Microbial content of bioaerosols in outdoor urban recreation areas of an Atlantic coastal city (Fortaleza-CE, Brazil)
-
Ítalo Magno Pereira Cajazeiras
,
Fátima Cristiane Teles de Carvalho
,
Jade Oliveira Abreu
,
Carlos Mattoso Cattony
,
Kamila Vieira de Mendonça
,
Marcus Vinícius Chagas da Silva
,
Rivelino Martins Cavalcante
,
Rivelino Martins Cavalcante
,
Oscarina Viana de Sousa
Abstract
Introduction: Regular physical activity and outdoor leisure provide significant health benefits. In urban environments, issues related to the air microbiological quality have become a priority due to the pandemic situation we are experiencing. This study analyzed the aerial microbiota of outdoor public spaces, using a qualitative and quantitative approach in Brazilian coastal town.
Materials and methods: Three intra-urban areas were analyzed and characterizing according the thermo-hydrometric characteristics and vegetal cover. Bioaerosols were collected during the wet and dry seasons using the passive sampling technique with selective growth media for fungi and bacteria. Microbial groups were quantified on agar plates; colonies were randomly selected, purified and classified. The antibiotic resistance was evaluated against 6 antibiotics belonging to 6 classes.
Results: Bacteria were relatively more frequent than fungi in the three areas. Among isolates, bacteria represented from 76% (P1) to 90% (P3) ofthe suspended microbiota in the rainy season; in dry season, the percentages varied from 87% (P1) to 91% (P2 and P3). Genus Bacillus was the main representative of Gram positive and Enterobacter genus the most frequently identified among Gram-negative bacteria. Aspergillus and Penicillium genera were the dominant among fungi. Fifty per cent from bacterial strains analyzed were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials.
Conclusion: Bacteria proved more abundant than fungi and more susceptible to climate and environmental changes in the leisure areas of the city. The monitoring of biological agents in the air is important for environmental management and population health.
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Stenson J, Womack AM, et al. Architectural
design influences the diversity and structure of
the built environment microbiome. The ISME
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org/10.1038/ismej.2011.211.
2. Cambra-López M, Aarnink AJA, Zhao Y,
Calvet S, Torres AG. Airborne particulate matter
from livestock production systems: a review of an
air pollution problem. Environmental Pollution
2010; 158 (1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2009.07.011
3. Lahart I, Darcy P, Gidlow C, Calogiuri G. The
effects of green exercise on physical and mental
wellbeing: A systematic review. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health.2019; 16(8):1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph16081352
4. Brochu P, Bouchard M, Haddad S. Physiological
daily inhalation rates for health risk assessment
in overweight/obese children, adults, and elderly.
Risk Analysis. 2014 Mar; 34 (3): 567-82.https://
doi.org/10.1111/risa.12125
5. Tang JW. The effect of environmental
parameters on the survival of airborne infectious
agents. Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
2009 Dec 6; 6 (Suppl 6): S737–S746. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0227.focus
6. Fernstrom A, Goldblatt M. Aerobiology and
its role in the transmission of infectious diseases.
Journal of Pathogens. 2013 Jan; 2013:493960.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/493960
7. Kulkarni DS. Preliminary Study of Airborn
Microbiota in Some Areas of Amaravati
City. Research Journal of Life Sciences,
Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical
Sciences. 2017 Jan- Feb; 2(5):212. http://dx.doi.
org/10.26479/2017.0205.18
8. Van Leuken JP, Swart AN, Havelaar AH, Van
Pul A, Van der Hoek W, Heederik D. Atmospheric
dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock–A review
to inform risk assessment studies. Microbial
Risk Analysis. 2016;1: 19-39. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.mran.2015.07.002
9. Sun S, Cao W, Qiu H, Ran J, Lin H, Shen C,
Lee R S Y, Tian L. Benefits of physical activity
not affected by air pollution: a prospective cohort
study. International Journal of Epidemiology.
2020; 49(1):142-152.https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/
dyz184
10. IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia
e Estatística,2019. Anuário estatístico do
Brasil/IBGE - Vol. 79, 474p. Avaliable online:
https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/
periodicos/20/aeb_2019.pdf. Acessed 15 february
2022
11. Friberg B, Friberg S, Burman LG. Correlation
between surface and air count of particles
carrying aerobic bacteria in operating rooms
with turbulent ventilation. Journal of Hospital
Infection. 1999 May; 42(1):61-8.https://doi.
org/10.1053/jhin.1998.0542
12. Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PH, Staley JT,
Williams ST. Bergey's Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology, 9ª edição, Williams & Wilkins,
Baltimore; 1994.
13. CLSI. Clinical and Laboratory Standards
Institute. Standards for Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Testing. 2018. M100S, ed. 26.
Wayne, PA, USA, p.256.
14. Brazil. Agência Nacional de Vigilância
Sanitária. Detecção e Identificação dos Fungos
de Importância Médica. 2013.
15. Fávero LP, Belfiore P, Silva FL, Chan BL.
Análise de dados: modelagem multivariada para
tomada de decisões. Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro,
2009.
16. Grote R, Samson R, Alonso R, Amorim J H,
Cariñanos P, Churkina G, et al. Functional traits
of urban trees: air pollution mitigation potential.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
2016; 14(10): 543-550. https://doi.org/10.1002/
fee.1426
17. Franzetti A, Gandolfi I, Gaspari E, Ambrosini
R, Bestetti G. Seasonal variability of bacteria
in fine and coarse urban air particulate matter.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2011
Apr; 90(2):745-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00253-010-3048-7
18. Alghamdi MA, Shamy M, Redal MA, Khoder
M, Awad AH, Elserougy S. Microorganisms
associated particulate matter: a preliminary
study. Science of the Total Environment. 2014
May; 479-480:109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2014.02.006
19. Górny RL. Microbial aerosols: sources,
properties, health effects, exposure assessment-A
review. KONA Powder and Particle Journal.
2020; 37: 64–84. https://doi.org/kona.2020005
20. Ruiz-Gil T, Acuña JJ, Fujiyoshi S, Tanaka
D, Noda J, Maruyama F, Jorquera MA. Airborne
bacterial communities of outdoor environments
and their associated influencing factors.
Environment International. 2020; 145: 106156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106156
21. Małecka-Adamowicz M, Donderski W,
Okoniewska A. Evaluation of Microbial Air
Quality in a Forest Recreation Park. Polish
Journal of Environmental Studies. 2010; 19:107-
113.
22. Burkowska-But A, Kalwasińska A,
Brzezinska, M. The role of open-air inhalatoria
in the air quality improvement in spa towns.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine
and Environmental Health. 2014;27(4):560-570.
https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-014-0274-8.
23. Małecka-Adamowicz M, Donderski W,
Kubera Ł. Microbial air contamination in the
center and in the Fordon district of Bydgoszcz.
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences.
2015; 30: 259-273.
24. Fang Z, Ouyang Z, Zheng H, Wang X, Hu
L. Culturable airborne bacteria in outdoor
environments in Beijing, China. Microbial
Ecology. 2007;54: , 487-496 https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00248-007-9216-3.
25. Lou X, Fang Z, Si G. Assessment of culturable
airborne bacteria in a university campus in
Hangzhou, Southeast of China. African Journal
of Microbiology Research. 2012 Jan; 6(3): 665-
673. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1189.
26. Soleimani Z, Parhizgari N, Rad H D, Akhoond
M R, Kermani M, Marzouni M B, et al. Normal
and dusty days comparison of culturable indoor
airborne bacteria in Ahvaz, Iran. Aerobiologia.
2015; 31:127-141 https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10453-014-9352-4
27. Chegini FM, Baghani AN, Hassanvand MS,
Sorooshian A, Golbaz S, Bakhtiari R, et al. Indoor
and outdoor airborne bacterial and fungal air
quality in kindergartens: Seasonal distribution,
genera, levels, and factors influencing their
concentration. Building and Environment. 2020
May; 175: 106690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
buildenv.2020.106690.
28. Dybwad M, Granum PE, Bruheim P, Blatny
JM. Characterization of airborne bacteria at
an underground subway station. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology. 2012; 78(6):1917-
1929. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.07212-11.
29. Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Burrows S M, Xie
Z, Engling G, Solomon PA, Fraser MP, et al.
Biogeography in the air: fungal diversity over
land and oceans. Biogeosciences. 2012; 9: 1125-
1136. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1125-2012.
30. Zuo T, Kamm MA, Colombel JF, Ng SC.
Urbanization and the gut microbiota in health and
inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Reviews
Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2018 Jul;
15(7):440-452.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-
018-0003-z.
31. Mezzari A, Perin C, SA SJ, Bernd LA, Di
Gesu G. Airborne fungi and sensitization in
atopic individuals in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992).
2003 Jul 1;49(3):270-3. https://www.scielo.br/j/
ramb/a/8gKhX53xcJqvWNfdMcFKpyL/?format
=pdf&lang=pt.
32. Bezerra GFDB, Gomes S M, Silva MACND,
Santos RMD, Muniz- Filho WE, Viana GMDC,
et al. Diversity and dynamics of airborne fungi in
São Luis, State of Maranhão, Brazil. Revista da
Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2014;
47:69-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-
0229-2013.
33. Silva DG, Silva GA, Aarestrup JR, Barreto
ES. Airborne fungi isolated in a private hospital
of Sinop-MT, Brazil. Scientific Electronic
Archives. 2016; 9:147-152. https://doi.
org/10.36560/952016316
34. Kumar P, Goel A. Temporal Variations in
Fungal Bioaerosols in Outdoor Environment: A
Three-Year Study at Four Different Locations
in Gwalior, Central India. Defence Life
Science Journal. 2019 Jan; 4: 76-81. https://doi.
org/10.14429/dlsj.4.12537
35. Ziaee A, Zia M, Goli M. Identification of
saprophytic and allergenic fungi in indoor and
outdoor environments. Environmental Monitoring
Assessment. 2018 Sep 6; 190(10):574. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6952-4.
36. Roshan SK, Godini H, Nikmanesh B,
Bakhshi H, Charsizadeh A. Study on the
relationship between the concentration and type of fungal bio-aerosols at indoor and outdoor air
in the Children’s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran.
Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 2019
Jan4; 191(2):48.https://link.springer.com/article/
10.1007%2Fs10661-018-7183-4.
37. Zhai Y, Li X, Wang T, Wang B, Li C, Zeng
G. A review on airborne microorganisms in
particulate matters: Composition, characteristics
and influence factors. Environment International.
2018 Apri;113:74-90.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envint.2018.01.007.
38. Zhu T, Chen T, Cao Z, Zhong S, Wen X, Mi
J, et al. Antibiotic resistance genes in layer farms
and their correlation with environmental samples.
Poultry Science. 2021 Dec; 100(12): 101485.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101485.
39. Li J, Cao J, Zhu Y G, Chen Q L, Shen F,
Wu Y, Xu S, Fan H, Da G, Huang R, Wang J,
Jesus AL, Morawska L, Chan CK, Peccia J, Yao
M. Global survey of antibiotic resistance genes
in air. Environmental Science & Technology.
2018 Oct 2;52 (19): 10975-10984.http://dx.doi.
org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02204.
40. Echeverria-Palencia CM, Thulsiraj V, Tran
N, Ericksen CA, Melendez I, Sanchez MG, et al.
Disparate Antibiotic Resistance Gene Quantities
Revealed across 4 Major Cities in California: A
Survey in Drinking Water, Air, and Soil at 24
Public Parks. ACS Omega. 2017; 2: 2255−2263.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00118.
Stenson J, Womack AM, et al. Architectural
design influences the diversity and structure of
the built environment microbiome. The ISME
Journal. 2012; 6: 1469-1479. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1038/ismej.2011.211.
2. Cambra-López M, Aarnink AJA, Zhao Y,
Calvet S, Torres AG. Airborne particulate matter
from livestock production systems: a review of an
air pollution problem. Environmental Pollution
2010; 158 (1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2009.07.011
3. Lahart I, Darcy P, Gidlow C, Calogiuri G. The
effects of green exercise on physical and mental
wellbeing: A systematic review. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health.2019; 16(8):1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph16081352
4. Brochu P, Bouchard M, Haddad S. Physiological
daily inhalation rates for health risk assessment
in overweight/obese children, adults, and elderly.
Risk Analysis. 2014 Mar; 34 (3): 567-82.https://
doi.org/10.1111/risa.12125
5. Tang JW. The effect of environmental
parameters on the survival of airborne infectious
agents. Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
2009 Dec 6; 6 (Suppl 6): S737–S746. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0227.focus
6. Fernstrom A, Goldblatt M. Aerobiology and
its role in the transmission of infectious diseases.
Journal of Pathogens. 2013 Jan; 2013:493960.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/493960
7. Kulkarni DS. Preliminary Study of Airborn
Microbiota in Some Areas of Amaravati
City. Research Journal of Life Sciences,
Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical
Sciences. 2017 Jan- Feb; 2(5):212. http://dx.doi.
org/10.26479/2017.0205.18
8. Van Leuken JP, Swart AN, Havelaar AH, Van
Pul A, Van der Hoek W, Heederik D. Atmospheric
dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock–A review
to inform risk assessment studies. Microbial
Risk Analysis. 2016;1: 19-39. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.mran.2015.07.002
9. Sun S, Cao W, Qiu H, Ran J, Lin H, Shen C,
Lee R S Y, Tian L. Benefits of physical activity
not affected by air pollution: a prospective cohort
study. International Journal of Epidemiology.
2020; 49(1):142-152.https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/
dyz184
10. IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia
e Estatística,2019. Anuário estatístico do
Brasil/IBGE - Vol. 79, 474p. Avaliable online:
https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/
periodicos/20/aeb_2019.pdf. Acessed 15 february
2022
11. Friberg B, Friberg S, Burman LG. Correlation
between surface and air count of particles
carrying aerobic bacteria in operating rooms
with turbulent ventilation. Journal of Hospital
Infection. 1999 May; 42(1):61-8.https://doi.
org/10.1053/jhin.1998.0542
12. Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PH, Staley JT,
Williams ST. Bergey's Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology, 9ª edição, Williams & Wilkins,
Baltimore; 1994.
13. CLSI. Clinical and Laboratory Standards
Institute. Standards for Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Testing. 2018. M100S, ed. 26.
Wayne, PA, USA, p.256.
14. Brazil. Agência Nacional de Vigilância
Sanitária. Detecção e Identificação dos Fungos
de Importância Médica. 2013.
15. Fávero LP, Belfiore P, Silva FL, Chan BL.
Análise de dados: modelagem multivariada para
tomada de decisões. Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro,
2009.
16. Grote R, Samson R, Alonso R, Amorim J H,
Cariñanos P, Churkina G, et al. Functional traits
of urban trees: air pollution mitigation potential.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
2016; 14(10): 543-550. https://doi.org/10.1002/
fee.1426
17. Franzetti A, Gandolfi I, Gaspari E, Ambrosini
R, Bestetti G. Seasonal variability of bacteria
in fine and coarse urban air particulate matter.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2011
Apr; 90(2):745-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00253-010-3048-7
18. Alghamdi MA, Shamy M, Redal MA, Khoder
M, Awad AH, Elserougy S. Microorganisms
associated particulate matter: a preliminary
study. Science of the Total Environment. 2014
May; 479-480:109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2014.02.006
19. Górny RL. Microbial aerosols: sources,
properties, health effects, exposure assessment-A
review. KONA Powder and Particle Journal.
2020; 37: 64–84. https://doi.org/kona.2020005
20. Ruiz-Gil T, Acuña JJ, Fujiyoshi S, Tanaka
D, Noda J, Maruyama F, Jorquera MA. Airborne
bacterial communities of outdoor environments
and their associated influencing factors.
Environment International. 2020; 145: 106156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106156
21. Małecka-Adamowicz M, Donderski W,
Okoniewska A. Evaluation of Microbial Air
Quality in a Forest Recreation Park. Polish
Journal of Environmental Studies. 2010; 19:107-
113.
22. Burkowska-But A, Kalwasińska A,
Brzezinska, M. The role of open-air inhalatoria
in the air quality improvement in spa towns.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine
and Environmental Health. 2014;27(4):560-570.
https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-014-0274-8.
23. Małecka-Adamowicz M, Donderski W,
Kubera Ł. Microbial air contamination in the
center and in the Fordon district of Bydgoszcz.
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences.
2015; 30: 259-273.
24. Fang Z, Ouyang Z, Zheng H, Wang X, Hu
L. Culturable airborne bacteria in outdoor
environments in Beijing, China. Microbial
Ecology. 2007;54: , 487-496 https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00248-007-9216-3.
25. Lou X, Fang Z, Si G. Assessment of culturable
airborne bacteria in a university campus in
Hangzhou, Southeast of China. African Journal
of Microbiology Research. 2012 Jan; 6(3): 665-
673. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1189.
26. Soleimani Z, Parhizgari N, Rad H D, Akhoond
M R, Kermani M, Marzouni M B, et al. Normal
and dusty days comparison of culturable indoor
airborne bacteria in Ahvaz, Iran. Aerobiologia.
2015; 31:127-141 https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10453-014-9352-4
27. Chegini FM, Baghani AN, Hassanvand MS,
Sorooshian A, Golbaz S, Bakhtiari R, et al. Indoor
and outdoor airborne bacterial and fungal air
quality in kindergartens: Seasonal distribution,
genera, levels, and factors influencing their
concentration. Building and Environment. 2020
May; 175: 106690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
buildenv.2020.106690.
28. Dybwad M, Granum PE, Bruheim P, Blatny
JM. Characterization of airborne bacteria at
an underground subway station. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology. 2012; 78(6):1917-
1929. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.07212-11.
29. Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Burrows S M, Xie
Z, Engling G, Solomon PA, Fraser MP, et al.
Biogeography in the air: fungal diversity over
land and oceans. Biogeosciences. 2012; 9: 1125-
1136. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1125-2012.
30. Zuo T, Kamm MA, Colombel JF, Ng SC.
Urbanization and the gut microbiota in health and
inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Reviews
Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2018 Jul;
15(7):440-452.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-
018-0003-z.
31. Mezzari A, Perin C, SA SJ, Bernd LA, Di
Gesu G. Airborne fungi and sensitization in
atopic individuals in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992).
2003 Jul 1;49(3):270-3. https://www.scielo.br/j/
ramb/a/8gKhX53xcJqvWNfdMcFKpyL/?format
=pdf&lang=pt.
32. Bezerra GFDB, Gomes S M, Silva MACND,
Santos RMD, Muniz- Filho WE, Viana GMDC,
et al. Diversity and dynamics of airborne fungi in
São Luis, State of Maranhão, Brazil. Revista da
Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2014;
47:69-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-
0229-2013.
33. Silva DG, Silva GA, Aarestrup JR, Barreto
ES. Airborne fungi isolated in a private hospital
of Sinop-MT, Brazil. Scientific Electronic
Archives. 2016; 9:147-152. https://doi.
org/10.36560/952016316
34. Kumar P, Goel A. Temporal Variations in
Fungal Bioaerosols in Outdoor Environment: A
Three-Year Study at Four Different Locations
in Gwalior, Central India. Defence Life
Science Journal. 2019 Jan; 4: 76-81. https://doi.
org/10.14429/dlsj.4.12537
35. Ziaee A, Zia M, Goli M. Identification of
saprophytic and allergenic fungi in indoor and
outdoor environments. Environmental Monitoring
Assessment. 2018 Sep 6; 190(10):574. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6952-4.
36. Roshan SK, Godini H, Nikmanesh B,
Bakhshi H, Charsizadeh A. Study on the
relationship between the concentration and type of fungal bio-aerosols at indoor and outdoor air
in the Children’s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran.
Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 2019
Jan4; 191(2):48.https://link.springer.com/article/
10.1007%2Fs10661-018-7183-4.
37. Zhai Y, Li X, Wang T, Wang B, Li C, Zeng
G. A review on airborne microorganisms in
particulate matters: Composition, characteristics
and influence factors. Environment International.
2018 Apri;113:74-90.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envint.2018.01.007.
38. Zhu T, Chen T, Cao Z, Zhong S, Wen X, Mi
J, et al. Antibiotic resistance genes in layer farms
and their correlation with environmental samples.
Poultry Science. 2021 Dec; 100(12): 101485.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101485.
39. Li J, Cao J, Zhu Y G, Chen Q L, Shen F,
Wu Y, Xu S, Fan H, Da G, Huang R, Wang J,
Jesus AL, Morawska L, Chan CK, Peccia J, Yao
M. Global survey of antibiotic resistance genes
in air. Environmental Science & Technology.
2018 Oct 2;52 (19): 10975-10984.http://dx.doi.
org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02204.
40. Echeverria-Palencia CM, Thulsiraj V, Tran
N, Ericksen CA, Melendez I, Sanchez MG, et al.
Disparate Antibiotic Resistance Gene Quantities
Revealed across 4 Major Cities in California: A
Survey in Drinking Water, Air, and Soil at 24
Public Parks. ACS Omega. 2017; 2: 2255−2263.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00118.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 2 (2022): Spring 2022 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i2.9603 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air quality; Bacteria; Fungi; Antibiotic resistance; Physical activity | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Pereira Cajazeiras Ítalo M, Teles de Carvalho FC, Oliveira Abreu J, Mattoso Cattony C, Vieira de Mendonça K, Chagas da Silva MV, Martins Cavalcante R, Martins Cavalcante R, Viana de Sousa O. Microbial content of bioaerosols in outdoor urban recreation areas of an Atlantic coastal city (Fortaleza-CE, Brazil). JAPH. 2022;7(2):205-216.
