Variations in black carbon and particulate matters (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) during firecrackers bursting episodes and biomass burning: A case study during the Diwali festival
Abstract
Introduction: The Black Carbon (BC) and Particulate Matters (PMs) was measured in the Diwali festival during 3-7 November, 2021. Diwali is being one of the main festivals of India accompanied by lighting and firecrackers bursting.
Materials and methods: BC concentration was measured by aerosol black carbon low-cost sensor/detector and PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration as well as number concentration was measured using Grimm Aerosol Spectrometer at Agra, India.
Results: Average mass of PM1 (<1 μm), PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and PM10 (<10 μm) were 218.32±56.82 μg/m3, 261.56±74.38 μg/m3 and 380.40±67.78 μg/m3 respectively in Diwali day (2021). The observed concentration of PM was much higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standard limits. Diurnal peaks for all the pollutants (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) were perceived in the evening time which was due to festival celebration events. Particle Size number Distribution (PSND) showed one major peak in the particle <1 μm size range. BC mass concentration was found to be 16.28±5.62 μg/m3 in Diwali days. BC/PMs ratio decreases as the PM size increases due to the heavy load of PM2.5.
Conclusion: BC and PM concentration was significantly amplified on Diwali due to firecrackers bursting and candles and biomass burning which was responsible for the poor air quality. Particle Mass Size Distribution (PSMD) showed multiple peaks while PSND showed one major peak in fine mode. Higher PM1/PM2.5 indicated the abundance of fine particles as compared to coarse. BC concentration was increased by 20 % on Diwali day due to firecracker bursting, other burning materials and more vehicles movement.
1. Rengarajan R, Sudheer AK, Sarin MM. Aerosol
acidity and secondary organic aerosol formation
du ring winter time over urban environment in
western India. Atmospheric. Environment. 2011;
45 (11): 1940–1945.
2. Kim KH, Mishra VK, Kang CH, Choi KC, Kim
YJ, Kim DS. The ionic compositions of fine and
coarse particle fractions in the two urban areas of
Korea. Journal of Environmental Management.
2006 Jan 1;78(2):170-82.
3. Cheng YH, Huang YC, Pipal AS, Jian MY, Liu
ZS. Source apportionment of black carbon using
light absorption measurement and impact of
biomass burning smoke on air quality over rural
central Taiwan: A yearlong study. Atmospheric
Pollution Research. 2022 Jan 1;13(1):101264.
4. Khan T, Lawrence A, Dwivedi S, Arif S,
Dwivedi S, Upadhyay A, Abraham A, Roberts
V. Air Pollution Trend and Variation during
a Mega Festival of Firecrackers (Diwali) in
Context to COVID-19 Pandemic. Asian Journal
of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE). 2022 Sep
1;16(3).
5. Hotel SD. 2017 Technical exhibitors.
Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance.
2017 Mar;88(3):349.
6. Pipal AS, Kulshreshtha A, Taneja A.
Characterization and morphological analysis of
airborne PM2.5 and PM10 in Agra located in North
Central India. Atmospheric Environment. 2011;
(21) 45: 3621-3630.
7. Pipal AS, Jan R, Satsangi PG, Tiwari S, Taneja
A. Study of surface morphology, elemental
composition, and origin of atmospheric aerosols
(PM2.5 and PM10) over Agra, India. Aerosol Air
Quality Research. 2014a; (6)14: 1685-1700.
8. Bisht DS, Dumka UC, Kaskaoutis DG,Pipal AS, Srivastava AK, Soni VK, Attri SD,
Sateesh M, Tiwari S. Carbonaceous aerosols
and pollutants over Delhi urban environment:
Temporal evolution, source apportionment and
radiative forcing. Science Total Environment
2015; (15)521-522: 431-445.
9. Kulshrestha UC, Nageswara RT, Azhaguvel
S, Kulshrestha MJ. Emissions and Accumulation
of Metals in the Atmosphere due to Crackers
and Sparkles during Diwali Festival in India.
Atmospheric Environment 2004; 38 (27): 4421-
4425.
10. Ahirwar AV, and Bajpai, S. Monitoring of
Ambient Air Particulate Matter during Diwali
Festival at an Urban Industrial Area in Eastern
Central part of India. International Journal of
Computer Technology and Application. 2017;
(3): 103-109.
11. Liu, D., Li, W., Peng, J., & Ma, Q. (2022).
The Effect of Banning Fireworks on Air Quality
in a Heavily Polluted City in Northern China
During Chinese Spring Festival. Frontiers in
Environmental Science, 296.
12. Perrino C, Tiwari S, Catrambone M, Torre SD,
Rantica E, Canepari S. Chemical characterization
of atmospheric PM in Delhi, India, during
different periods of the year including Diwali
festival. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2011;
2 (4):418-27.
13. Chang SC, LinTH, Young CY, Lee CT.
The impact of ground-level fireworks (13 km
long) display on the air quality during the
traditional Yanshui Lantern Festival in Taiwan.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2011;
172 (1-4): 463-79.
14. Tsai HH, Chien LH, Yuan CS, Lin YC, Jen
YH, Ie IR. Influences of fireworks on chemical
characteristics of atmospheric fine and coarse
particles during Taiwan’s Lantern Festival.
Atmospheric Environment2012; 62 (12): 256-
266.
15. Crespo JE, Yubero JF, Nicolás F, Lucarelli S,
Nava M, Chiari Calzolai, G. High-time resolution
and size-segregated elemental composition in
high-intensity pyrotechnic exposures. Journal of
Hazardous Material. 2012; 241- 42 (30):82-91.
16. Satsangi PG, Pipal AS, Budhavant KB,
Rao PSP, Taneja A. Study of chemical species
associated with fine particles and their secondary
particle formation at semi-arid region of India.
Atmospheric Pollution Research 2016; 7 (6):
1110-1118.
17. Barman SC, Singh R, Negi MPS, Bhargava
SK. Ambient Air Quality of Lucknow City (India)
during Use of Fireworks on Diwali Festival.
Environment Monitoring and Assessment 2008;
137 (1): 495-504.
18. Binita P, Biswas J, Bharali C, Bhuyan PK.
Short term introduction of pollutants into the
atmosphere at a location in the Brahmaputra
Basin: A case study. Atmospheric Pollution
Research 2015; 6(2): 220-229.
19. Sahu S K & Kota SH. Significance of PM2.5 air
quality at the Indian capital. Aerosol Air Quality
Research 2017; 17(2): 588-597.
20. Agrawal A, Upadhyay VK, Sachdeva K. Study
of aerosol behavior on the basis of morphological
characteristics during festival events in India.
Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(21): 3640-
3644.
21. Clark H. Air Pollution from Fireworks.
Atmospheric Environment1997; 31(2): 2893-
2894.
22. Ravindra K, Mor S, Kaushik CP. Short-term
variation in air quality associated with firework
events: a case study. Journal of Environment
Monitoring 2003; 5 (2): 260-264.
23. Kulshrestha UC, Nageswara RT, Azhaguvel
S, Kulshrestha MJ. Emissions and Accumulation
of Metals in the Atmosphere due to Crackers
and Sparkles during Diwali Festival in India.
Atmospheric Environment. 2004; 38 (27): 4421-
4425.
24. Barman SC, Singh R, Negi MPS, Bhargava
SK. Ambient Air Quality of Lucknow City (India)
during Use of Fireworks on Diwali Festival.
Environment Monitoring Assessment2008; 137
(1): 495-504.
25. Moreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A, Minguillon
MC, Pey J, Rodriguez S, Miro JV, Felis C,
Gibbons W. Recreastional Atmospheric Pollution
Episodes: Inhalable Metalliferous Particles fromFirework Displays. Atmospheric Environment
2007; 41 (5): 913-922.
26. Thakur B, Chakraborty S, Debsarkar A,
Chakraborty S, Srivastava RC. Air Pollution from
Fireworks during Festival of Lights (Deepawali)
in Howrah, India - A Case Study. Atmosfera
2010; 23 (4): 347-365.
27. Singh DP, Gadi R, Mandal TK, Dixit CK,
Singh K, Saud T, Singh N, Gupta PK . Study of
temporal variation in ambient air quality during
Diwali festival in India. Environment Monitoring
and Assessment 2010; 169 (1):1-13.
28. Tiwari S, Chate DM, Srivastava MK, Safai
PD, Srivastava AK, Bisht DS, Padmanabhamurty
B. Statistical evaluation of PM10 and distribution
of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 in ambient air due to
extreme fireworks episodes (Deepawali festivals)
in megacity Delhi. Nat Hazards, 2012; 61 (2):
521-531.
29. Chatterjee A, Sarkar C, Adak A, Mukherjee
U, Ghosh SK, Raha S. Ambient Air Quality
during Diwali Festival over Kolkata - A Mega-
City in India. Aerosol Air Quality Research 2013;
13 (3):1133-1144.
30. Caubel JJ, Cados TE, & Kirchstetter TW. A
new black carbon sensor for dense air quality
monitoring networks. Sensors, 2018; 18(3): 738.
31. Kirchstetter, T.W.; Thatcher, T.L. Contribution
of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate
matter absorption of solar radiation. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 2012; 12 (14): 6067–
6072.
32. Yang M, Howell SG, Huebert BJ. Attribution
of aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown
carbon, and dust in China-Interpretations of
atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2009; 9 (6):
1–16.
33. Jimenez, J.; Claiborn, C.; Larson, T.;
Gould, T.; Kirchstetter, T.; Gundel, L. Loading
Effect Correction for Real-Time Aethalometer
Measurements of Fresh Diesel Soot. Journal of
Air Waste and Management Association, 2007;
57 (7): 868–873.
34. Virkkula A, Mäkelä T, Hillamo R, Yli-Tuomi
T, Hirsikko A, Hämeri K, Koponen IK . A Simple
Procedure for Correcting Loading Effects of
Aethalometer Data. Journal of Air Waste and
Management Association. 2007; 57 (10): 1214–
1222.
35. Cheng, Y.H.; Yang, L.S. Correcting
aethalometer black carbon data for measurement
artifacts by using inter-comparison methodology
based on two different light attenuation increasing
rates. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. 2015; 8 (3):
2851–2879.
36. Pipal AS, Tiwari S, Satsangi PG, Taneja
A, Bisht DS, Srivastava AK, Srivastava MK.
Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous
aerosols at Agra “World heritage site” and Delhi
“capital city of India. Environment Science and
Pollution Research 2014; 21 (14): 8678-8691.
37. Xing YF, Xu YH, Shi MH, Lian YX. The
impact of PM2. 5 on the human respiratory system.
Journal of thoracic disease. 2016 Jan;8(1):E69.
38. Bansal O, Singh A, and Singh D. Shortterm
perturbation in aerosol characteristics over
Northwestern India: A case study during Diwali
festival. Journal of Earth System Science, 2019;
128(7): 1-13.
39. Izhara S, Rajputa P, Gupta T. Variation of
particle number and mass concentration and
associated mass deposition during Diwali festival.
Urban Climate. 2018; 24:1027-2036.
40. Mukherjee T, Asutosh A, Pandey SK,
Yang L, Gogoi PP, Panwar A, Vinoj V. Increasing
potential for Air Pollution over Megacity New
Delhi: A study based on 2016 Diwali episode.
Aerosol Air Quality Research, 2018; 18 (9):
2510-2518.
41. Ambade B. The air pollution during Diwali
festival by the burning of fireworks in Jamshedpur
city, India. Urban climate. 2018 Dec 1;26:149-60.
42. Sinha D, Dammani J. Mass Concentration of
PM. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences.
2018;22(1):50-3.
43. Nigam S, Kumar N, Mandal NK, Padma
B, Rao S. Real time ambient air quality status
during diwali festival in central, India. Journal
of Geoscience and Environment Protection.
2016;4(01):162.
44. Chatterjee A, Sarkar C, Adak A, Mukherjee U, Ghosh SK, Raha S. Ambient air quality during
Diwali Festival over Kolkata-a mega-city in
India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2013
Mar;13(3):1133-44.
45. Singh DP, Gadi R, Mandal TK, Dixit CK,
Singh K, Saud T, Singh N, Gupta PK. Study
of temporal variation in ambient air quality
during Diwali festival in India. Environmental
monitoring and assessment. 2010 Oct;169(1):1-3.
46. Praveen Kumar R, Samuel C, Raju SR, Gautam
S. Air pollution in five Indian megacities during
the Christmas and New Year celebration amidst
COVID-19 pandemic. Stochastic Environmental
Research and Risk Assessment. 2022 Apr 2:1-31.
47. Manning M, Martin RV, Hasenkopf C,
Flasher, J, Li C. Diurnal Patterns in Global Fine
Particulate Matter Concentration. Environment
Science and Technology Letter. 2018; 5 (11):
687-691.
48. Sasser E and Hernby J. Report to Congress
on Black Carbon; US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA): Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
49. Kim JJ, Smorodinsky S, Lipsett M, Singer
BC, Hodgson AT, Ostro B. Traffic-related air
pollution near busy roads: the East Bay Children's
Respiratory Health Study. American journal of
respiratory and critical care medicine. 2004 Sep
1;170(5):520-6.
50. Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJ, Adeyi O,
Arnold R, Baldé AB, Bertollini R, Bose-O'Reilly
S, Boufford JI, Breysse PN, Chiles T. The Lancet
Commission on pollution and health. The lancet.
2018 Feb 3;391(10119):462-512.
51. Rastogi N, Singh A, Satish R. Characteristics
of submicron particles coming from a big
firecrackers burning event: implications to
atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric Pollution
Research. 2019 Mar 1;10(2):629-3.
acidity and secondary organic aerosol formation
du ring winter time over urban environment in
western India. Atmospheric. Environment. 2011;
45 (11): 1940–1945.
2. Kim KH, Mishra VK, Kang CH, Choi KC, Kim
YJ, Kim DS. The ionic compositions of fine and
coarse particle fractions in the two urban areas of
Korea. Journal of Environmental Management.
2006 Jan 1;78(2):170-82.
3. Cheng YH, Huang YC, Pipal AS, Jian MY, Liu
ZS. Source apportionment of black carbon using
light absorption measurement and impact of
biomass burning smoke on air quality over rural
central Taiwan: A yearlong study. Atmospheric
Pollution Research. 2022 Jan 1;13(1):101264.
4. Khan T, Lawrence A, Dwivedi S, Arif S,
Dwivedi S, Upadhyay A, Abraham A, Roberts
V. Air Pollution Trend and Variation during
a Mega Festival of Firecrackers (Diwali) in
Context to COVID-19 Pandemic. Asian Journal
of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE). 2022 Sep
1;16(3).
5. Hotel SD. 2017 Technical exhibitors.
Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance.
2017 Mar;88(3):349.
6. Pipal AS, Kulshreshtha A, Taneja A.
Characterization and morphological analysis of
airborne PM2.5 and PM10 in Agra located in North
Central India. Atmospheric Environment. 2011;
(21) 45: 3621-3630.
7. Pipal AS, Jan R, Satsangi PG, Tiwari S, Taneja
A. Study of surface morphology, elemental
composition, and origin of atmospheric aerosols
(PM2.5 and PM10) over Agra, India. Aerosol Air
Quality Research. 2014a; (6)14: 1685-1700.
8. Bisht DS, Dumka UC, Kaskaoutis DG,Pipal AS, Srivastava AK, Soni VK, Attri SD,
Sateesh M, Tiwari S. Carbonaceous aerosols
and pollutants over Delhi urban environment:
Temporal evolution, source apportionment and
radiative forcing. Science Total Environment
2015; (15)521-522: 431-445.
9. Kulshrestha UC, Nageswara RT, Azhaguvel
S, Kulshrestha MJ. Emissions and Accumulation
of Metals in the Atmosphere due to Crackers
and Sparkles during Diwali Festival in India.
Atmospheric Environment 2004; 38 (27): 4421-
4425.
10. Ahirwar AV, and Bajpai, S. Monitoring of
Ambient Air Particulate Matter during Diwali
Festival at an Urban Industrial Area in Eastern
Central part of India. International Journal of
Computer Technology and Application. 2017;
(3): 103-109.
11. Liu, D., Li, W., Peng, J., & Ma, Q. (2022).
The Effect of Banning Fireworks on Air Quality
in a Heavily Polluted City in Northern China
During Chinese Spring Festival. Frontiers in
Environmental Science, 296.
12. Perrino C, Tiwari S, Catrambone M, Torre SD,
Rantica E, Canepari S. Chemical characterization
of atmospheric PM in Delhi, India, during
different periods of the year including Diwali
festival. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2011;
2 (4):418-27.
13. Chang SC, LinTH, Young CY, Lee CT.
The impact of ground-level fireworks (13 km
long) display on the air quality during the
traditional Yanshui Lantern Festival in Taiwan.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2011;
172 (1-4): 463-79.
14. Tsai HH, Chien LH, Yuan CS, Lin YC, Jen
YH, Ie IR. Influences of fireworks on chemical
characteristics of atmospheric fine and coarse
particles during Taiwan’s Lantern Festival.
Atmospheric Environment2012; 62 (12): 256-
266.
15. Crespo JE, Yubero JF, Nicolás F, Lucarelli S,
Nava M, Chiari Calzolai, G. High-time resolution
and size-segregated elemental composition in
high-intensity pyrotechnic exposures. Journal of
Hazardous Material. 2012; 241- 42 (30):82-91.
16. Satsangi PG, Pipal AS, Budhavant KB,
Rao PSP, Taneja A. Study of chemical species
associated with fine particles and their secondary
particle formation at semi-arid region of India.
Atmospheric Pollution Research 2016; 7 (6):
1110-1118.
17. Barman SC, Singh R, Negi MPS, Bhargava
SK. Ambient Air Quality of Lucknow City (India)
during Use of Fireworks on Diwali Festival.
Environment Monitoring and Assessment 2008;
137 (1): 495-504.
18. Binita P, Biswas J, Bharali C, Bhuyan PK.
Short term introduction of pollutants into the
atmosphere at a location in the Brahmaputra
Basin: A case study. Atmospheric Pollution
Research 2015; 6(2): 220-229.
19. Sahu S K & Kota SH. Significance of PM2.5 air
quality at the Indian capital. Aerosol Air Quality
Research 2017; 17(2): 588-597.
20. Agrawal A, Upadhyay VK, Sachdeva K. Study
of aerosol behavior on the basis of morphological
characteristics during festival events in India.
Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(21): 3640-
3644.
21. Clark H. Air Pollution from Fireworks.
Atmospheric Environment1997; 31(2): 2893-
2894.
22. Ravindra K, Mor S, Kaushik CP. Short-term
variation in air quality associated with firework
events: a case study. Journal of Environment
Monitoring 2003; 5 (2): 260-264.
23. Kulshrestha UC, Nageswara RT, Azhaguvel
S, Kulshrestha MJ. Emissions and Accumulation
of Metals in the Atmosphere due to Crackers
and Sparkles during Diwali Festival in India.
Atmospheric Environment. 2004; 38 (27): 4421-
4425.
24. Barman SC, Singh R, Negi MPS, Bhargava
SK. Ambient Air Quality of Lucknow City (India)
during Use of Fireworks on Diwali Festival.
Environment Monitoring Assessment2008; 137
(1): 495-504.
25. Moreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A, Minguillon
MC, Pey J, Rodriguez S, Miro JV, Felis C,
Gibbons W. Recreastional Atmospheric Pollution
Episodes: Inhalable Metalliferous Particles fromFirework Displays. Atmospheric Environment
2007; 41 (5): 913-922.
26. Thakur B, Chakraborty S, Debsarkar A,
Chakraborty S, Srivastava RC. Air Pollution from
Fireworks during Festival of Lights (Deepawali)
in Howrah, India - A Case Study. Atmosfera
2010; 23 (4): 347-365.
27. Singh DP, Gadi R, Mandal TK, Dixit CK,
Singh K, Saud T, Singh N, Gupta PK . Study of
temporal variation in ambient air quality during
Diwali festival in India. Environment Monitoring
and Assessment 2010; 169 (1):1-13.
28. Tiwari S, Chate DM, Srivastava MK, Safai
PD, Srivastava AK, Bisht DS, Padmanabhamurty
B. Statistical evaluation of PM10 and distribution
of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 in ambient air due to
extreme fireworks episodes (Deepawali festivals)
in megacity Delhi. Nat Hazards, 2012; 61 (2):
521-531.
29. Chatterjee A, Sarkar C, Adak A, Mukherjee
U, Ghosh SK, Raha S. Ambient Air Quality
during Diwali Festival over Kolkata - A Mega-
City in India. Aerosol Air Quality Research 2013;
13 (3):1133-1144.
30. Caubel JJ, Cados TE, & Kirchstetter TW. A
new black carbon sensor for dense air quality
monitoring networks. Sensors, 2018; 18(3): 738.
31. Kirchstetter, T.W.; Thatcher, T.L. Contribution
of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate
matter absorption of solar radiation. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 2012; 12 (14): 6067–
6072.
32. Yang M, Howell SG, Huebert BJ. Attribution
of aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown
carbon, and dust in China-Interpretations of
atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2009; 9 (6):
1–16.
33. Jimenez, J.; Claiborn, C.; Larson, T.;
Gould, T.; Kirchstetter, T.; Gundel, L. Loading
Effect Correction for Real-Time Aethalometer
Measurements of Fresh Diesel Soot. Journal of
Air Waste and Management Association, 2007;
57 (7): 868–873.
34. Virkkula A, Mäkelä T, Hillamo R, Yli-Tuomi
T, Hirsikko A, Hämeri K, Koponen IK . A Simple
Procedure for Correcting Loading Effects of
Aethalometer Data. Journal of Air Waste and
Management Association. 2007; 57 (10): 1214–
1222.
35. Cheng, Y.H.; Yang, L.S. Correcting
aethalometer black carbon data for measurement
artifacts by using inter-comparison methodology
based on two different light attenuation increasing
rates. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. 2015; 8 (3):
2851–2879.
36. Pipal AS, Tiwari S, Satsangi PG, Taneja
A, Bisht DS, Srivastava AK, Srivastava MK.
Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous
aerosols at Agra “World heritage site” and Delhi
“capital city of India. Environment Science and
Pollution Research 2014; 21 (14): 8678-8691.
37. Xing YF, Xu YH, Shi MH, Lian YX. The
impact of PM2. 5 on the human respiratory system.
Journal of thoracic disease. 2016 Jan;8(1):E69.
38. Bansal O, Singh A, and Singh D. Shortterm
perturbation in aerosol characteristics over
Northwestern India: A case study during Diwali
festival. Journal of Earth System Science, 2019;
128(7): 1-13.
39. Izhara S, Rajputa P, Gupta T. Variation of
particle number and mass concentration and
associated mass deposition during Diwali festival.
Urban Climate. 2018; 24:1027-2036.
40. Mukherjee T, Asutosh A, Pandey SK,
Yang L, Gogoi PP, Panwar A, Vinoj V. Increasing
potential for Air Pollution over Megacity New
Delhi: A study based on 2016 Diwali episode.
Aerosol Air Quality Research, 2018; 18 (9):
2510-2518.
41. Ambade B. The air pollution during Diwali
festival by the burning of fireworks in Jamshedpur
city, India. Urban climate. 2018 Dec 1;26:149-60.
42. Sinha D, Dammani J. Mass Concentration of
PM. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences.
2018;22(1):50-3.
43. Nigam S, Kumar N, Mandal NK, Padma
B, Rao S. Real time ambient air quality status
during diwali festival in central, India. Journal
of Geoscience and Environment Protection.
2016;4(01):162.
44. Chatterjee A, Sarkar C, Adak A, Mukherjee U, Ghosh SK, Raha S. Ambient air quality during
Diwali Festival over Kolkata-a mega-city in
India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2013
Mar;13(3):1133-44.
45. Singh DP, Gadi R, Mandal TK, Dixit CK,
Singh K, Saud T, Singh N, Gupta PK. Study
of temporal variation in ambient air quality
during Diwali festival in India. Environmental
monitoring and assessment. 2010 Oct;169(1):1-3.
46. Praveen Kumar R, Samuel C, Raju SR, Gautam
S. Air pollution in five Indian megacities during
the Christmas and New Year celebration amidst
COVID-19 pandemic. Stochastic Environmental
Research and Risk Assessment. 2022 Apr 2:1-31.
47. Manning M, Martin RV, Hasenkopf C,
Flasher, J, Li C. Diurnal Patterns in Global Fine
Particulate Matter Concentration. Environment
Science and Technology Letter. 2018; 5 (11):
687-691.
48. Sasser E and Hernby J. Report to Congress
on Black Carbon; US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA): Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
49. Kim JJ, Smorodinsky S, Lipsett M, Singer
BC, Hodgson AT, Ostro B. Traffic-related air
pollution near busy roads: the East Bay Children's
Respiratory Health Study. American journal of
respiratory and critical care medicine. 2004 Sep
1;170(5):520-6.
50. Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJ, Adeyi O,
Arnold R, Baldé AB, Bertollini R, Bose-O'Reilly
S, Boufford JI, Breysse PN, Chiles T. The Lancet
Commission on pollution and health. The lancet.
2018 Feb 3;391(10119):462-512.
51. Rastogi N, Singh A, Satish R. Characteristics
of submicron particles coming from a big
firecrackers burning event: implications to
atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric Pollution
Research. 2019 Mar 1;10(2):629-3.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 4 (2022): Autumn 2022 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i4.11383 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Black carbon; Particulate matters (PMs); Festival; Firecracker episode; Human health | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Pipal AS, Singh SP, Tripathi T, Taneja A. Variations in black carbon and particulate matters (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) during firecrackers bursting episodes and biomass burning: A case study during the Diwali festival. JAPH. 2022;7(4):347-360.
