Consequences and health effects of toxic air pollutants emission by industries
-
Maryam Hormati
,
Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
,
Acim Heri Iswanto
,
Sara Mansourimoghadam
,
Ahmed Taifi
,
Heydar Maleki
,
Yasser Fakri Mustafa
,
Behzad Fouladi Dehaghi
,
Arghavan Afra
,
Masoume Taherian
,
Fatemeh Kiani
Abstract
Introduction: Emission large amounts of air pollutants can cause many problems in the environment and human health. The purpose of this review study was evaluating consequences and health effects of toxic air pollutants and expressing strategies for controlling these pollutants.
Material and methods: A narrative review of the literature was done based on searched databases. All relevant studies published 1998 until 2021 gathered. According to the databases, 360 articles were retrieved. 24 studies
were screened after review and 16 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 9 articles were selected in this study.
Results: The results of this study showed that industrialization, increasing urbanization, technological development, rapid population growth, increased desertification and deforestation, occurrence of dust phenomenon, uncontrolled growth of motor vehicles, entry of various pollutants and environmental degradation cause a phenomenon called air pollution. Based on the results, the toxic air pollutants causes many health endpoints in human such as respiratory disease, asthma, chronic lung disease, respiratory and
cardiovascular system dysfunction, decreased immune system, headache, dizziness, gastrointestinal disease and increased risk of cancer (lung, stomach, intestine, eye, liver and brain).
Conclusion: According to research related to the subject, air pollution is a positive function of energy consumption, volume of industrial activities, and the uncontrolled increase of human activities. The most vital factors are increasing the level of public awareness, reducing the exposure to toxic air pollutants, improving quality of the products and consumption of consumed fuels.
1. Khaefi M, Goudarzi G, Yari AR, Geravandi S, Dobaradaran S, Idani E et al. An association between ambient pollutants and hospital admitted respiratory cases in Ahvaz, Iran. Fresenius Environ Bull. 2016;25(10):3955-61.
2. Goudarzi G, Idani E, Alavi N, Salmanzadeh S, Babaei AA, Geravandi S et al. Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the outdoor air in Ahvaz, southwest Iran during warm-cold season. Toxin reviews. 2017;36(4):282-9.
3. Zavieh FS, Mohammadi MJ, Vosoughi M, Abazari M, Raesee E, Fazlzadeh M et al. Assessment of types of bacterial bio-aerosols and concentrations in the indoor air of gyms. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2021;43(5):2165-73.
4. Matin BF. Control of air pollution by biosphere shells (a solution to control air pollution in Tehran). Garden Comment. 2018;15(65):25-40.
5. Dastoorpoor M, Sekhavatpour Z, Masoumi K, Mohammadi MJ, Aghababaeian H, Khanjani N et al. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Ahvaz, Iran. Science of the total environment. 2019;652:1318-30.
6. Effatpanah M, Effatpanah H, Jalali S, Parseh I, Goudarzi G, Barzegar G et al. Hospital admission of exposure to air pollution in Ahvaz megacity during 2010–2013. Clinical epidemiology and global health. 2020;8(2):550-6.
7. Javanmardi P, Morovati P, Farhadi M, Geravandi S, Khaniabadi YO, Angali KA et al. Monitoring the impact of ambient ozone on human health using time series analysis and air quality model approaches. Fresenius environmental bulletin. 2018;27(1):533-44.
8. Hosein H. Comprehensive book of public health. 2020.
9. Idani E, Geravandi S, Akhzari M, Goudarzi G, Alavi N, Yari AR et al. Characteristics, sources, and health risks of atmospheric PM10-bound heavy metals in a populated middle eastern city. Toxin reviews. 2020;39(3):266-74.
10. Zahra N, Marzieh GG. Air pollution and its effective factors (Case study of SPM and SO2 emissions in Iranian manufacturing industries).
11. Shahram M, Maryam H. Exercise and Air Pollution (Review Article).
12. Elahe V, Mansour k. Predicting air pollution in Shiraz.
13. Naghizadeh A, Sharifzadeh G, Tabatabaei F, Afzali A, Yari AR, Geravandi S et al. Assessment of carbon monoxide concentration in indoor/outdoor air of Sarayan city, Khorasan Province of Iran. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2019;41(5):1875-80.
14. Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Mohammadi MJ, Taghavirad SS, Salmanzadeh S. Sulfur and nitrogen dioxide exposure and the incidence of health endpoints in Ahvaz, Iran. Health Scope. 2015;4(2).
15. Saki H, Goudarzi G, Jalali S, Barzegar G, Farhadi M, Parseh I et al. Study of relationship between nitrogen dioxide and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Bushehr, Iran. Clinical epidemiology and global health. 2020;8(2):446-9.
16. Karbasi, Pour K, Salehi, Farimah, Rashidi, Jouan. The role of high-speed buses (BRT) in reducing the social costs of air pollution and fuel consumption. Civil Engineering. 2011;227(3):33-40.
17. Mirzaii, Sadeghi, Fard JZH, Neamatollah, Sadeghi, Habib. The effect of air pollution on health disorders in Ahvaz in 2016. Letter from the Iranian Demographic Association. 2020;15(29):61-94.
18. Alireza G, Asghar ASA, Mehyar S. A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Urban Transportation in Air Pollution by Separate Municipal Areas of Tehran (Carbon Monoxide) Using GIS.
19. Majid M, Abdolnezam J. Factors affecting air pollution in the transportation sector of Iranian provinces.
20. Farideh GB, Adel A, Mehrnaz GK. Designing a model for selecting air pollution control equipment with fuzzy approach (Case study: Shargh Cement Company).
21. Farshid GS, Farideh GB. Presenting the design of local ventilation system in order to control air pollution in the press workshop of rubber parts industry.
22. Jaafari, Ataii, Abedi, Maleki. Technical and economic evaluation of energy recycling systems in Kerman gas power plant with a view to reducing air pollution. Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2009;11(2):15-24.
23. Mahmoud M. Concentration of cotton dust in the air of batting workshops of textile factories of Mazandaran province. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 1998;7(27):16-21.
24. Nori, Jaafari, Norbakhsh, Zahra S, Norbakhsh, Marzieh S et al. Management of environmental aspects and effects of wood and paper industries using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2017;19(Special Letter No. 4)):357-68.
25. Jaafar N, Leyla R, Reza A, Mostafa K. Introduction of waste minimization management system in paint industry (Case study: Dye Factory).
26. Jahri NPK, Morovati, Nia S, Yazdi A. Environmental risk assessment and management of steel industries by EFMEA method (Case study: Ardakan smelter and steel plant). Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2020:76-88.
27. Hassan G, Nasrin ML, Shahla A, Ehsan KNL. Prevalence of smoking and its related factors in male students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
28. Pour SA, Saeed, Saeedi, Jaafar, Rad S, Esmaail. Location of municipal waste landfill (Case study of Kermanshah). Man and the environment. 2013;11(Issue 4 (27-38 in a row)):55-64.
29. Bigdeli M. Investigation of environmental effects of forest fires (Case study of Iran).
30. Jabali, Zarea, Ekhtesasi, Jaafari. Investigating the extent of horizontal visibility variability in areas affected by dust events in Yazd province. Desert Management.8(15):21-36.
31. Kohpaii L, Golbabaii F, Taheri SJS, Jamaloddin S, Nikpay, Ahmad et al. Evaluation of the health effects of airborne particles on workers in a tile factory. Journal of Qom University of Medical Sciences. 2008;2(2):43-8.
32. Hashemzadeh B, Idani E, Goudarzi G, Ankali KA, Sakhvidi MJZ, Babaei AA et al. Effects of PM2. 5 and NO2 on the 8-isoprostane and lung function indices of FVC and FEV1 in students of Ahvaz city, Iran. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2019;26(3):473-80.
33. GOUDARZI GR, Mohammadi MJ, AHMADI AK, NEISI A, Babaei AA, Mohammadi B et al. Estimation of health effects attributed to NO2 exposure using AirQ model. 2012.
34. Yari AR, Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Dobaradaran S, Yousefi F, Idani E et al. Study of ground-level ozone and its health risk assessment in residents in Ahvaz City, Iran during 2013. Toxin reviews. 2016;35(3-4):201-6.
35. Geravandi S, Goudarzi GR, Vousoghi Niri M, Mohammadi MJ, Saeidimehr S, Geravandi S. Estimate of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality related to sulfur dioxide pollutant in Ahvaz. Journal of environmental studies. 2015;41(2):341-50.
36. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Idani E, Hosseini SA, Baneshi MM, Yari AR et al. An evaluation of hospital admission respiratory disease attributed to sulfur dioxide ambient concentration in Ahvaz from 2011 through 2013. Environmental science and pollution research. 2016;23(21):22001-7.
37. Mohammadi A, Karami ARB, Mard SA, Goudarzi G, Maleki H, Chamkouri N et al. Effect of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Air on Inflammation Factors and Apoptotic Markers in Diabetic Rats: The Protective Effect of Insulin and Crocin. Reports of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2021;10(2):334.
38. Eskandari Z, Maleki H, Neisi A, Riahi A, Hamid V, Goudarzi G. Temporal fluctuations of PM 2.5 and PM 10, population exposure, and their health impacts in Dezful city, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2020;18(2):723-31.
39. Heidar Maleki, Gholamreza Goudarzi, Zeynab Baboli, Rohollah Khodadadi, Mohsen Yazdani, Ali Akbar Babaei et al. Temporal profiles of ambient air pollutants and associated health outcomes in two polluted cities of the Middle East. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2022;20(doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00781-z
):1-15.
40. Tahery N, Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Shahriyari HA, Jalali S, Mohammadi MJ. Estimation of PM 10 pollutant and its effect on total mortality (TM), hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (HACD), and respiratory disease (HARD) outcome. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021;28(17):22123-30.
41. Goudarzi G, Alavi N, Geravandi S, Idani E, Behrooz HRA, Babaei AA et al. Health risk assessment on human exposed to heavy metals in the ambient air PM 10 in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. International journal of biometeorology. 2018;62(6):1075-83.
42. Nasr M, Monireh, Zadeh A, Leyli. Study of air pollutants concentration and air quality index (AQI) in Shiraz during the years 2012 to 2014. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2016;3(3):182-92.
43. Ardakani S, Naiinian S. Investigation of ambient airborne particles of Azandrian Silicon Complex in Hamadan. Man and the environment. 2017;15(1):1-11.
44. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Alavi N, Idani E, Salmanzadeh S, Yari AR et al. Association between cancer risk and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons’ exposure in the ambient air of Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. International journal of biometeorology. 2018;62(8):1461-70.
45. Jamshidi, Zadeh K, Kambiz, Shirazi R. Investigation of airborne particulate matter pollution in Gachsaran in 2005. The gift of knowledge. 2007;12(2):89-97.
46. Mostafa G, Masoud Y, Akbar F, Hojjat Z, Saeid S, Yousef R. The relationship between exposure to air pollution and the onset of acute heart syndrome attacks in Tehran Heart Hospital by cross-sectional method.
47. Esfahbodi, Mohammad A, Pour S. Measurement of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and suspended particles in the parking lot of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS). Environmental Science Studies.1(3):19-24.
48. Goudarzi G, Nadafi K, Mesdaghiniya A. Quantification of health effects of air pollution in Tehran and determining the impact of a comprehensive program to reduce air pollution in Tehran on the third axis. Tehran, Iran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2007.
49. Samimi B, Sheydaii. Harmful effects of carbon monoxide on human health in relation to traffic congestion in cities. Ecology. 1977;7(7).
50. Rahmati, Moghani, Vahid, Vesal, Mohammad. Investigation of short-term effect of air pollution on mortality in six metropolises in Iran. Sustainable Growth and Development Research (Economic Research). 2020;20(2):53-76.
51. Chavoshi, Behnam, Nezhad M, Zadeh A. Evaluation of emission rate and emission coefficient (emission factor) of sulfur dioxide gas from the outputs of Tehran Oil Refinery. Health and Environment Quarterly. 2011;4(2):233-44.
52. Fayazi, Rahmani, Bilandi R, Roghaeh D. The relationship between air pollution and preeclampsia with gestational hypertension: A systematic review study. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2020;23(9):95-107.
53. Ghorbani, Cherati Y, Nezhad E, Siavash. Relationship between air pollution and mortality due to chronic lung diseases and obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Mashhad. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2019;28(169):161-8.
54. Latif M, Ali F, Mehdi B, Mohammad R. Relationship between concentrations of inhaled pollutants nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and pulmonary function.
2. Goudarzi G, Idani E, Alavi N, Salmanzadeh S, Babaei AA, Geravandi S et al. Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the outdoor air in Ahvaz, southwest Iran during warm-cold season. Toxin reviews. 2017;36(4):282-9.
3. Zavieh FS, Mohammadi MJ, Vosoughi M, Abazari M, Raesee E, Fazlzadeh M et al. Assessment of types of bacterial bio-aerosols and concentrations in the indoor air of gyms. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2021;43(5):2165-73.
4. Matin BF. Control of air pollution by biosphere shells (a solution to control air pollution in Tehran). Garden Comment. 2018;15(65):25-40.
5. Dastoorpoor M, Sekhavatpour Z, Masoumi K, Mohammadi MJ, Aghababaeian H, Khanjani N et al. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Ahvaz, Iran. Science of the total environment. 2019;652:1318-30.
6. Effatpanah M, Effatpanah H, Jalali S, Parseh I, Goudarzi G, Barzegar G et al. Hospital admission of exposure to air pollution in Ahvaz megacity during 2010–2013. Clinical epidemiology and global health. 2020;8(2):550-6.
7. Javanmardi P, Morovati P, Farhadi M, Geravandi S, Khaniabadi YO, Angali KA et al. Monitoring the impact of ambient ozone on human health using time series analysis and air quality model approaches. Fresenius environmental bulletin. 2018;27(1):533-44.
8. Hosein H. Comprehensive book of public health. 2020.
9. Idani E, Geravandi S, Akhzari M, Goudarzi G, Alavi N, Yari AR et al. Characteristics, sources, and health risks of atmospheric PM10-bound heavy metals in a populated middle eastern city. Toxin reviews. 2020;39(3):266-74.
10. Zahra N, Marzieh GG. Air pollution and its effective factors (Case study of SPM and SO2 emissions in Iranian manufacturing industries).
11. Shahram M, Maryam H. Exercise and Air Pollution (Review Article).
12. Elahe V, Mansour k. Predicting air pollution in Shiraz.
13. Naghizadeh A, Sharifzadeh G, Tabatabaei F, Afzali A, Yari AR, Geravandi S et al. Assessment of carbon monoxide concentration in indoor/outdoor air of Sarayan city, Khorasan Province of Iran. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2019;41(5):1875-80.
14. Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Mohammadi MJ, Taghavirad SS, Salmanzadeh S. Sulfur and nitrogen dioxide exposure and the incidence of health endpoints in Ahvaz, Iran. Health Scope. 2015;4(2).
15. Saki H, Goudarzi G, Jalali S, Barzegar G, Farhadi M, Parseh I et al. Study of relationship between nitrogen dioxide and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Bushehr, Iran. Clinical epidemiology and global health. 2020;8(2):446-9.
16. Karbasi, Pour K, Salehi, Farimah, Rashidi, Jouan. The role of high-speed buses (BRT) in reducing the social costs of air pollution and fuel consumption. Civil Engineering. 2011;227(3):33-40.
17. Mirzaii, Sadeghi, Fard JZH, Neamatollah, Sadeghi, Habib. The effect of air pollution on health disorders in Ahvaz in 2016. Letter from the Iranian Demographic Association. 2020;15(29):61-94.
18. Alireza G, Asghar ASA, Mehyar S. A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Urban Transportation in Air Pollution by Separate Municipal Areas of Tehran (Carbon Monoxide) Using GIS.
19. Majid M, Abdolnezam J. Factors affecting air pollution in the transportation sector of Iranian provinces.
20. Farideh GB, Adel A, Mehrnaz GK. Designing a model for selecting air pollution control equipment with fuzzy approach (Case study: Shargh Cement Company).
21. Farshid GS, Farideh GB. Presenting the design of local ventilation system in order to control air pollution in the press workshop of rubber parts industry.
22. Jaafari, Ataii, Abedi, Maleki. Technical and economic evaluation of energy recycling systems in Kerman gas power plant with a view to reducing air pollution. Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2009;11(2):15-24.
23. Mahmoud M. Concentration of cotton dust in the air of batting workshops of textile factories of Mazandaran province. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 1998;7(27):16-21.
24. Nori, Jaafari, Norbakhsh, Zahra S, Norbakhsh, Marzieh S et al. Management of environmental aspects and effects of wood and paper industries using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2017;19(Special Letter No. 4)):357-68.
25. Jaafar N, Leyla R, Reza A, Mostafa K. Introduction of waste minimization management system in paint industry (Case study: Dye Factory).
26. Jahri NPK, Morovati, Nia S, Yazdi A. Environmental risk assessment and management of steel industries by EFMEA method (Case study: Ardakan smelter and steel plant). Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2020:76-88.
27. Hassan G, Nasrin ML, Shahla A, Ehsan KNL. Prevalence of smoking and its related factors in male students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
28. Pour SA, Saeed, Saeedi, Jaafar, Rad S, Esmaail. Location of municipal waste landfill (Case study of Kermanshah). Man and the environment. 2013;11(Issue 4 (27-38 in a row)):55-64.
29. Bigdeli M. Investigation of environmental effects of forest fires (Case study of Iran).
30. Jabali, Zarea, Ekhtesasi, Jaafari. Investigating the extent of horizontal visibility variability in areas affected by dust events in Yazd province. Desert Management.8(15):21-36.
31. Kohpaii L, Golbabaii F, Taheri SJS, Jamaloddin S, Nikpay, Ahmad et al. Evaluation of the health effects of airborne particles on workers in a tile factory. Journal of Qom University of Medical Sciences. 2008;2(2):43-8.
32. Hashemzadeh B, Idani E, Goudarzi G, Ankali KA, Sakhvidi MJZ, Babaei AA et al. Effects of PM2. 5 and NO2 on the 8-isoprostane and lung function indices of FVC and FEV1 in students of Ahvaz city, Iran. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2019;26(3):473-80.
33. GOUDARZI GR, Mohammadi MJ, AHMADI AK, NEISI A, Babaei AA, Mohammadi B et al. Estimation of health effects attributed to NO2 exposure using AirQ model. 2012.
34. Yari AR, Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Dobaradaran S, Yousefi F, Idani E et al. Study of ground-level ozone and its health risk assessment in residents in Ahvaz City, Iran during 2013. Toxin reviews. 2016;35(3-4):201-6.
35. Geravandi S, Goudarzi GR, Vousoghi Niri M, Mohammadi MJ, Saeidimehr S, Geravandi S. Estimate of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality related to sulfur dioxide pollutant in Ahvaz. Journal of environmental studies. 2015;41(2):341-50.
36. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Idani E, Hosseini SA, Baneshi MM, Yari AR et al. An evaluation of hospital admission respiratory disease attributed to sulfur dioxide ambient concentration in Ahvaz from 2011 through 2013. Environmental science and pollution research. 2016;23(21):22001-7.
37. Mohammadi A, Karami ARB, Mard SA, Goudarzi G, Maleki H, Chamkouri N et al. Effect of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Air on Inflammation Factors and Apoptotic Markers in Diabetic Rats: The Protective Effect of Insulin and Crocin. Reports of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2021;10(2):334.
38. Eskandari Z, Maleki H, Neisi A, Riahi A, Hamid V, Goudarzi G. Temporal fluctuations of PM 2.5 and PM 10, population exposure, and their health impacts in Dezful city, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2020;18(2):723-31.
39. Heidar Maleki, Gholamreza Goudarzi, Zeynab Baboli, Rohollah Khodadadi, Mohsen Yazdani, Ali Akbar Babaei et al. Temporal profiles of ambient air pollutants and associated health outcomes in two polluted cities of the Middle East. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2022;20(doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00781-z
):1-15.
40. Tahery N, Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Shahriyari HA, Jalali S, Mohammadi MJ. Estimation of PM 10 pollutant and its effect on total mortality (TM), hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (HACD), and respiratory disease (HARD) outcome. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021;28(17):22123-30.
41. Goudarzi G, Alavi N, Geravandi S, Idani E, Behrooz HRA, Babaei AA et al. Health risk assessment on human exposed to heavy metals in the ambient air PM 10 in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. International journal of biometeorology. 2018;62(6):1075-83.
42. Nasr M, Monireh, Zadeh A, Leyli. Study of air pollutants concentration and air quality index (AQI) in Shiraz during the years 2012 to 2014. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2016;3(3):182-92.
43. Ardakani S, Naiinian S. Investigation of ambient airborne particles of Azandrian Silicon Complex in Hamadan. Man and the environment. 2017;15(1):1-11.
44. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Alavi N, Idani E, Salmanzadeh S, Yari AR et al. Association between cancer risk and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons’ exposure in the ambient air of Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. International journal of biometeorology. 2018;62(8):1461-70.
45. Jamshidi, Zadeh K, Kambiz, Shirazi R. Investigation of airborne particulate matter pollution in Gachsaran in 2005. The gift of knowledge. 2007;12(2):89-97.
46. Mostafa G, Masoud Y, Akbar F, Hojjat Z, Saeid S, Yousef R. The relationship between exposure to air pollution and the onset of acute heart syndrome attacks in Tehran Heart Hospital by cross-sectional method.
47. Esfahbodi, Mohammad A, Pour S. Measurement of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and suspended particles in the parking lot of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS). Environmental Science Studies.1(3):19-24.
48. Goudarzi G, Nadafi K, Mesdaghiniya A. Quantification of health effects of air pollution in Tehran and determining the impact of a comprehensive program to reduce air pollution in Tehran on the third axis. Tehran, Iran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2007.
49. Samimi B, Sheydaii. Harmful effects of carbon monoxide on human health in relation to traffic congestion in cities. Ecology. 1977;7(7).
50. Rahmati, Moghani, Vahid, Vesal, Mohammad. Investigation of short-term effect of air pollution on mortality in six metropolises in Iran. Sustainable Growth and Development Research (Economic Research). 2020;20(2):53-76.
51. Chavoshi, Behnam, Nezhad M, Zadeh A. Evaluation of emission rate and emission coefficient (emission factor) of sulfur dioxide gas from the outputs of Tehran Oil Refinery. Health and Environment Quarterly. 2011;4(2):233-44.
52. Fayazi, Rahmani, Bilandi R, Roghaeh D. The relationship between air pollution and preeclampsia with gestational hypertension: A systematic review study. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2020;23(9):95-107.
53. Ghorbani, Cherati Y, Nezhad E, Siavash. Relationship between air pollution and mortality due to chronic lung diseases and obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Mashhad. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2019;28(169):161-8.
54. Latif M, Ali F, Mehdi B, Mohammad R. Relationship between concentrations of inhaled pollutants nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and pulmonary function.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 1 (2022): Winter 2022 | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i1.8923 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Toxic Air Pollutants Health Effects Industry Traffic | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Hormati M, Mohammadi MJ, Iswanto A H, Mansourimoghadam S, Taifi A, Maleki H, Fakri Mustafa Y, Fouladi Dehaghi B, Afra A, Taherian M, Kiani F. Consequences and health effects of toxic air pollutants emission by industries. JAPH. 2022;7(1):95-108.
