Time variability of cumulative carbon dioxide concentration for adequacy assessment of greenspace: A case study in Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Abstract
Introduction: The upward movement of Carbon dioxide (CO2) mass into the air and downwards towards the earth's surface, especially vegetative areas, affected the variability of CO2 concentration in the ambient air. In this pattern, this study aimed to determine the net cumulative value of CO2 concentration (Net_CO2-Con) in an urban area to assess the adequacy of greenspace.
Materials and methods: This research method uses CO2 concentration observations within 24 h in 137 observation locations covering an area of 350 km2 in Surabaya city. The sampling location was set at a height of 2 m above the local ground. The CO2 concentration observations were carried out in the dry season and the rainy season for a total of 640 air samples.
Results: The results of this study obtained Net_CO2-Con values for ambient CO2 concentrations in a daily pattern. Starting at night there was a flow of CO2 flux into the air, which reached its peak in the morning, in about 90% of the city area. This event was evidence of a lack of CO2 absorption due to the lack of extensive vegetative areas. On a bright day the CO2 flux flows towards the land, which indicated the presence of vegetation absorption in addition to soil absorption. The seasonal time variability of CO2 flux density had the same pattern for the daily time variability.
Conclusion: Mapping for CO2 flux could be an approach to determine the adequacy of greenspace. Areas of upward movement of CO2 flux density were priority areas for greenspace intensification.
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(Phytoremediation; vol. 83). Available from:
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plant operations for phytoremediation in
polluted environments – A critical review.
Journal of Phytology. 2020 Dec 16;99–103.
Su H, Deng X, Najmuddin O, et al. Driving
factors of CO2
emissions and nexus with
economic growth, development and human
health in the Top Ten emitting countries.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019
Sep 1;148:157–69.
2. Liu HZ, Feng JW, Järvi L, Vesala T. Four-year
(2006–2009) eddy covariance measurements
of CO2
flux over an urban area in Beijing.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2012 Sep
3;12(17):7881–92.
3. Kordowski K, Kuttler W. Carbon dioxide
fluxes over an urban park area. Atmospheric
Environment. 2010;23(44):2722–30.
4. Acosta M, Juszczak R, Chojnicki B, Pavelka
M, Havránková K, Lesny J, et al. CO2
Fluxes
from Different Vegetation Communities on
a Peatland Ecosystem. Wetlands. 2017 Jun
1;37(3):423–35.
5. Leroy F, Gogo S, Guimbaud C, BernardJannin L, Hu Z, Laggoun-Défarge F. Vegetation
composition controls temperature sensitivity of
CO2
and CH4 emissions and DOC concentration
in peatlands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.
2017 Apr;107:164–7.
6. Fu P, Xie Y, Moore CE, Myint SW, Bernacchi
CJ. A Comparative Analysis of Anthropogenic
CO2
Emissions at City Level Using OCO-2
Observations: A Global Perspective. Earth’s
Future. 2019;7(9):1058–70.
7. Costa END da, Souza MFL de, Marrocos
PCL, Lobão D, Silva DML da. Soil organic
matter and CO2
fluxes in small tropical
watersheds under forest and cacao agroforestry.
PLOS ONE. 2018 Jul 16;13(7):e0200550.
8. Mabuchi K, Takagi H, Maksyutov S.
Relationships between CO2
Flux Estimated by
Inverse Analysis and Land Surface Elements
in South America and Africa. Journal of
the Meteorological Society of Japan Ser II.
2016;94(5):415–30.
9. Muñoz-Rojas M, Lewandrowski W,
Erickson TE, Dixon KW, Merritt DJ. Soil
respiration dynamics in fire affected semi-arid
ecosystems: Effects of vegetation type and
environmental factors. Sci Total Environ. 2016
Dec 1;572:1385–94.
10. Balzarolo M, Vescovo L, Hammerle A,
Gianelle D, Papale D, Tomelleri E, et al. On
the relationship between ecosystem-scale
hyperspectral reflectance and CO2
exchange in
European mountain grasslands. Biogeosciences.
2015 May 28;12(10):3089–108.
11. Santoso IB, Mangkoedihardjo S. Mapping
Cumulative Carbon Dioxide Concentrations at
Two meters Above the Ground for Greenspace
Assessment in Surabaya. Middle East Journal
of Scientific Research. 2013;18(3):288-92.
12. Büns C, Kuttler W. Path-integrated
measurements of carbon dioxide in the urban
canopy layer. Atmospheric environment.
2012;46:237–47.
13. Pongpiachan S, Surapipit V, Ketratanakul
A, Wuttijak N, Pongnoppa A. Risk analysis by
emission source strengths and wind directions
of trace gases at Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate,
Rayong province, Thailand. WIT Transactions
on Information and Communication
Technologies. 2010 Aug 26;43:PI-337.
14. Olumayede EG. Atmospheric Volatile
Organic Compounds and Ozone Creation Potential in an Urban Center of Southern
Nigeria. International Journal of Atmospheric
Sciences. 2014 Aug 21;2014:e764948.
15. Hayashi K, Matsuda K, Ono K, Tokida
T, Hasegawa T. Amelioration of the reactive
nitrogen flux calculation by a day/night
separation in weekly mean air concentration
measurements. Atmospheric Environment.
2013;79:462–71.
16. Sea MA, Garcias-Bonet N, Saderne V,
Duarte CM. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes
at the air–sea interface of Red Sea mangroves.
Biogeosciences. 2018 Sep 4;15(17):5365–75.
17. Khan MHR. Influence of salt marsh
ecosystem on the concentration and emission of
CO2
from the Wadden sea coast soil of northern
Germany. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific
Research. 2016;29(2):101–9.
18. Gago J, Gilcoto M, Pérez FF, Rı́
os AF. Shortterm variability of fco2 in seawater and air–sea
CO2
fluxes in a coastal upwelling system (Rı́
a
de Vigo, NW Spain). Marine Chemistry. 2003
Feb 1;80(4):247–64.
19. Kimball BA, Paul J Pinter J, lamorte RL,
Leavitt SW, Hunsaker DJ, Wall GW, et al.
Data from the Arizona FACE (Free-Air CO2
Enrichment) Experiments on Wheat at Ample
and Limiting Levels of Water and Nitrogen.
Open Data Journal for Agricultural Research.
2017 Jun 13;3:29–38.
20. Zou Z, Liu F, Chen C, Fernando WGD.
Effect of Elevated CO2
Concentration on
the Disease Severity of Compatible and
Incompatible Interactions of Brassica napus–
Leptosphaeria maculans Pathosystem. Plants.
2019 Nov;8(11):484.
21. Köhler IH, Huber SC, Bernacchi CJ, Baxter
IR. Increased temperatures may safeguard
the nutritional quality of crops under future
elevated CO2
concentrations. The Plant Journal.
2019;97(5):872–86.
22. Samudro H. Landscape intervention
design strategy with application of Islamic
ornamentation at Trunojoyo Park Malang,
Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Journal of Islamic
Architecture. 2020 Jun 9;6(1):41–7.
23. Li F, Guo S, Li D, Li X, Li J, Xie S. A
multi-criteria spatial approach for mapping
urban ecosystem services demand. Ecological
Indicators. 2020 May 1;112:106119.
24. Lind L, Hasselquist EM, Laudon H.
Towards ecologically functional riparian
zones: A meta-analysis to develop guidelines
for protecting ecosystem functions and
biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Journal
of Environmental Management. 2019 Nov
1;249:109391.
25. Díaz-Pascacio E, Ortega-Argueta A,
Castillo-Uzcanga MM, Ramírez-Marcial N.
Influence of land use on the condition of the
riparian zone along an urban-rural gradient in
the Sabinal River, Mexico. Botanical Sciences.
2018 Jun 19;96(2):180–99.
26. Gawronski SW, Gawronska H, Lomnicki
S, Sæbo A, Vangronsveld J. Chapter Eight -
Plants in Air Phytoremediation. In: Cuypers
A, Vangronsveld J, editors. Advances in
Botanical Research [Internet]. Academic
Press; 2017 [cited 2022 Mar 2]. P. 319–46.
(Phytoremediation; vol. 83). Available from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
pii/S0065229616301276
27. Samudro G, Mangkoedihardjo S. Mixed
plant operations for phytoremediation in
polluted environments – A critical review.
Journal of Phytology. 2020 Dec 16;99–103.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 2 (2022): Spring 2022 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i2.9598 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Carbon dioxide (CO2 ); Ambient air; Concentration mapping; Time variability; Greenspaces | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mangkoedihardjo S, Santoso I. Time variability of cumulative carbon dioxide concentration for adequacy assessment of greenspace: A case study in Surabaya, Indonesia. JAPH. 2022;7(2):143-156.
