
cybergeo/27882
5. Choudhary A, Gokhale S. On-road
measurements and modelling of vehicular
emissions during traffic interruption and
congestion events in an urban traffic corridor.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019 Mar
1;10(2):480-92.
6. Choudhary A, Gokhale S. Evaluation of
emission reduction benefits of traffic flow
management and technology upgrade in
a congested urban traffic corridor. Clean
Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2019.
Mar 15;21:257-73.
7. Heft-Neal S, Burney J, Bendavid E, Voss KK,
Burke M. Dust pollution from the Sahara and
African infant mortality. Nature Sustainability.
2020 Oct;3(10):863-71. Available from: https://
www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0562-1
8. De Longueville F, Hountondji YC, Ozer P,
Marticorena B, Chatenet B, Henry S. Saharan
dust impacts on air quality: what are the potential
health risks in West Africa?. Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment: An International
Journal. 2013 Nov 2;19(6):1595-617.
9. Amegah AK, Agyei-Mensah S. Urban air
pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Time for action.
Environmental Pollution. 2017 Jan 1;220:738-43.
10. Bell ML, Davis DL, Fletcher T. A retrospective
assessment of mortality from the London smog
episode of 1952: the role of influenza and
pollution. Environmental health perspectives.
2004 Jan;112(1):6-8.
11. Sahu SK, Sharma S, Zhang H, Chejarla V,
Guo H, Hu J, Ying Q, Xing J, Kota SH. Estimating
ground level PM2.5 concentrations and associated
health risk in India using satellite based AOD
and WRF predicted meteorological parameters.
Chemosphere. 2020 Sep 1;255:126969.
12. Yim SH, Barrett SR. Public health impacts
of combustion emissions in the United Kingdom.
Environmental science & technology. 2012 Apr
17;46(8):4291-6. Available from: https://pubs.
acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es2040416
13. Mbiaké R, Mfoumou E, Wakata AB, Ndjeuna
E, Djamen JK, Leduc R, Bobda C. Atmospheric
dispersion modeling of the emissions from
the logbaba thermal power plant, DoualaCameroon. Open Journal of Air Pollution. 2017
Nov 9;6(4):117-34. Available from: http://
www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.
aspx?PaperID=80227
14. Lotrecchiano N, Sofia D, Giuliano A, Barletta
D, Poletto M. Pollution dispersion from a fire
using a Gaussian plume model. International
Journal of Safety and Security Engineering.
2020;10(4):431-9.
15. Kinney PL. Climate change, air quality, and
human health. American journal of preventive
medicine. 2008 Nov 1;35(5):459-67.
16. Cuesta-Mosquera AP, Wahl M, Acosta-López
JG, García-Reynoso JA, Aristizábal-Zuluaga BH.
Mixing layer height and slope wind oscillation:
Factors that control ambient air SO2 in a tropical
mountain city. Sustainable cities and society.
2020 Jan 1;52:101852.
17. Salam A, Hossain T, Siddique MN, Alam
AS. Characteristics of atmospheric trace gases,
particulate matter, and heavy metal pollution in
Dhaka, Bangladesh. Air Quality, Atmosphere
& Health. 2008 Oct;1:101-9. Available from:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-
008-0017-8
18. Adiang CM, Monkam D, Njeugna E, Gokhale
S. Projecting impacts of two-wheelers on urban
air quality of Douala, Cameroon. Transportation
Research Part D: Transport and Environment.
2017 May 1;52:49-63.
19. CUD. CUD | Ma Ville [Internet]. [cited
2023 Jan 23]. Available from: https://douala.cm/
maville/region
20. Liousse C, Galy-Lacaux C, Ndiaye SA, Diop
B, Ouafo M, Assamoi EM, Gardrat E, Castera
P, Rosset R, Akpo A, Sigha L. Real time black
carbon measurements in West and Central Africa
urban sites. Atmospheric Environment. 2012 Jul
1;54:529-37.
21. Ngom B, Seye MR, Diallo M, Gueye B,
Drame MS. A hybrid measurement kit for realtime air quality monitoring across senegal cities.
In2018 1st International Conference on Smart
Cities and Communities (SCCIC) 2018 Jul 24
(pp. 1-6). IEEE.
22. Oceanus. Handheld Laser particle counter with optical sensor [Internet]. 2016 [cited
2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.
ocgasdetector.com/en/product/Handheld-Laserparticle-counter-with-optical-sensor.html
23. Carminati M, Sampietro M, Carminati G.
Analysis of instrumentation performance for
distributed real-time air quality monitoring.
In2011 IEEE Workshop on Environmental
Energy and Structural Monitoring Systems 2011
Sep 28 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
24. Douala Urban Council. Douala infrastructure
project : elaboration of a transport and mobility
plan in Douala city. Douala; 2008.
25. Etyemezian V, Kuhns H, Gillies J, Chow
J, Hendrickson K, McGown M, Pitchford M.
Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement
(III):: effect of speed, traffic volume, location,
and season on PM10 road dust emissions in the
Treasure Valley, ID. Atmospheric Environment.
2003 Oct 1;37(32):4583-93.
26. Guttikunda S. Four Simple Equations for
Vehicular Emissions Inventory. SIM-air Working
Paper Series. 2008 Jul;2.
27. Adiang CM, Monkam D, Lenouo A, Njeugna
E, Gokhale S. Evaluating impacts of twowheeler emissions on roadside air quality in the
vicinity of a busy traffic intersection in Douala,
Cameroon. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health.
2017 May;10:521-32.
28. Choudhary A, Gokhale S. Urban real-world
driving traffic emissions during interruption and
congestion. Transportation Research Part D:
Transport and Environment. 2016 Mar 1;43:59-
70.
29. Houngbégnon P, Ayivi-Vinz G, Lawin H,
Houessionon K, Tanimomon F, Kêdoté M,
Fayomi B, Dossou-Gbété S, Agueh V. Exposure
to PM2.5 related to road traffic: comparison
between crossroads and outside of crossroads at
Cotonou, Benin.
30. Gulia S, Nagendra SS, Khare M, Khanna
I. Urban air quality management-A review.
Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2015 Mar
1;6(2):286-304.
31. C Cimorelli AJ, Perry SG, Venkatram A,
Weil JC, Paine RJ, Wilson RB, Lee RF, Peters
WD, Brode RW. AERMOD: A dispersion
model for industrial source applications. Part I:
General model formulation and boundary layer
characterization. Journal of Applied Meteorology
and Climatology. 2005 May 1;44(5):682-93.
Available from: https://journals.ametsoc.org/
view/journals/apme/44/5/jam2227.1.xml
32. Carruthers DJ, Holroyd RJ, Hunt JC, Weng
WS, Robins AG, Apsley DD, Thompson DJ,
Smith FB. UK-ADMS: A new approach to
modelling dispersion in the earth's atmospheric
boundary layer. Journal of wind engineering and
industrial aerodynamics. 1994 May 1;52:139-53.
33. Venkatram A, Snyder MG, Heist DK, Perry SG,
Petersen WB, Isakov V. Re-formulation of plume
spread for near-surface dispersion. Atmospheric
environment. 2013 Oct 1;77:846-55.
34. Briant R, Korsakissok I, Seigneur C. An
improved line source model for air pollutant
dispersion from roadway traffic. Atmospheric
Environment. 2011 Aug 1;45(24):4099-107.
35. Ngam’nye Fotso L, Mbiaké R. Challenges
of assessing, air pollution data in a developing
region: case of cameroon, Douala. University of
Douala; 2018.
36. Haddar M, Djemel H, Kallel A, Baccar M.
Preliminary Assessment of Volatile Organic
Compounds (Vocs) and Hazardous Gases
Dispersion at Low Winds: Case of Mellitah Gas
Complex, Libya.
37. Cao B, Cui W, Chen C, Chen Y. Development
and uncertainty analysis of radionuclide
atmospheric dispersion modeling codes based
on Gaussian plume model. Energy. 2020 Mar
1;194:116925.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 1 (2023): Winter 2023 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v8i1.12030 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Particulate matters (PM); Pollution in central Africa; Calm wind; Re-suspension phenomenon | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Ngangmo Y, Adiang CM, Choudhary A, Monkam D. Road traffic-induced particle matter dispersion in a calm wind environment at the main roundabout in Douala, central Africa. JAPH. 2023;8(1):59-76.
