On the nature of heavy metals in particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and their health impact assessment for a desert city in Iran, Birjand
-
Adeleh Esform
,
Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
,
Ali Naghizadeh
,
Alireza Amirabadizadeh
,
Sajad Lashkari
Abstract
Introduction: Air pollution is the leading environmental risk factor for health. This study aimed to assess heavy metals in Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) and their health impact assessment for a desert city in Iran, Birjand.
Materials and methods: In this study, the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were measured from September 2019 to March 2020. Measurements were performed once every six days for 24 h using high-volume samplers.
Moreover, health-related effects attributed to the suspended particles were estimated using the AirQ2.2.3.
Results: Mean and standard deviation of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 97.5±38.7 μg/m3
and 36.3±19.1 μg/m3, respectively. The mean metal concentrations in PM2.5 were in the Co> Cd> Ce> V order, while the metal concentrations in PM10 were in the Cd> As> Ce>V order. The lowest and highest number of deaths attributed to PM2.5 per 100,000 persons were related to ischemic heart disease (1.73) and chronic respiratory disease (18.35). The highest number of deaths attributed to PM10 per 100,000 persons was related
to chronic bronchitis in adults (35.74).
Conclusion: This study revealed that particle-based air pollution negatively affects health as caused by heavy metals, whereas further research is required to determine the effects of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols on human health. Monitoring the elemental composition of atmospheric particles can contribute to better air quality management.
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O, Arnold R, Baldé AB, et al. The Lancet
Commission on pollution and health. The
lancet. 2018;391(10119):462-512.
2. Li T, Li J, Jiang H, Chen D, Zong Z, Tian
C, et al. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in
Guangzhou based on an approach of combining
positive matrix factorization with the Bayesian
mixing model and radiocarbon. Atmosphere.
2020;11(5):512.
3. Abu-Allaban M, Abu-Qudais H. Impact
assessment of ambient air quality by cement
industry: A case study in Jordan. Aerosol and
Air Quality Research. 2011;11(7):802-10.
4. Goudie A. Dust storms and their
geomorphological implications. Journal of Arid
Environments. 1978;1(4):291-311.
5. Kermani M, Arfaeinia H, Nabizade
R, Alimohammadi M, Alamolhoda AA,
Bahramiasl F, et al. Study on concentration of
particulate matter with diameter Less than 10
microns, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons related to PM2.5 in the ambient air of
Sina hospital district. Journal of Environmental
Health Enginering. 2014;1(2):93-103.
6. Ouyang R, Yang S, Xu L. Analysis and risk
assessment of PM2.5-bound pahs in a comparison
of indoor and outdoor environments in a
middle school: A case study in Beijing, China.
Atmosphere. 2020;11(9):904.
7. Gonzales GMI, Quincho JPR, Torres RJC,
Alvan CAU. Chemical Characteristics and
Identification of PM10 Sources in Two Lima
Districts, Peru. DYNA. 2020;87(215):57-65.
8. Vineis P, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Air
pollution and cancer: biomarker studies
in human populations. Carcinogenesis.
2005;26(11):1846-55.
9. Sun S, Zheng N, Wang S, Li Y, Hou S, Song
X, et al. Source analysis and human health
risk assessment based on entropy weight
method modification of PM2.5 heavy metal in
an industrial area in the Northeast of China.
Atmosphere. 2021;12(7):852.
10. Martins V, Moreno T, Minguillón MC, Amato
F, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, et al. Exposure
to airborne particulate matter in the subway
system. Science of the Total Environment.
2015;511:711-22.
11. Minguillón M.C, Schembari A, TrigueroMas M, de Nazelle A, Dadvand P, Figueras F, et
al. Source apportionment of indoor, outdoor and
personal PM2.5 exposure of pregnant women in
Barcelona, Spain. Atmospheric Environment.
2012;59:426-36.
12. Pastuszka JS, Rogula-Kozłowska W, ZajuszZubek E. Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5
and associated heavy metals at the crossroads
and urban background site in Zabrze, Upper
Silesia, Poland, during the smog episodes.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
2010;168(1-4):613-27.
13. Kelly J, Thornton I, Simpson PR. Urban
geochemistry: a study of the influence of
anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal
content of soils in traditionally industrial
and non-industrial areas of Britain. Applied geochemistry. 1996;11(1-2):363-70.
14. Kamani H, Mahvi A.H, Seyedsalehi
M, Jaafari J, Hoseini M, Safari G, et al.
Contamination and ecological risk assessment
of heavy metals in street dust of Tehran, Iran.
International journal of environmental science
and technology. 2017;14(12):2675-82.
15. Kampa M, Castanas E. Human health effects
of air pollution. Environmental pollution.
2008;151(2):362-7.
16. Zheng X, Xu X, Yekeen TA, Zhang Y,
Chen A, Kim SS, et al. Ambient air heavy
metals in PM2.5 and potential human health
risk assessment in an informal electronic-waste
recycling site of China. Aerosol and Air Quality
Research. 2016;16(2):388-97.
17. Alidadi R, Mansouri N, Hemmasi A,
Mirzahosseini SA. Risk assessment of heavy
metal in ambient air (Case study: Ahvaz, Iran).
Anthropogenic Pollution Journal. 2020;4(2):1-
7.
18. Zhang D, Li H, Luo XS, Huang W,
Pang Y, Yang J, et al. Toxicity assessment
and heavy metal components of inhalable
particulate matters (PM2.5 & PM10) during a
dust storm invading the city. Process Safety and
Environmental Protection. 2022 Jun 1;162:859-
66.
19. Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Faridi S,
Nabizadeh R, Sowlat MH, Momeniha F, et al.
Characterization of PAHs and metals in indoor/
outdoor PM10/PM2.5/PM1
in a retirement home
and a school dormitory. The Science of the total
environment. 2015;527-528:100-10.
20. Omidi Y, Goudarzi G, Heidari AM,
Daryanoosh SM. Health impact assessment of
short-term exposure to NO2 in Kermanshah,
Iran using AirQ model. 2016.
21. Dehghani MH, Hopke PK, Asghari FB,
Mohammadi AA, Yousefi M. The effect
of the decreasing level of Urmia Lake on
particulate matter trends and attributed health
effects in Tabriz, Iran. Microchemical Journal.
2020;153:104434.
22. Zhang H, Srinivasan R. A systematic
review of air quality sensors, guidelines, and
measurement studies for indoor air quality
management. Sustainability. 2020;12(21):9045.
23. Chaloulakou A, Kassomenos P, Spyrellis
N, Demokritou P, Koutrakis P. Measurements
of PM10 and PM2.5 particle concentrations in
Athens, Greece. Atmospheric Environment.
2003;37(5):649-60.
24. Badeenezhad A, Baghapour MA, Sorooshian
A, Keshavarz M, Azhdarpoor A, Goudarzi G,
et al. Investigating the relationship between
central nervous system biomarkers and shortterm exposure to PM10-bound metals during
dust storms. Atmospheric Pollution Research.
2020;11(11):2022-9.
25. Asimakopoulos DN, Flocas HA, Maggos
T, Vasilakos C. The role of meteorology on
different sized aerosol fractions (PM10, PM2.5,
PM2.5–10). Science of the Total Environment.
2012;419:124-35.
26. Li Y, Chen Q, Zhao H, Wang L, Tao R.
Variations in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 in an
urban area of the Sichuan Basin and their
relation to meteorological factors. Atmosphere.
2015;6(1):150-63.
27. Li X, Feng YJ, Liang HY, editors. The
impact of meteorological factors on PM2.5
variations in Hong Kong. IOP Conf Series:
Earth and Environmental Science; 2017 Jul 1
(Vol. 78, No. 1, p. 012003). IOP Publishing.
28. Wang J, Ogawa S. Effects of meteorological
conditions on PM2.5 concentrations in Nagasaki,
Japan. International journal of environmental
research and public health. 2015;12(8):9089-
101.
29. Ruellan S, Cachier H. Characterisation of
fresh particulate vehicular exhausts near a Paris
high flow road. Atmospheric Environment.
2001;35(2):453-68.
30. Ansari M, Ehrampoush MH. Meteorological
correlates and AirQ+ health risk assessment of
ambient fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran.
Environmental research. 2019;170:141-50.
31. Hou X, Fei D, Kang H, Zhang Y, Gao J.
Seasonal statistical analysis of the impact of
meteorological factors on fine particle pollution
in China in 2013–2017. Natural Hazards.
2018;93(2):677-98.
32. Zhang P, Hong B, He L, Cheng F, Zhao P,
Wei C, et al. Temporal and spatial simulation
of atmospheric pollutant PM2.5 changes and risk
assessment of population exposure to pollution
using optimization algorithms of the back
propagation-artificial neural network model
and GIS. International journal of environmental
research and public health. 2015;12(10):12171-
95.
33. Kumar N, Chu A, Foster A. An empirical
relationship between PM2.5 and aerosol optical
depth in Delhi Metropolitan. Atmospheric
Environment. 2007;41(21):4492-503.
34. MohseniBandpi A, Eslami A, Ghaderpoori
M, Shahsavani A, Jeihooni AK, Ghaderpoury
A, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals
on PM2.5 in Tehran air, Iran. Data in brief.
2018;17:347-55.
35. Jeong H, Choi JY, Lee J, Lim J, Ra K. Heavy
metal pollution by road-deposited sediments
and its contribution to total suspended solids in
rainfall runoff from intensive industrial areas.
Environmental Pollution. 2020;265:115028.
36. Zhao Y, Zhao C. Concentration and
distribution analysis of heavy metals in total
suspended particulates along Shanghai-Nanjing
expressway. Procedia Environmental Sciences.
2012;13:1405-11.
37. Motesaddi Zarandi S, Shahsavani A,
Khodagholi F, Fakhri Y. Concentration, sources
and human health risk of heavy metals and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound
PM2.5 ambient air, Tehran, Iran. Environmental
geochemistry and health. 2019 Jun;41(3):1473-
87.
38. Lo WC, Shie RH, Chan CC, Lin HH.
Burden of disease attributable to ambient
fine particulate matter exposure in Taiwan.
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association.
2017;116(1):32-40.
39. Li MH, Fan LC, Mao B, Yang JW, Choi AM,
Cao WJ, et al. Short-term exposure to ambient
fine particulate matter increases hospitalizations
and mortality in COPD: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Chest. 2016;149(2):447-58.
40. Tabibzadeh SA, Hosseini SA, Mohammadi
P, Etminan A, Norouzi H. Quantification of
Mortality Associated with Particulate Matter
Using Air Q model in Ambient Air in Shiraz,
Iran. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies.
2022 Jan 28;31(1):551-9.
41. Asl FB, Leili M, Vaziri Y, Arian SS,
Cristaldi A, Conti GO, et al. Health impacts
quantification of ambient air pollutants using
AirQ model approach in Hamadan, Iran.
Environmental research. 2018;161:114-21.
42. Fazlzadeh M, Rostami R, Yousefian F,
Yunesian M, Janjani H. Long term exposure
to ambient air particulate matter and mortality
effects in Megacity of Tehran, Iran: 2012–2017.
Particuology. 2021;58:139-46.
43. Wahab A. Global trend and disparity of
acute lower respiratory infection as cause of
mortality in children under 5 years of age.
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2021 Jun
11;64(12):630-1.2021.
O, Arnold R, Baldé AB, et al. The Lancet
Commission on pollution and health. The
lancet. 2018;391(10119):462-512.
2. Li T, Li J, Jiang H, Chen D, Zong Z, Tian
C, et al. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in
Guangzhou based on an approach of combining
positive matrix factorization with the Bayesian
mixing model and radiocarbon. Atmosphere.
2020;11(5):512.
3. Abu-Allaban M, Abu-Qudais H. Impact
assessment of ambient air quality by cement
industry: A case study in Jordan. Aerosol and
Air Quality Research. 2011;11(7):802-10.
4. Goudie A. Dust storms and their
geomorphological implications. Journal of Arid
Environments. 1978;1(4):291-311.
5. Kermani M, Arfaeinia H, Nabizade
R, Alimohammadi M, Alamolhoda AA,
Bahramiasl F, et al. Study on concentration of
particulate matter with diameter Less than 10
microns, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons related to PM2.5 in the ambient air of
Sina hospital district. Journal of Environmental
Health Enginering. 2014;1(2):93-103.
6. Ouyang R, Yang S, Xu L. Analysis and risk
assessment of PM2.5-bound pahs in a comparison
of indoor and outdoor environments in a
middle school: A case study in Beijing, China.
Atmosphere. 2020;11(9):904.
7. Gonzales GMI, Quincho JPR, Torres RJC,
Alvan CAU. Chemical Characteristics and
Identification of PM10 Sources in Two Lima
Districts, Peru. DYNA. 2020;87(215):57-65.
8. Vineis P, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Air
pollution and cancer: biomarker studies
in human populations. Carcinogenesis.
2005;26(11):1846-55.
9. Sun S, Zheng N, Wang S, Li Y, Hou S, Song
X, et al. Source analysis and human health
risk assessment based on entropy weight
method modification of PM2.5 heavy metal in
an industrial area in the Northeast of China.
Atmosphere. 2021;12(7):852.
10. Martins V, Moreno T, Minguillón MC, Amato
F, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, et al. Exposure
to airborne particulate matter in the subway
system. Science of the Total Environment.
2015;511:711-22.
11. Minguillón M.C, Schembari A, TrigueroMas M, de Nazelle A, Dadvand P, Figueras F, et
al. Source apportionment of indoor, outdoor and
personal PM2.5 exposure of pregnant women in
Barcelona, Spain. Atmospheric Environment.
2012;59:426-36.
12. Pastuszka JS, Rogula-Kozłowska W, ZajuszZubek E. Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5
and associated heavy metals at the crossroads
and urban background site in Zabrze, Upper
Silesia, Poland, during the smog episodes.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
2010;168(1-4):613-27.
13. Kelly J, Thornton I, Simpson PR. Urban
geochemistry: a study of the influence of
anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal
content of soils in traditionally industrial
and non-industrial areas of Britain. Applied geochemistry. 1996;11(1-2):363-70.
14. Kamani H, Mahvi A.H, Seyedsalehi
M, Jaafari J, Hoseini M, Safari G, et al.
Contamination and ecological risk assessment
of heavy metals in street dust of Tehran, Iran.
International journal of environmental science
and technology. 2017;14(12):2675-82.
15. Kampa M, Castanas E. Human health effects
of air pollution. Environmental pollution.
2008;151(2):362-7.
16. Zheng X, Xu X, Yekeen TA, Zhang Y,
Chen A, Kim SS, et al. Ambient air heavy
metals in PM2.5 and potential human health
risk assessment in an informal electronic-waste
recycling site of China. Aerosol and Air Quality
Research. 2016;16(2):388-97.
17. Alidadi R, Mansouri N, Hemmasi A,
Mirzahosseini SA. Risk assessment of heavy
metal in ambient air (Case study: Ahvaz, Iran).
Anthropogenic Pollution Journal. 2020;4(2):1-
7.
18. Zhang D, Li H, Luo XS, Huang W,
Pang Y, Yang J, et al. Toxicity assessment
and heavy metal components of inhalable
particulate matters (PM2.5 & PM10) during a
dust storm invading the city. Process Safety and
Environmental Protection. 2022 Jun 1;162:859-
66.
19. Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Faridi S,
Nabizadeh R, Sowlat MH, Momeniha F, et al.
Characterization of PAHs and metals in indoor/
outdoor PM10/PM2.5/PM1
in a retirement home
and a school dormitory. The Science of the total
environment. 2015;527-528:100-10.
20. Omidi Y, Goudarzi G, Heidari AM,
Daryanoosh SM. Health impact assessment of
short-term exposure to NO2 in Kermanshah,
Iran using AirQ model. 2016.
21. Dehghani MH, Hopke PK, Asghari FB,
Mohammadi AA, Yousefi M. The effect
of the decreasing level of Urmia Lake on
particulate matter trends and attributed health
effects in Tabriz, Iran. Microchemical Journal.
2020;153:104434.
22. Zhang H, Srinivasan R. A systematic
review of air quality sensors, guidelines, and
measurement studies for indoor air quality
management. Sustainability. 2020;12(21):9045.
23. Chaloulakou A, Kassomenos P, Spyrellis
N, Demokritou P, Koutrakis P. Measurements
of PM10 and PM2.5 particle concentrations in
Athens, Greece. Atmospheric Environment.
2003;37(5):649-60.
24. Badeenezhad A, Baghapour MA, Sorooshian
A, Keshavarz M, Azhdarpoor A, Goudarzi G,
et al. Investigating the relationship between
central nervous system biomarkers and shortterm exposure to PM10-bound metals during
dust storms. Atmospheric Pollution Research.
2020;11(11):2022-9.
25. Asimakopoulos DN, Flocas HA, Maggos
T, Vasilakos C. The role of meteorology on
different sized aerosol fractions (PM10, PM2.5,
PM2.5–10). Science of the Total Environment.
2012;419:124-35.
26. Li Y, Chen Q, Zhao H, Wang L, Tao R.
Variations in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 in an
urban area of the Sichuan Basin and their
relation to meteorological factors. Atmosphere.
2015;6(1):150-63.
27. Li X, Feng YJ, Liang HY, editors. The
impact of meteorological factors on PM2.5
variations in Hong Kong. IOP Conf Series:
Earth and Environmental Science; 2017 Jul 1
(Vol. 78, No. 1, p. 012003). IOP Publishing.
28. Wang J, Ogawa S. Effects of meteorological
conditions on PM2.5 concentrations in Nagasaki,
Japan. International journal of environmental
research and public health. 2015;12(8):9089-
101.
29. Ruellan S, Cachier H. Characterisation of
fresh particulate vehicular exhausts near a Paris
high flow road. Atmospheric Environment.
2001;35(2):453-68.
30. Ansari M, Ehrampoush MH. Meteorological
correlates and AirQ+ health risk assessment of
ambient fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran.
Environmental research. 2019;170:141-50.
31. Hou X, Fei D, Kang H, Zhang Y, Gao J.
Seasonal statistical analysis of the impact of
meteorological factors on fine particle pollution
in China in 2013–2017. Natural Hazards.
2018;93(2):677-98.
32. Zhang P, Hong B, He L, Cheng F, Zhao P,
Wei C, et al. Temporal and spatial simulation
of atmospheric pollutant PM2.5 changes and risk
assessment of population exposure to pollution
using optimization algorithms of the back
propagation-artificial neural network model
and GIS. International journal of environmental
research and public health. 2015;12(10):12171-
95.
33. Kumar N, Chu A, Foster A. An empirical
relationship between PM2.5 and aerosol optical
depth in Delhi Metropolitan. Atmospheric
Environment. 2007;41(21):4492-503.
34. MohseniBandpi A, Eslami A, Ghaderpoori
M, Shahsavani A, Jeihooni AK, Ghaderpoury
A, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals
on PM2.5 in Tehran air, Iran. Data in brief.
2018;17:347-55.
35. Jeong H, Choi JY, Lee J, Lim J, Ra K. Heavy
metal pollution by road-deposited sediments
and its contribution to total suspended solids in
rainfall runoff from intensive industrial areas.
Environmental Pollution. 2020;265:115028.
36. Zhao Y, Zhao C. Concentration and
distribution analysis of heavy metals in total
suspended particulates along Shanghai-Nanjing
expressway. Procedia Environmental Sciences.
2012;13:1405-11.
37. Motesaddi Zarandi S, Shahsavani A,
Khodagholi F, Fakhri Y. Concentration, sources
and human health risk of heavy metals and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound
PM2.5 ambient air, Tehran, Iran. Environmental
geochemistry and health. 2019 Jun;41(3):1473-
87.
38. Lo WC, Shie RH, Chan CC, Lin HH.
Burden of disease attributable to ambient
fine particulate matter exposure in Taiwan.
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association.
2017;116(1):32-40.
39. Li MH, Fan LC, Mao B, Yang JW, Choi AM,
Cao WJ, et al. Short-term exposure to ambient
fine particulate matter increases hospitalizations
and mortality in COPD: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Chest. 2016;149(2):447-58.
40. Tabibzadeh SA, Hosseini SA, Mohammadi
P, Etminan A, Norouzi H. Quantification of
Mortality Associated with Particulate Matter
Using Air Q model in Ambient Air in Shiraz,
Iran. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies.
2022 Jan 28;31(1):551-9.
41. Asl FB, Leili M, Vaziri Y, Arian SS,
Cristaldi A, Conti GO, et al. Health impacts
quantification of ambient air pollutants using
AirQ model approach in Hamadan, Iran.
Environmental research. 2018;161:114-21.
42. Fazlzadeh M, Rostami R, Yousefian F,
Yunesian M, Janjani H. Long term exposure
to ambient air particulate matter and mortality
effects in Megacity of Tehran, Iran: 2012–2017.
Particuology. 2021;58:139-46.
43. Wahab A. Global trend and disparity of
acute lower respiratory infection as cause of
mortality in children under 5 years of age.
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2021 Jun
11;64(12):630-1.2021.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 3 (2022): Summer 2022 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i3.10538 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Particulate matter; Metals; Air pollution | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Esform A, Hassanvand MS, Naghizadeh A, Amirabadizadeh A, Lashkari S. On the nature of heavy metals in particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and their health impact assessment for a desert city in Iran, Birjand. JAPH. 2022;7(3):233-246.
