Investigating the mechanism of dust transferring from Iraq to the north of Alborz mountains in Iran
,
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, due to climate change, the number and intensity of dust sources are increasing, which leads to the occurrence of dust storms. Atmospheric patterns governing the region, topography and surface features are effective on transportation and dispersion of dust particles.
Materials and methods: In this study, a severe dust phenomenon on the 3th and 4th March, 2022, was investigated. The dust was emitted from the east of Iraq and passed through the Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges toward the Caspian sea. Meteorological data of the country, satellite data, ERA5 reanalysis data and HYSPLIT and output from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) were used.
Results: Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) anomaly compared to the long-term indicated that the intense transport of dust particles from eastern Iraq and reaching the Caspian Sea is not a common phenomenon. Synoptic analysis showed that the dust particles in the source area ascended to the mid-levels of the atmosphere and a large part of the particles passed through the Zagros Mountains. Then, the dust entered the Caspian Sea by passing through the Manjil valley. The vertical profile of WRF-Chem model output showed the ascent of dust particles up to 600 hPa near the dust source and its passage over mountainous areas.
Conclusion: The main factors in the formation of this unusual dust phenomenon are: severe two-year drought in the Middle East, reduction of vegetation and cold front of the dynamic low-pressure located in the east of the Black Sea, east of Turkey and northern Iraq moving eastward to the Caspian sea in the following hours.
1. Griffin DW, Kellogg CA. Dust storms and their
impact on ocean and human health: dust in Earth’s
atmosphere. EcoHealth. 2004 Sep;1(3):284-95.
2. Derbyshire E. Natural minerogenic dust and
human health. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human
Environment. 2007 Feb;36(1):73-7.
3. Khaniabadi YO, Daryanoosh SM, Amrane A,
Polosa R, Hopke PK, Goudarzi G, Mohammadi
MJ, Sicard P, Armin H. Impact of Middle Eastern
Dust storms on human health. Atmospheric
pollution research. 2017 Jul 1;8(4):606-13.
4. Baddock MC, Strong CL, Murray PS,
McTainsh GH. Aeolian dust as a transport hazard.
Atmospheric environment. 2013 Jun 1;71:7-14.
5. Middleton NJ. Desert dust hazards: A global
review. Aeolian research. 2017 Feb 1;24:53-63.
6. Kazem AA, Chaichan MT, Kazem HA.
Dust effect on photovoltaic utilization in Iraq.
Renewable and Sustainable energy reviews. 2014
Sep 1;37:734-49.
7. Sarver T, Al-Qaraghuli A, Kazmerski LL. A
comprehensive review of the impact of dust on
the use of solar energy: History, investigations,
results, literature, and mitigation approaches. Renewable and sustainable energy Reviews.
2013 Jun 1;22:698-733.
8. Al-Hemoud A, Al-Dousari A, Misak R, Al-
Sudairawi M, Naseeb A, Al-Dashti H, Al-Dousari
N. Economic impact and risk assessment of sand
and dust storms (SDS) on the oil and gas industry
in Kuwait. Sustainability. 2019 Jan 3;11(1):200.
9. Zhang XY, Gong SL, Zhao TL, Arimoto R,
Wang YQ, Zhou ZJ. Sources of Asian dust and
role of climate change versus desertification in
Asian dust emission. Geophysical Research
Letters. 2003 Dec;30(24).
10. Lababpour A. The response of dust emission
sources to climate change: Current and future
simulation for southwest of Iran. Science of The
Total Environment. 2020 Apr 20;714:136821.
11. Karami S, Kaskaoutis DG, Kashani SS,
Rahnama M, Rashki A. Evaluation of nine
operational models in forecasting different
types of synoptic dust events in the Middle East.
Geosciences. 2021 Nov 7;11(11):458.
12. Middleton N, Kashani SS, Attarchi S,
Rahnama M, Mosalman ST. Synoptic causes and
socio-economic consequences of a severe dust
storm in the Middle East. Atmosphere. 2021 Oct
30;12(11):1435.
13. Al-Jumaily KJ, Ibrahim MK. Analysis of
synoptic situation for dust storms in Iraq. Int. J.
Energ. Environ. 2013;4(5):851-8.
14. Wang W, Fang Z. Numerical simulation and
synoptic analysis of dust emission and transport
in East Asia. Global and planetary change. 2006
Jul 1;52(1-4):57-70.
15. Tan Z, Liu Y, Zhu Q, Shao T. Impact of massive
topography on the dust cycle surrounding the
Tibetan Plateau. Atmospheric Environment. 2021
Nov 1;264:118703.
16. Hoffmann C, Funk R, Wieland R, Li Y,
Sommer M. Effects of grazing and topography
on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele
grassland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of arid
environments. 2008 May 1;72(5):792-807.
17. Heisel M, Chen B, Kok JF, Chamecki M.
Gentle topography increases vertical transport of
coarse dust by orders of magnitude. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2021 Jul
27;126(14):e2021JD034564.
18. Moridnejad A, Karimi N, Ariya PA. Newly
desertified regions in Iraq and its surrounding
areas: Significant novel sources of global dust
particles. Journal of Arid Environments. 2015
May 1;116:1-0.
19. Engelbrecht JP, Jayanty RK. Assessing sources
of airborne mineral dust and other aerosols, in
Iraq. Aeolian Research. 2013 Jun 1;9:153-60.
20. Abdi Vishkaee F, Flamant C, Cuesta J,
Oolman L, Flamant P, Khalesifard HR. Dust
transport over Iraq and northwest Iran associated
with winter Shamal: A case study. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2012 Feb
16;117(D3).
21. Yu Y, Notaro M, Kalashnikova OV, Garay
MJ. Climatology of summer Shamal wind in the
Middle East. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres. 2016 Jan 16;121(1):289-305.
22. Francis DB, Flamant C, Chaboureau JP,
Banks J, Cuesta J, Brindley H, Oolman L. Dust
emission and transport over Iraq associated with
the summer Shamal winds. Aeolian Research.
2017 Feb 1;24:15-31.
23. Hamzeh NH, Karami S, Kaskaoutis DG, Tegen
I, Moradi M, Opp C. Atmospheric dynamics and
numerical simulations of six frontal dust storms
in the Middle East region. Atmosphere. 2021 Jan
18;12(1):125.
24. Hamidi M. Atmospheric investigation of
frontal dust storms in Southwest Asia. Asia-
Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 2019
May;55(2):177-93.
25. Giannakopoulou EM, Toumi R. The
Persian Gulf summertime low‐level jet over
sloping terrain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Meteorological Society. 2012 Jan;138(662):145-
57.
26. Najafi MS, Sarraf BS, Zarrin A, Rasouli AA. Climatology of atmospheric circulation patterns
of Arabian dust in western Iran. Environmental
monitoring and assessment. 2017 Sep;189(9):1-
3.
27. Malakooti H, Babahoseini S. Formation and
Evolution of a heavy dust storm over Middle East:
A Numerical Case Study. Journal of Geography
and environmental hazards. 2015 Jan 21;3(4):53-
65.
28. Abdi Vishkaee F, Flamant C, Cuesta J, Flamant
P, Khalesifard HR. Multiplatform observations
of dust vertical distribution during transport over
northwest Iran in the summertime. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2011 Mar
16;116(D5).
29. Sahraei J, Mobarak Hassan E, Mohammadi
N. The Effect of the Zagros Mountain Range on
Transporting Iraqi Dust to Western Iran using
the WRF/Chem Model (Case Study). Journal of
Geography and Environmental Hazards. 2020
Jan 21;8(4):119-34.
30. Marticorena B, Bergametti G. Modeling
the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a
soil‐derived dust emission scheme. Journal of
geophysical research: atmospheres. 1995 Aug
20;100(D8):16415-30.
31. Mlawer EJ, Taubman SJ, Brown PD,
Iacono MJ, Clough SA. Radiative transfer for
inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated
correlated‐k model for the longwave. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 1997. Jul
27; 102(D14):16663-82.
32. Chou MD, Suarez MJ. A solar radiation
parameterization for atmospheric studies. 1999.
Jun 1.
33. Chen F, Dudhia J. Coupling an advanced land
surface–hydrology model with the Penn State–
NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model
implementation and sensitivity. Monthly weather
review. 2001 Apr 1; 129(4):569-85.
34. Noh Y, Cheon WG, Hong SY, Raasch S.
Improvement of the K-profile model for the
planetary boundary layer based on large eddy
simulation data. Boundary-layer meteorology.
2003 May; 107(2):401-27.
35. Hong SY, Noh Y, Dudhia J. A new vertical
diffusion package with an explicit treatment of
entrainment processes. Monthly weather review.
2006 Sep 1;134(9):2318-41.
36. Grell GA. Prognostic evaluation of
assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations.
Monthly weather review. 1993 Mar;121(3):764-
87.
37. Fuell KK, Guyer BJ, Kann D, Molthan
AL, Elmer N. Next Generation Satellite RGB
Dust Imagery Leads to Operational Changes
at NWS Albuquerque. Journal of Operational
Meteorology. 2016 Mar 15;4(6).
38. Fuell, K. and Guyer, B., 2014, February.
Integration of RGB" Dust" Imagery to Operations
at the Albuqueque Forecast Office. In American
Meteorological Socie! y (AMS) Annual Meeting
(No. M14-3302).
39. Beegum SN, Gherboudj I, Chaouch N,
Temimi M, Ghedira H. Simulation and analysis
of synoptic scale dust storms over the Arabian
Peninsula. Atmospheric Research. 2018 Jan
1;199:62-81.
40. Hamzeh NH (a), Karami S, Opp C, Fattahi E,
Jean-François V. Spatial and temporal variability
in dust storms in the Middle East, 2002–2018:
three case studies in July 2009. Arabian Journal
of Geosciences. 2021 Apr;14(7):1-4.
41. Mostafaeipour A, Abarghooei H. Harnessing
wind energy at Manjil area located in north
of Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews. 2008 Aug 1;12(6):1758-66.
42. Hamzeh NH, Karami S, Kaskaoutis DG, Tegen
I, Moradi M, Opp C. Atmospheric dynamics and
numerical simulations of six frontal dust storms
in the Middle East region. Atmosphere. 2021 Jan
18;12(1):125.
impact on ocean and human health: dust in Earth’s
atmosphere. EcoHealth. 2004 Sep;1(3):284-95.
2. Derbyshire E. Natural minerogenic dust and
human health. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human
Environment. 2007 Feb;36(1):73-7.
3. Khaniabadi YO, Daryanoosh SM, Amrane A,
Polosa R, Hopke PK, Goudarzi G, Mohammadi
MJ, Sicard P, Armin H. Impact of Middle Eastern
Dust storms on human health. Atmospheric
pollution research. 2017 Jul 1;8(4):606-13.
4. Baddock MC, Strong CL, Murray PS,
McTainsh GH. Aeolian dust as a transport hazard.
Atmospheric environment. 2013 Jun 1;71:7-14.
5. Middleton NJ. Desert dust hazards: A global
review. Aeolian research. 2017 Feb 1;24:53-63.
6. Kazem AA, Chaichan MT, Kazem HA.
Dust effect on photovoltaic utilization in Iraq.
Renewable and Sustainable energy reviews. 2014
Sep 1;37:734-49.
7. Sarver T, Al-Qaraghuli A, Kazmerski LL. A
comprehensive review of the impact of dust on
the use of solar energy: History, investigations,
results, literature, and mitigation approaches. Renewable and sustainable energy Reviews.
2013 Jun 1;22:698-733.
8. Al-Hemoud A, Al-Dousari A, Misak R, Al-
Sudairawi M, Naseeb A, Al-Dashti H, Al-Dousari
N. Economic impact and risk assessment of sand
and dust storms (SDS) on the oil and gas industry
in Kuwait. Sustainability. 2019 Jan 3;11(1):200.
9. Zhang XY, Gong SL, Zhao TL, Arimoto R,
Wang YQ, Zhou ZJ. Sources of Asian dust and
role of climate change versus desertification in
Asian dust emission. Geophysical Research
Letters. 2003 Dec;30(24).
10. Lababpour A. The response of dust emission
sources to climate change: Current and future
simulation for southwest of Iran. Science of The
Total Environment. 2020 Apr 20;714:136821.
11. Karami S, Kaskaoutis DG, Kashani SS,
Rahnama M, Rashki A. Evaluation of nine
operational models in forecasting different
types of synoptic dust events in the Middle East.
Geosciences. 2021 Nov 7;11(11):458.
12. Middleton N, Kashani SS, Attarchi S,
Rahnama M, Mosalman ST. Synoptic causes and
socio-economic consequences of a severe dust
storm in the Middle East. Atmosphere. 2021 Oct
30;12(11):1435.
13. Al-Jumaily KJ, Ibrahim MK. Analysis of
synoptic situation for dust storms in Iraq. Int. J.
Energ. Environ. 2013;4(5):851-8.
14. Wang W, Fang Z. Numerical simulation and
synoptic analysis of dust emission and transport
in East Asia. Global and planetary change. 2006
Jul 1;52(1-4):57-70.
15. Tan Z, Liu Y, Zhu Q, Shao T. Impact of massive
topography on the dust cycle surrounding the
Tibetan Plateau. Atmospheric Environment. 2021
Nov 1;264:118703.
16. Hoffmann C, Funk R, Wieland R, Li Y,
Sommer M. Effects of grazing and topography
on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele
grassland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of arid
environments. 2008 May 1;72(5):792-807.
17. Heisel M, Chen B, Kok JF, Chamecki M.
Gentle topography increases vertical transport of
coarse dust by orders of magnitude. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2021 Jul
27;126(14):e2021JD034564.
18. Moridnejad A, Karimi N, Ariya PA. Newly
desertified regions in Iraq and its surrounding
areas: Significant novel sources of global dust
particles. Journal of Arid Environments. 2015
May 1;116:1-0.
19. Engelbrecht JP, Jayanty RK. Assessing sources
of airborne mineral dust and other aerosols, in
Iraq. Aeolian Research. 2013 Jun 1;9:153-60.
20. Abdi Vishkaee F, Flamant C, Cuesta J,
Oolman L, Flamant P, Khalesifard HR. Dust
transport over Iraq and northwest Iran associated
with winter Shamal: A case study. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2012 Feb
16;117(D3).
21. Yu Y, Notaro M, Kalashnikova OV, Garay
MJ. Climatology of summer Shamal wind in the
Middle East. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres. 2016 Jan 16;121(1):289-305.
22. Francis DB, Flamant C, Chaboureau JP,
Banks J, Cuesta J, Brindley H, Oolman L. Dust
emission and transport over Iraq associated with
the summer Shamal winds. Aeolian Research.
2017 Feb 1;24:15-31.
23. Hamzeh NH, Karami S, Kaskaoutis DG, Tegen
I, Moradi M, Opp C. Atmospheric dynamics and
numerical simulations of six frontal dust storms
in the Middle East region. Atmosphere. 2021 Jan
18;12(1):125.
24. Hamidi M. Atmospheric investigation of
frontal dust storms in Southwest Asia. Asia-
Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 2019
May;55(2):177-93.
25. Giannakopoulou EM, Toumi R. The
Persian Gulf summertime low‐level jet over
sloping terrain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Meteorological Society. 2012 Jan;138(662):145-
57.
26. Najafi MS, Sarraf BS, Zarrin A, Rasouli AA. Climatology of atmospheric circulation patterns
of Arabian dust in western Iran. Environmental
monitoring and assessment. 2017 Sep;189(9):1-
3.
27. Malakooti H, Babahoseini S. Formation and
Evolution of a heavy dust storm over Middle East:
A Numerical Case Study. Journal of Geography
and environmental hazards. 2015 Jan 21;3(4):53-
65.
28. Abdi Vishkaee F, Flamant C, Cuesta J, Flamant
P, Khalesifard HR. Multiplatform observations
of dust vertical distribution during transport over
northwest Iran in the summertime. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2011 Mar
16;116(D5).
29. Sahraei J, Mobarak Hassan E, Mohammadi
N. The Effect of the Zagros Mountain Range on
Transporting Iraqi Dust to Western Iran using
the WRF/Chem Model (Case Study). Journal of
Geography and Environmental Hazards. 2020
Jan 21;8(4):119-34.
30. Marticorena B, Bergametti G. Modeling
the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a
soil‐derived dust emission scheme. Journal of
geophysical research: atmospheres. 1995 Aug
20;100(D8):16415-30.
31. Mlawer EJ, Taubman SJ, Brown PD,
Iacono MJ, Clough SA. Radiative transfer for
inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated
correlated‐k model for the longwave. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 1997. Jul
27; 102(D14):16663-82.
32. Chou MD, Suarez MJ. A solar radiation
parameterization for atmospheric studies. 1999.
Jun 1.
33. Chen F, Dudhia J. Coupling an advanced land
surface–hydrology model with the Penn State–
NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model
implementation and sensitivity. Monthly weather
review. 2001 Apr 1; 129(4):569-85.
34. Noh Y, Cheon WG, Hong SY, Raasch S.
Improvement of the K-profile model for the
planetary boundary layer based on large eddy
simulation data. Boundary-layer meteorology.
2003 May; 107(2):401-27.
35. Hong SY, Noh Y, Dudhia J. A new vertical
diffusion package with an explicit treatment of
entrainment processes. Monthly weather review.
2006 Sep 1;134(9):2318-41.
36. Grell GA. Prognostic evaluation of
assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations.
Monthly weather review. 1993 Mar;121(3):764-
87.
37. Fuell KK, Guyer BJ, Kann D, Molthan
AL, Elmer N. Next Generation Satellite RGB
Dust Imagery Leads to Operational Changes
at NWS Albuquerque. Journal of Operational
Meteorology. 2016 Mar 15;4(6).
38. Fuell, K. and Guyer, B., 2014, February.
Integration of RGB" Dust" Imagery to Operations
at the Albuqueque Forecast Office. In American
Meteorological Socie! y (AMS) Annual Meeting
(No. M14-3302).
39. Beegum SN, Gherboudj I, Chaouch N,
Temimi M, Ghedira H. Simulation and analysis
of synoptic scale dust storms over the Arabian
Peninsula. Atmospheric Research. 2018 Jan
1;199:62-81.
40. Hamzeh NH (a), Karami S, Opp C, Fattahi E,
Jean-François V. Spatial and temporal variability
in dust storms in the Middle East, 2002–2018:
three case studies in July 2009. Arabian Journal
of Geosciences. 2021 Apr;14(7):1-4.
41. Mostafaeipour A, Abarghooei H. Harnessing
wind energy at Manjil area located in north
of Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews. 2008 Aug 1;12(6):1758-66.
42. Hamzeh NH, Karami S, Kaskaoutis DG, Tegen
I, Moradi M, Opp C. Atmospheric dynamics and
numerical simulations of six frontal dust storms
in the Middle East region. Atmosphere. 2021 Jan
18;12(1):125.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 4 (2022): Autumn 2022 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i4.11385 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dust storm; Topography; Cold front; Ascending motions; Weather research and forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Karami S, Ghassabi Z, Rezazadeh P. Investigating the mechanism of dust transferring from Iraq to the north of Alborz mountains in Iran. JAPH. 2022;7(4):375-398.
