Source identification, spatial distribution and ozone formation potential of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) emissions in Zarand, an industrial city of southeastern Ira
-
Mohammad Malakootian
,
Sobhan Maleki
,
Saeed Rajabi
,
Fatemeh Hasanzadeh
,
Alireza Nasiri
,
Amir Mohammdi
,
Maryam Faraji
Abstract
Introduction: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) as the ozone precursors have been classified as the hazardous air pollutants because of their negative effects on humans. This article presents the results of the first assessment of source identification, spatial distribution and BTEX's OzoneForming Potential (OFP) in Zarand.
Materials and methods: The current study was conducted at 30 geographically separated locations, in Zarand, Kerman, southeastern Iran, during the summer and winter of 2020. BTEX samples were collected using passive samplers and then analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Spatial variations were surveyed using the Kriging method in GIS.
Results: Total BTEX levels (79.26±26.87 µg/m3) during the summer were greater than their levels in the winter (37.38±29.18 µg/m3). The ranking of BTEX level in all samples followed as: toluene>m,pxylene>oxylene>ethylbenzene>benzene. The overall OFP of 374.79±135.08 µg/m3
in the summer and 172.61±148.81 µg/m3 in the winter were more than 100 µg/m3 as recommended guideline defined by World Health Organization (WHO), with toluene having the highest potential.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, BTEX relative abundances in all samples were toluene>m,p-xylene>oxylene>ethylbenzene>benzene. Despite of concerns among inhabitants and
workers, benzene concentration was lower than other studied species. Control measures such as management of fuel use in motor vehicles and industries and development of green space must be adopted to attenuate the level of toluene in the atmosphere in the studied area.
1. Ghanbari Ghozikali M, Ansarin K, Naddafi
K, Nabizadeh R, Yaghmaeian K, Jaafari J, et al.
Status of TNF-α and IL-6 as pro-inflammatory
cytokines in exhaled breath condensate of late
adolescents with asthma and healthy in the dust
storm and non-dust storm conditions. Science of
The Total Environment. 2022;838:155536.
2. Tohid L, Sabeti Z, Sarbakhsh P, Benis
KZ, Shakerkhatibi M, Rasoulzadeh Y, et al.
Spatiotemporal variation, ozone formation
potential and health risk assessment of ambient air
VOCs in an industrialized city in Iran. Atmospheric
Pollution Research. 2019;10(2):556-63.
3. Faraji M, Mohammadi A, Najmi M,
Fallahnezhad M, Sabetkish N, Kazemnejad
A, et al. Exposure to ambient air pollution and
prevalence of asthma in adults. Air Quality,
Atmosphere & Health. 2021:1-9.
4. Mohammadi A, Ghassoun Y, Löwner M-O,
Behmanesh M, Faraji M, Nemati S, et al. Spatial
analysis and risk assessment of urban BTEX
compounds in Urmia, Iran. Chemosphere.
2020;246:125769.
5. Abd Hamid HH, Latif MT, Uning R, Nadzir
MSM, Khan MF, Ta GC, et al. Observations of
BTEX in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur by
passive sampling. Environmental monitoring and
assessment. 2020;192(6):1-14.
6. Mehta D, Hazarika N, Srivastava A. Diurnal
variation of BTEX at road traffic intersection
points in Delhi, India: source, ozone formation
potential, and health risk assessment.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
2020;27(10):11093-104.
7. Yang H-H, Gupta SK, Dhital NB. Emission
factor, relative ozone formation potential
and relative carcinogenic risk assessment of
VOCs emitted from manufacturing industries.
Sustainable Environment Research. 2020;30(1):1-
15.
8. Król S, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Measurement
of benzene concentration in urban air using
passive sampling. Analytical and Bioanalytical
Chemistry. 2012;403(4):1067-82.
9. Walgraeve C, Demeestere K, Dewulf J, Van
Huffel K, Van Langenhove H. Uptake rate
behavior of tube-type passive samplers for
volatile organic compounds under controlled
atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric
Environment. 2011;45(32):5872-9.
10. Civan MY, Yurdakul S, Tuncel G.
Improvement of uptake rate equations depending
on meteorological conditions for 25 volatile
organic compounds. Talanta. 2012;99:720-9.
11. Seethapathy S, Gorecki T, Li X. Passive
sampling in environmental analysis. Journal of
chromatography A. 2008;1184(1-2):234-53.
12. Kumar A, Víden I. Volatile organic compounds:
sampling methods and their worldwide profile
in ambient air. Environmental monitoring and
assessment. 2007;131(1):301-21.
13. https://www.irimo.ir/. Access Date: 2020.7.3
14. Xuan L, Ma Y, Xing Y, Meng Q, Song J, Chen
T, et al. Source, temporal variation and health
risk of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from
urban traffic in harbin, China. Environmental
Pollution. 2021;270:116074.
15. Carter WP. Development of ozone reactivity
scales for volatile organic compounds. Air &
waste. 1994;44(7):881-99.
16. Zou Y, Charlesworth E, Wang N, Flores R,
Liu Q, Li F, et al. Characterization and ozone
formation potential (OFP) of non-methane
hydrocarbons under the condition of chemical loss
in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment.
2021;262:118630.
17. Kamboj K, Sisodiya S, Mathur AK, Zare A,
Verma P. Assessment and Spatial Distribution
Mapping of Criteria Pollutants. Water, Air, & Soil
Pollution. 2022;233(3):1-15.
18. Sharififard M, Alizadeh I, Jahanifard E, SakiMalehi A. Prevalence and spatial distribution
of bed bug, Cimex lectularius, infestation in
southwest of iran: GIS approach. Journal of
arthropod-borne diseases. 2020;14(1):29.
19. Hajizadeh Y, Mokhtari M, Faraji M,
Mohammadi A, Nemati S, Ghanbari R, et al.
Trends of BTEX in the central urban area of Iran:
A preliminary study of photochemical ozone
pollution and health risk assessment. Atmospheric
Pollution Research. 2018;9(2):220-9.
20. Mehrjardi RT, Jahromi MZ, Heidari A.
Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality with
Geostatistics (Case Study: Yazd-Ardakan Plain).
World Applied Sciences Journal. 2008;4(1):9-17.
21. Alahabadi A, Fazeli I, Rakhshani MH, Najafi
ML, Alidadi H, Miri M. Spatial distribution and
health risk of exposure to BTEX in urban area: a
comparison study of different land-use types and
traffic volumes. Environmental Geochemistry
and Health. 2021;43(8):2871-85.
22. Cerón Bretón JG, Cerón Bretón RM, Martínez
Morales S, Kahl JD, Guarnaccia C, Lara Severino
RdC, et al. Health risk assessment of the levels of
BTEX in ambient air of one urban site located
in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico during two climatic
seasons. Atmosphere. 2020;11(2):165.
23. Ghaffari HR, Kamari Z, Hassanvand MS,
Fazlzadeh M, Heidari M. Level of air BTEX
in urban, rural and industrial regions of Bandar
Abbas, Iran; indoor-outdoor relationships
and probabilistic health risk assessment.
Environmental Research. 2021;200:111745.
24. Kerchich Y, Kerbachi R. Measurement of
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and
xylene) levels at urban and semirural areas of
Algiers City using passive air samplers. Journal
of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2012;62(12):1370-9.
25. Giang NTH, Oanh NTK. Roadside levels
and traffic emission rates of PM2.5 and BTEX
in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmospheric
Environment. 2014;94:806-16.
26. Ho KF, Ho SSH, Lee SC, Louie PKK, Cao J,
Deng W. Volatile organic compounds in roadside
environment of Hong Kong. Aerosol and Air
Quality Research. 2013;13(4):1331-47.
27. Khan J, Kakosimos K, Raaschou-Nielsen
O, Brandt J, Jensen SS, Ellermann T, et al.
Development and performance evaluation of
new AirGIS–a GIS based air pollution and
human exposure modelling system. Atmospheric
environment. 2019;198:102-21.
28. Alghamdi M, Khoder M, Abdelmaksoud
A, Harrison R, Hussein T, Lihavainen H, et al.
Seasonal and diurnal variations of BTEX and
their potential for ozone formation in the urban
background atmosphere of the coastal city
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Air quality, atmosphere &
health. 2014;7(4):467-80.
29. Rashnuodi P, Dehaghi BF, Rangkooy HA,
Amiri A, Mohi Poor S. Evaluation of airborne
exposure to volatile organic compounds of
benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene and
its relationship to biological contact index in the
workers of a petrochemical plant in the west of
Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
2021;193(2):1-10.
30. Baberi Z, Azhdarpoor A, Hoseini M,
Baghapour M, Derakhshan Z, Giannakis S.
Monitoring Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and
Xylene (BTEX) Levels in Mixed-Use ResidentialCommercial Buildings in Shiraz, Iran: Assessing
the Carcinogenicity and Non-Carcinogenicity
Risk of Their Inhabitants. International Journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health.
2022;19(2):723.
31. Mojarrad H, Fouladi Fard R, Rezaali M,
Heidari H, Izanloo H, Mohammadbeigi A, et al.
Spatial trends, health risk assessment and ozone
formation potential linked to BTEX. Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment: An International
Journal. 2020;26(10):2836-57.
32. Na K, Moon K-C, Kim YP. Source contribution
to aromatic VOC concentration and ozone
formation potential in the atmosphere of Seoul.
Atmospheric environment. 2005;39(30):5517-
24.
33. Hoque RR, Khillare P, Agarwal T, Shridhar V,
Balachandran S. Spatial and temporal variation
of BTEX in the urban atmosphere of Delhi, India.
Science of the total environment. 2008;392(1):30-
40.
34. Shakerkhatibi M, Dianat I, Asghari
Jafarabadi M, Azak R, Kousha A. Air pollution
and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory
diseases in Iran: artificial neural network versus
conditional logistic regression. International
journal of environmental science and technology.
2015;12(11):3433-42.
35. WHO. WHO global air quality guidelines:
particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon
monoxide: World Health Organization; 2021.
36. Tunsaringkarn T, Prueksasit T, Morknoy
D, Semathong S, Rungsiyothin A, Zapaung K.
Ambient air volatile organic compounds and
potential ozone formation in the urban area,
Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Environmental
and Occupational Health. 2014;3(3):130-5.
37. Amini H, Hosseini V, Schindler C,
Hassankhany H, Yunesian M, Henderson SB,
et al. Spatiotemporal description of BTEX
volatile organic compounds in a Middle Eastern
megacity: Tehran study of exposure prediction for
environmental health research (Tehran SEPEHR).
Environmental pollution. 2017;226:219-29.
38. Dehghani M, Fazlzadeh M, Sorooshian A,
Tabatabaee HR, Miri M, Baghani AN, et al.
Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a
hot spot for urban pollution. Ecotoxicology and
environmental safety. 2018;155:133-43.
39. Hazrati S, Rostami R, Farjaminezhad M,
Fazlzadeh M. Preliminary assessment of BTEX concentrations in indoor air of residential
buildings and atmospheric ambient air in Ardabil,
Iran. Atmospheric environment. 2016;132:91-7.
40. WHO. Air quality guidelines: global update
2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
and sulfur dioxide: World Health Organization;
2006.
41. Jiang Z, Grosselin B, Daële V, Mellouki A,
Mu Y. Seasonal and diurnal variations of BTEX
compounds in the semi-urban environment
of Orleans, France. Science of the Total
Environment. 2017;574:1659-64.
42. Ryerson T, Trainer M, Angevine W, Brock
C, Dissly R, Fehsenfeld F, et al. Effect of
petrochemical industrial emissions of reactive
alkenes and NOx
on tropospheric ozone formation
in Houston, Texas. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Atmospheres. 2003;108(D8).
43. Cabrera-Perez D, Taraborrelli D, Sander R,
Pozzer A. Global atmospheric budget of simple
monocyclic aromatic compounds. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics. 2016;16(11):6931-47.
44. Do DH, Walgraeve C, Amare AN, Barai
KR, Parao AE, Demeestere K, et al. Airborne
volatile organic compounds in urban and
industrial locations in four developing countries.
Atmospheric Environment. 2015;119:330-8.
45. Tan J-H, Guo S-J, Ma Y-L, Yang F-M, He
K-B, Yu Y-C, et al. Non-methane hydrocarbons
and their ozone formation potentials in Foshan,
China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research.
2012;12(3):387-98.
46. Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Uning R, Nadzir
MSM, Khan MF, Ta GC, et al. Observations of
BTEX in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur by
passive sampling. Environmental monitoring and
assessment. 2020;192(6):1-14.
47. Olumayede EG. Atmospheric volatile organic
compounds and ozone creation potential in an
urban center of southern Nigeria. International
Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 2014;2014.
48. Galvão ES, Santos JM, Reis Junior NC, Stuetz
RM. Volatile organic compounds speciation and
their influence on ozone formation potential in an
industrialized urban area in Brazil. Environmental
technology. 2016;37(17):2133-48.
49. Garg A, Gupta NC. A comprehensive study
on spatio-temporal distribution, health risk
assessment and ozone formation potential of
BTEX emissions in ambient air of Delhi, India.
Science of the Total Environment. 2019;659:1090-9.
K, Nabizadeh R, Yaghmaeian K, Jaafari J, et al.
Status of TNF-α and IL-6 as pro-inflammatory
cytokines in exhaled breath condensate of late
adolescents with asthma and healthy in the dust
storm and non-dust storm conditions. Science of
The Total Environment. 2022;838:155536.
2. Tohid L, Sabeti Z, Sarbakhsh P, Benis
KZ, Shakerkhatibi M, Rasoulzadeh Y, et al.
Spatiotemporal variation, ozone formation
potential and health risk assessment of ambient air
VOCs in an industrialized city in Iran. Atmospheric
Pollution Research. 2019;10(2):556-63.
3. Faraji M, Mohammadi A, Najmi M,
Fallahnezhad M, Sabetkish N, Kazemnejad
A, et al. Exposure to ambient air pollution and
prevalence of asthma in adults. Air Quality,
Atmosphere & Health. 2021:1-9.
4. Mohammadi A, Ghassoun Y, Löwner M-O,
Behmanesh M, Faraji M, Nemati S, et al. Spatial
analysis and risk assessment of urban BTEX
compounds in Urmia, Iran. Chemosphere.
2020;246:125769.
5. Abd Hamid HH, Latif MT, Uning R, Nadzir
MSM, Khan MF, Ta GC, et al. Observations of
BTEX in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur by
passive sampling. Environmental monitoring and
assessment. 2020;192(6):1-14.
6. Mehta D, Hazarika N, Srivastava A. Diurnal
variation of BTEX at road traffic intersection
points in Delhi, India: source, ozone formation
potential, and health risk assessment.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
2020;27(10):11093-104.
7. Yang H-H, Gupta SK, Dhital NB. Emission
factor, relative ozone formation potential
and relative carcinogenic risk assessment of
VOCs emitted from manufacturing industries.
Sustainable Environment Research. 2020;30(1):1-
15.
8. Król S, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Measurement
of benzene concentration in urban air using
passive sampling. Analytical and Bioanalytical
Chemistry. 2012;403(4):1067-82.
9. Walgraeve C, Demeestere K, Dewulf J, Van
Huffel K, Van Langenhove H. Uptake rate
behavior of tube-type passive samplers for
volatile organic compounds under controlled
atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric
Environment. 2011;45(32):5872-9.
10. Civan MY, Yurdakul S, Tuncel G.
Improvement of uptake rate equations depending
on meteorological conditions for 25 volatile
organic compounds. Talanta. 2012;99:720-9.
11. Seethapathy S, Gorecki T, Li X. Passive
sampling in environmental analysis. Journal of
chromatography A. 2008;1184(1-2):234-53.
12. Kumar A, Víden I. Volatile organic compounds:
sampling methods and their worldwide profile
in ambient air. Environmental monitoring and
assessment. 2007;131(1):301-21.
13. https://www.irimo.ir/. Access Date: 2020.7.3
14. Xuan L, Ma Y, Xing Y, Meng Q, Song J, Chen
T, et al. Source, temporal variation and health
risk of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from
urban traffic in harbin, China. Environmental
Pollution. 2021;270:116074.
15. Carter WP. Development of ozone reactivity
scales for volatile organic compounds. Air &
waste. 1994;44(7):881-99.
16. Zou Y, Charlesworth E, Wang N, Flores R,
Liu Q, Li F, et al. Characterization and ozone
formation potential (OFP) of non-methane
hydrocarbons under the condition of chemical loss
in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment.
2021;262:118630.
17. Kamboj K, Sisodiya S, Mathur AK, Zare A,
Verma P. Assessment and Spatial Distribution
Mapping of Criteria Pollutants. Water, Air, & Soil
Pollution. 2022;233(3):1-15.
18. Sharififard M, Alizadeh I, Jahanifard E, SakiMalehi A. Prevalence and spatial distribution
of bed bug, Cimex lectularius, infestation in
southwest of iran: GIS approach. Journal of
arthropod-borne diseases. 2020;14(1):29.
19. Hajizadeh Y, Mokhtari M, Faraji M,
Mohammadi A, Nemati S, Ghanbari R, et al.
Trends of BTEX in the central urban area of Iran:
A preliminary study of photochemical ozone
pollution and health risk assessment. Atmospheric
Pollution Research. 2018;9(2):220-9.
20. Mehrjardi RT, Jahromi MZ, Heidari A.
Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality with
Geostatistics (Case Study: Yazd-Ardakan Plain).
World Applied Sciences Journal. 2008;4(1):9-17.
21. Alahabadi A, Fazeli I, Rakhshani MH, Najafi
ML, Alidadi H, Miri M. Spatial distribution and
health risk of exposure to BTEX in urban area: a
comparison study of different land-use types and
traffic volumes. Environmental Geochemistry
and Health. 2021;43(8):2871-85.
22. Cerón Bretón JG, Cerón Bretón RM, Martínez
Morales S, Kahl JD, Guarnaccia C, Lara Severino
RdC, et al. Health risk assessment of the levels of
BTEX in ambient air of one urban site located
in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico during two climatic
seasons. Atmosphere. 2020;11(2):165.
23. Ghaffari HR, Kamari Z, Hassanvand MS,
Fazlzadeh M, Heidari M. Level of air BTEX
in urban, rural and industrial regions of Bandar
Abbas, Iran; indoor-outdoor relationships
and probabilistic health risk assessment.
Environmental Research. 2021;200:111745.
24. Kerchich Y, Kerbachi R. Measurement of
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and
xylene) levels at urban and semirural areas of
Algiers City using passive air samplers. Journal
of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2012;62(12):1370-9.
25. Giang NTH, Oanh NTK. Roadside levels
and traffic emission rates of PM2.5 and BTEX
in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmospheric
Environment. 2014;94:806-16.
26. Ho KF, Ho SSH, Lee SC, Louie PKK, Cao J,
Deng W. Volatile organic compounds in roadside
environment of Hong Kong. Aerosol and Air
Quality Research. 2013;13(4):1331-47.
27. Khan J, Kakosimos K, Raaschou-Nielsen
O, Brandt J, Jensen SS, Ellermann T, et al.
Development and performance evaluation of
new AirGIS–a GIS based air pollution and
human exposure modelling system. Atmospheric
environment. 2019;198:102-21.
28. Alghamdi M, Khoder M, Abdelmaksoud
A, Harrison R, Hussein T, Lihavainen H, et al.
Seasonal and diurnal variations of BTEX and
their potential for ozone formation in the urban
background atmosphere of the coastal city
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Air quality, atmosphere &
health. 2014;7(4):467-80.
29. Rashnuodi P, Dehaghi BF, Rangkooy HA,
Amiri A, Mohi Poor S. Evaluation of airborne
exposure to volatile organic compounds of
benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene and
its relationship to biological contact index in the
workers of a petrochemical plant in the west of
Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
2021;193(2):1-10.
30. Baberi Z, Azhdarpoor A, Hoseini M,
Baghapour M, Derakhshan Z, Giannakis S.
Monitoring Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and
Xylene (BTEX) Levels in Mixed-Use ResidentialCommercial Buildings in Shiraz, Iran: Assessing
the Carcinogenicity and Non-Carcinogenicity
Risk of Their Inhabitants. International Journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health.
2022;19(2):723.
31. Mojarrad H, Fouladi Fard R, Rezaali M,
Heidari H, Izanloo H, Mohammadbeigi A, et al.
Spatial trends, health risk assessment and ozone
formation potential linked to BTEX. Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment: An International
Journal. 2020;26(10):2836-57.
32. Na K, Moon K-C, Kim YP. Source contribution
to aromatic VOC concentration and ozone
formation potential in the atmosphere of Seoul.
Atmospheric environment. 2005;39(30):5517-
24.
33. Hoque RR, Khillare P, Agarwal T, Shridhar V,
Balachandran S. Spatial and temporal variation
of BTEX in the urban atmosphere of Delhi, India.
Science of the total environment. 2008;392(1):30-
40.
34. Shakerkhatibi M, Dianat I, Asghari
Jafarabadi M, Azak R, Kousha A. Air pollution
and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory
diseases in Iran: artificial neural network versus
conditional logistic regression. International
journal of environmental science and technology.
2015;12(11):3433-42.
35. WHO. WHO global air quality guidelines:
particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon
monoxide: World Health Organization; 2021.
36. Tunsaringkarn T, Prueksasit T, Morknoy
D, Semathong S, Rungsiyothin A, Zapaung K.
Ambient air volatile organic compounds and
potential ozone formation in the urban area,
Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Environmental
and Occupational Health. 2014;3(3):130-5.
37. Amini H, Hosseini V, Schindler C,
Hassankhany H, Yunesian M, Henderson SB,
et al. Spatiotemporal description of BTEX
volatile organic compounds in a Middle Eastern
megacity: Tehran study of exposure prediction for
environmental health research (Tehran SEPEHR).
Environmental pollution. 2017;226:219-29.
38. Dehghani M, Fazlzadeh M, Sorooshian A,
Tabatabaee HR, Miri M, Baghani AN, et al.
Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a
hot spot for urban pollution. Ecotoxicology and
environmental safety. 2018;155:133-43.
39. Hazrati S, Rostami R, Farjaminezhad M,
Fazlzadeh M. Preliminary assessment of BTEX concentrations in indoor air of residential
buildings and atmospheric ambient air in Ardabil,
Iran. Atmospheric environment. 2016;132:91-7.
40. WHO. Air quality guidelines: global update
2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
and sulfur dioxide: World Health Organization;
2006.
41. Jiang Z, Grosselin B, Daële V, Mellouki A,
Mu Y. Seasonal and diurnal variations of BTEX
compounds in the semi-urban environment
of Orleans, France. Science of the Total
Environment. 2017;574:1659-64.
42. Ryerson T, Trainer M, Angevine W, Brock
C, Dissly R, Fehsenfeld F, et al. Effect of
petrochemical industrial emissions of reactive
alkenes and NOx
on tropospheric ozone formation
in Houston, Texas. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Atmospheres. 2003;108(D8).
43. Cabrera-Perez D, Taraborrelli D, Sander R,
Pozzer A. Global atmospheric budget of simple
monocyclic aromatic compounds. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics. 2016;16(11):6931-47.
44. Do DH, Walgraeve C, Amare AN, Barai
KR, Parao AE, Demeestere K, et al. Airborne
volatile organic compounds in urban and
industrial locations in four developing countries.
Atmospheric Environment. 2015;119:330-8.
45. Tan J-H, Guo S-J, Ma Y-L, Yang F-M, He
K-B, Yu Y-C, et al. Non-methane hydrocarbons
and their ozone formation potentials in Foshan,
China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research.
2012;12(3):387-98.
46. Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Uning R, Nadzir
MSM, Khan MF, Ta GC, et al. Observations of
BTEX in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur by
passive sampling. Environmental monitoring and
assessment. 2020;192(6):1-14.
47. Olumayede EG. Atmospheric volatile organic
compounds and ozone creation potential in an
urban center of southern Nigeria. International
Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 2014;2014.
48. Galvão ES, Santos JM, Reis Junior NC, Stuetz
RM. Volatile organic compounds speciation and
their influence on ozone formation potential in an
industrialized urban area in Brazil. Environmental
technology. 2016;37(17):2133-48.
49. Garg A, Gupta NC. A comprehensive study
on spatio-temporal distribution, health risk
assessment and ozone formation potential of
BTEX emissions in ambient air of Delhi, India.
Science of the Total Environment. 2019;659:1090-9.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 3 (2022): Summer 2022 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i3.10537 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Benzene; Toluene; Ethylbenzene; Xylene; Ozone formation potential; Volatile organic compounds; Zarand city | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Malakootian M, Maleki S, Rajabi S, Hasanzadeh F, Nasiri A, Mohammdi A, Faraji M. Source identification, spatial distribution and ozone formation potential of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) emissions in Zarand, an industrial city of southeastern Ira. JAPH. 2022;7(3):217-232.
