Characterization, Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy metals bounded PM2.5 in Urban Air of Tabriz, Iran
-
Ehsan Ashouri
,
Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
,
Mitra Golami
,
Majid Kermani
,
Mahdi Farzadkia
,
Abbas Shahsavani
Abstract
Introduction: Air and its invisible components play a significant role in the existence of living beings. The two factors of urbanization and industrialization of cities lead to an increase in the concentration of various compounds in the air. This study has been designed and performed to examine seasonal Characterization, Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of sixteen Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eleven Heavy metals bounded PM2.5 at 16 sites in Urban Air of Tabriz, Iran.
Materials and methods: glass-fibre filters, peripheral pumps and PMI holder were used with a total 3 L/min flow rate for 24 h sampling PM2.5 every four seasons at 16 sites from 20nd February to 20th December. Proper solvents are consumed for extraction purposes of these Materials. ICP-OES and GC/MS devices used for analyzing purposes and the spatial distribution of PAHs and heavy metals bounded PM2.5 investigated by ArcGIS10.3 software. ELCR values and carcinogenicity risk were also calculated for children and Adults in different exposure pathways.
Results: The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 were 41.17 µg/m3, ∑16PAHs bounded-PM2.5 were much higher in autumn and winter (217.47 and 178.32 ng/m3) compared to summer and spring (162.61 and 131.89 ng/m3). The annual mean concentrations of Heavy metals bounded-PM2.5 were 138.69 ng/m3. Dermal carcinogenicity risk of exposure with PAHs was high, and ELCR values of Heavy metals also indicated a high risk for adults and children in some stations.
Conclusion: considering the topographic location of the region, Industrial areas and the frequent presence of temperature inversion, such comprehensive researches are needed for assessments and control policies.
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24. Quina, A.S., et al., Population effects of heavy metal pollution in wild Algerian mice (Mus spretus). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019. 171: p. 414-424.
25. Camel, V. and M. Caude, Trace enrichment methods for the determination of organic pollutants in ambient air. Journal of Chromatography A, 1995. 710(1): p. 3-19.
26. Winberry, W.T., N.T. Murphy, and R. Riggan, Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air. 1988: Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Office of Research ….
27. Amodio, M., et al., Characterization of particulate matter in the Apulia Region (South of Italy): features and critical episodes. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2009. 63(3): p. 203-220.
28. Khan, M.F., et al., Seasonal effect and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5. Atmospheric Environment, 2015. 106: p. 178-190.
29. Ramírez, N., et al., Risk Assessment Related to Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Gas and Particle Phases near Industrial Sites. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2011. 119(8): p. 1110-1116.
30. Jia, Y., et al., Estimated Reduction in Cancer Risk due to PAH Exposures If Source Control Measures during the 2008 Beijing Olympics Were Sustained. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2011. 119(6): p. 815-820.
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32. World Health Organization. Regional Office for, E., Air quality guidelines for Europe. 2nd ed. ed. WHO Regional Publications, European Series; 91. 2000, Copenhagen: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
33. Hoseini, M., et al., Characterization and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban atmospheric Particulate of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016. 23(2): p. 1820-1832.
34. Duan, X., et al., Seasonal variations, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of trace metals in PM2.5 in the typical industrial city of changzhi, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2021. 12(1): p. 365-374.
35. Tong, R., et al., Comprehensive comparison of probabilistic health risks of soil heavy metals in China’s mining areas. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020. 26(8): p. 2059-2077.
36. World Health, O., Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. 2016, Geneva: World Health Organization.
37. Wang, Y., et al., Spatial and temporal variations of six criteria air pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities in China during 2013–2014. Environment International, 2014. 73: p. 413-422.
38. Xu, Y., et al., Spatial and temporal variations in criteria air pollutants in three typical terrain regions in Shaanxi, China, during 2015. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2018. 11(1): p. 95-109.
39. Khodeir, M., et al., Source apportionment and elemental composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2012. 3(3): p. 331-340.
40. Akyüz, M. and H. Çabuk, Meteorological variations of PM2.5/PM10 concentrations and particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009. 170(1): p. 13-21.
41. Chen, Y., et al., Local characteristics of and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in four indian megacities. Atmospheric Environment: X, 2020. 5: p. 100052.
42. Kong, L., et al., Investigating the characteristics and source analyses of PM2.5 seasonal variations in Chengdu, Southwest China. Chemosphere, 2020. 243: p. 125267.
43. Shahid, I., et al., Chemical characterization and mass closure of PM10 and PM2.5 at an urban site in Karachi – Pakistan. Atmospheric Environment, 2016. 128: p. 114-123.
44. Gholampour, A., et al., Elemental composition of particulate matters around Urmia Lake, Iran. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 2017. 99(1): p. 17-31.
45. Faraji Ghasemi, F., et al., Levels and ecological and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020. 27(5): p. 5305-5313.
46. Kermani, M., et al., Characterization, possible sources and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound Heavy Metals in the most industrial city of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2021. 19(1): p. 151-163.
47. Kermani, M., et al., Ambient air PM2.5-bound PAHs in low traffic, high traffic, and industrial areas along Tehran, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021. 27(1): p. 134-151.
48. Nadali, A., et al., Phase distribution and risk assessment of PAHs in ambient air of Hamadan, Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021. 209: p. 111807.
49. Yang, L., et al., Yearly variation in characteristics and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-PAHs in urban shanghai from 2010–2018. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2021. 99: p. 72-79.
50. Motesaddi Zarandi, S., et al., Concentration, sources and human health risk of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound PM2.5 ambient air, Tehran, Iran. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2019. 41(3): p. 1473-1487.
51. Singh, A. and G. Singh, Human health risk assessment in PM10-bound trace elements, seasonal patterns, and source apportionment study in a critically polluted coking coalfield area of India. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2021. n/a(n/a).
52. Heidari-Farsani, M., et al., The evaluation of heavy metals concentration related to PM10 in ambient air of Ahvaz city, Iran. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research, 2013. 1(2): p. 120-128.
53. Manalis, N., et al., Toxic metal content of particulate matter (PM10), within the Greater Area of Athens. Chemosphere, 2005. 60(4): p. 557-566.
2. Forehead, H. and N. Huynh, Review of modelling air pollution from traffic at street-level - The state of the science. Environmental Pollution, 2018. 241: p. 775-786.
3. Wang, L., Impacts of environmental pollution behaviors on mental health emotions and relevant countermeasures. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 2020. 29(1): p. 701.
4. Miri, M., et al., Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to outdoor air pollution in Mashhad metropolis, Iran. The AirQ model approach. Environmental Research, 2016. 151: p. 451-457.
5. Li, X., L. Jin, and H. Kan, Air pollution: a global problem needs local fixes. 2019, Nature Publishing Group.
6. Akther, T., et al., Particulate matters and gaseous pollutants in indoor environment and Association of ultra-fine particulate matters (PM1) with lung function. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019. 26(6): p. 5475-5484.
7. Kumar, S., et al., Chemical Characteristics of Fine and Coarse Particles during Wintertime over Two Urban Cities in North India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2018. 18(7): p. 1573-1590.
8. EPA, U., Compendium Method TO 13A—Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Mass Spectrometry (Gc/Ms). US Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH, USA, 1999.
9. Man, Y.B., et al., Profiles and removal efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by two different types of sewage treatment plants in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2017. 53: p. 196-206.
10. Liu, L.-b., et al., Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulates: A review. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2007. 19(1): p. 1-11.
11. Sahoo, B.M., et al., Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (pahs): structures, synthesis and their biological profile. Current Organic Synthesis, 2020. 17(8): p. 625-640.
12. Diggs, D.L., et al., Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Digestive Tract Cancers: A Perspective. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2011. 29(4): p. 324-357.
13. Humans, I.W.G.o.t.E.o.C.R.t., Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 2010. 92: p. 1-853.
14. Unwin, J., et al., An Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the UK. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2006. 50(4): p. 395-403.
15. Bultinck, P., S. Fias, and R. Ponec, Local Aromaticity in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Electron Delocalization versus Magnetic Indices. Chemistry – A European Journal, 2006. 12(34): p. 8813-8818.
16. Vione, D., et al., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere: monitoring, sources, sinks and fate. II: Sinks and fate. Annali di Chimica: Journal of Analytical, Environmental and Cultural Heritage Chemistry, 2004. 94(4): p. 257-268.
17. Künzli, N., et al., Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. The Lancet, 2000. 356(9232): p. 795-801.
18. Ali, H. and E. Khan, What are heavy metals? Long-standing controversy over the scientific use of the term ‘heavy metals’ – proposal of a comprehensive definition. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 2018. 100(1): p. 6-19.
19. Carson, B.L., H.V. Ellis, and J.L. McCann, Toxicology and biological monitoring of metals in humans: Including feasibility and need. 2018: CRC Press.
20. Verma, R. and P. Dwivedi, Heavy metal water pollution-A case study. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2013. 5(5).
21. Duan, J., et al., Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside, urban and rural sites in Beijing. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012. 24(1): p. 87-94.
22. Loomis, D., W. Huang, and G. Chen, The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation of the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution: focus on China. Chinese journal of cancer, 2014. 33(4): p. 189-196.
23. Dhir, B., et al., Heavy metal induced physiological alterations in Salvinia natans. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011. 74(6): p. 1678-1684.
24. Quina, A.S., et al., Population effects of heavy metal pollution in wild Algerian mice (Mus spretus). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019. 171: p. 414-424.
25. Camel, V. and M. Caude, Trace enrichment methods for the determination of organic pollutants in ambient air. Journal of Chromatography A, 1995. 710(1): p. 3-19.
26. Winberry, W.T., N.T. Murphy, and R. Riggan, Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air. 1988: Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Office of Research ….
27. Amodio, M., et al., Characterization of particulate matter in the Apulia Region (South of Italy): features and critical episodes. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2009. 63(3): p. 203-220.
28. Khan, M.F., et al., Seasonal effect and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5. Atmospheric Environment, 2015. 106: p. 178-190.
29. Ramírez, N., et al., Risk Assessment Related to Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Gas and Particle Phases near Industrial Sites. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2011. 119(8): p. 1110-1116.
30. Jia, Y., et al., Estimated Reduction in Cancer Risk due to PAH Exposures If Source Control Measures during the 2008 Beijing Olympics Were Sustained. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2011. 119(6): p. 815-820.
31. William T. "Jerry" Winberry, J., Cary, Greg Jungclaus, . Compendium Method TO-13A Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) 1999; Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/to-13arr.pdf.
32. World Health Organization. Regional Office for, E., Air quality guidelines for Europe. 2nd ed. ed. WHO Regional Publications, European Series; 91. 2000, Copenhagen: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
33. Hoseini, M., et al., Characterization and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban atmospheric Particulate of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016. 23(2): p. 1820-1832.
34. Duan, X., et al., Seasonal variations, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of trace metals in PM2.5 in the typical industrial city of changzhi, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2021. 12(1): p. 365-374.
35. Tong, R., et al., Comprehensive comparison of probabilistic health risks of soil heavy metals in China’s mining areas. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020. 26(8): p. 2059-2077.
36. World Health, O., Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. 2016, Geneva: World Health Organization.
37. Wang, Y., et al., Spatial and temporal variations of six criteria air pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities in China during 2013–2014. Environment International, 2014. 73: p. 413-422.
38. Xu, Y., et al., Spatial and temporal variations in criteria air pollutants in three typical terrain regions in Shaanxi, China, during 2015. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2018. 11(1): p. 95-109.
39. Khodeir, M., et al., Source apportionment and elemental composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2012. 3(3): p. 331-340.
40. Akyüz, M. and H. Çabuk, Meteorological variations of PM2.5/PM10 concentrations and particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009. 170(1): p. 13-21.
41. Chen, Y., et al., Local characteristics of and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in four indian megacities. Atmospheric Environment: X, 2020. 5: p. 100052.
42. Kong, L., et al., Investigating the characteristics and source analyses of PM2.5 seasonal variations in Chengdu, Southwest China. Chemosphere, 2020. 243: p. 125267.
43. Shahid, I., et al., Chemical characterization and mass closure of PM10 and PM2.5 at an urban site in Karachi – Pakistan. Atmospheric Environment, 2016. 128: p. 114-123.
44. Gholampour, A., et al., Elemental composition of particulate matters around Urmia Lake, Iran. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 2017. 99(1): p. 17-31.
45. Faraji Ghasemi, F., et al., Levels and ecological and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020. 27(5): p. 5305-5313.
46. Kermani, M., et al., Characterization, possible sources and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound Heavy Metals in the most industrial city of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2021. 19(1): p. 151-163.
47. Kermani, M., et al., Ambient air PM2.5-bound PAHs in low traffic, high traffic, and industrial areas along Tehran, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021. 27(1): p. 134-151.
48. Nadali, A., et al., Phase distribution and risk assessment of PAHs in ambient air of Hamadan, Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021. 209: p. 111807.
49. Yang, L., et al., Yearly variation in characteristics and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-PAHs in urban shanghai from 2010–2018. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2021. 99: p. 72-79.
50. Motesaddi Zarandi, S., et al., Concentration, sources and human health risk of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound PM2.5 ambient air, Tehran, Iran. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2019. 41(3): p. 1473-1487.
51. Singh, A. and G. Singh, Human health risk assessment in PM10-bound trace elements, seasonal patterns, and source apportionment study in a critically polluted coking coalfield area of India. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2021. n/a(n/a).
52. Heidari-Farsani, M., et al., The evaluation of heavy metals concentration related to PM10 in ambient air of Ahvaz city, Iran. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research, 2013. 1(2): p. 120-128.
53. Manalis, N., et al., Toxic metal content of particulate matter (PM10), within the Greater Area of Athens. Chemosphere, 2005. 60(4): p. 557-566.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 2 (2022): Spring 2022 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i2.9600 | |
| Keywords | ||
| PM2.5 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Heavy Metals Tabriz Risk assessment | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ashouri E, Jafari A, Golami M, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Shahsavani A. Characterization, Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy metals bounded PM2.5 in Urban Air of Tabriz, Iran. JAPH. 2022;7(2):173-196.
