Incineration of medical waste: Emission of pollutants into the environment
,
Abstract
Medical waste incinerator is a matter of concern for the environment and public health due to secondary pollutants. The present work aims to evaluate the toxic emissions from medical waste incineration, such as Polychlorinated Dibenzo-Dioxin/Furan (PCDD/Fs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the inorganic components in ambient air and ash. Hence, this study discusses several strategies to reduce emissions. For this purpose, searches were done in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases from 2000 to 2020. After the search, screening was done according to the predefined criteria, 96 papers were finally selected for this study.
The results show that the emissions levels depend on many factors like the composition of the feeding, waste type, waste classification, segregation practice, types of incinerators, operation conditions (designed temperature, retention time, and excess oxygen), and air pollution control devices. For instance, emissions of Medical Waste Incinerators (MWIs) rise sharply with a decrease in temperature, increase in oxygen levels and chlorine content in waste, and the absence or weak function of air pollution control systems. This review prepared a comprehensive detailed for decision-makers to help them to understand the environmental consequences of using incinerators. However, there is a gap in finding efficient methods to reduce emissions of incinerators.
1. Sayan İ. Servqual model in evaluation of
healthcare service quality; application of a
research and training hospital. Turan: Stratejik
Arastirmalar Merkezi. 2021;13(49):286-99.
2. Liu HC, Wu J, Li P. Assessment of health-care
waste disposal methods using a VIKOR-based
fuzzy multi-criteria decision making method.
Waste Management. 2013;33(12):2744-51.
3. Yoon YW, Jeon TW, Son JI, Kim KY, Kwon
EH, Shin SK, et al. Characteristics of PCDDs/
PCDFs in stack gas from medical waste
incinerators. Chemosphere. 2017;188:478-
485.
4. Ferraz MA, Afonso SA. Dioxin emission
factors for the incineration of different
medical waste types. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol. 2003;44(4):460-6.
5. Lee WJ, Liow MC, Tsai PJ, Hsieh LT.
Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
from medical waste incinerators. Atmospheric
Environment. 2002;36(5):781-90.
6. Shinee E, Gombojav E, Nishimura
A, Hamajima N, Ito K. Healthcare
waste management in the capital city of
Mongolia. Waste management (Elmsford).
2008;28(2):435-41.
7. Rajan R, Robin DT, Vandanarani M.
Biomedical waste management in Ayurveda
hospitals–current practices and future
prospectives. Journal of Ayurveda and
integrative medicine. 2019 Jul 1;10(3):214-
21.
8. Fang S, Jiang L, Li P, Bai J, Chang C.
Study on pyrolysis products characteristics of
medical waste and fractional condensation of
the pyrolysis oil. Energy. 2020;195:116969.
9. Diaz LF, Savage GM, Eggerth LL.
Alternatives for the treatment and disposal of healthcare wastes in developing countries.
Waste Management. 2005;25(6 SPEC.
ISS.):626-37.
10. Alvim-Ferraz MC, Afonso SA. Incineration
of different types of medical wastes: Emission
factors for particulate matter and heavy
metals. Environtal Science & Technology.
2003;37(14):3152-7.
11. El-Hamouz AM. Medical waste
incineration in Nablus City, West Bank: A
case study. Arabian Journal for Science and
Engineering. 2002 Apr 1;27(1):29-40.
12. Jangsawang W, Fungtammasan B,
Kerdsuwan S. Effects of operating parameters
on the combustion of medical waste in a
controlled air incinerator. Energy Conversion
and Management. 2005 Dec 1;46(20):3137-
49.
13. Njagi NA, Oloo MA, Kithinji J, Kithinji
MJ. Health-care waste incineration and
related dangers to public health: Case study
of the two teaching and referral hospitals in
Kenya. Journal of community health. 2012
Dec;37(6):1168-71.
14. Trinh VT, Van HT, Pham QH, Trinh MV,
Bui HM. Treatment of medical solid waste
using an Air Flow controlled incinerator.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology.
2020;22(1).
15. Raila EM, Anderson DO. Black carbon
emission reduction strategies in healthcare
industry for effective global climate change
management. Waste Management & Research.
2017;35(4):416-25.
16. Zhao W, Van Der Voet E, Huppes G, Zhang
Y. Comparative life cycle assessments of
incineration and non-incineration treatments
for medical waste. The International journal
of life cycle assessment. 2009 Mar;14(2):114-
21.
17. Kerchich Y, Moussaoui Y, Scholl G, Eppe
G. Determination of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs
in ash and particle samples generated by an
incineration plant for hospital and industrial
waste in Northern of Algeria. Atmospheric
Pollution Research Journal. 2018(9):968-75.
18. Tsakalou C, Papamarkou S, Tsakiridis PE,
Bartzas G, Tsakalakis K. Characterization
and leachability evaluation of medical
wastes incineration fly and bottom ashes
and their vitrification outgrowths. Journal of
environmental chemical engineering. 2018
Feb 1;6(1):367-76.
19. Gidarakos E, Petrantonaki M, Anastasiadou
K, Schramm KW. Characterization and
hazard evaluation of bottom ash produced
from incinerated hospital waste. Journal of
hazardous materials. 2009 Dec 30;172(2-
3):935-42.
20. Rahim FL, Hassim MH, Mokhtar MM,
Kidam K. Health risk assessment due to
emissions from medical waste incinerator in
Malaysia. Journal of Teknology. 2016;78(8-
3):109-15.
21. Li J, Lv Z, Du L, Li X, Hu X, Wang C, et
al. Emission characteristic of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from medical
waste incinerators (MWIs) in China in 2016:
A comparison between higher emission levels
of MWIs and lower emission levels of MWIs.
Environmental Pollution. 2017;221:437-44.
22. Alvim-Ferraz MC, Afonso SA. Incineration
of healthcare wastes: Management of
atmospheric emissions through waste
segregation. Waste Management. 2005;25(6
SPEC. ISS.):638-48.
23. Lee WJ, Liow MC, Hsieh LT, Chen
TJ, Tsai PJ. Impact of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon emissions from medical waste
incinerators on the urban atmosphere. Journal
of the Air & Waste Management Association.
2003 Sep 1;53(9):1149-57.
24. Jang YC, Lee C, Yoon OS, Kim H. Medical
waste management in Korea. Journal of
environmental management. 2006;80(2):107. 15.
25. Alvim-Ferraz MC, Afonso SA. Incineration
of different types of medical wastes: Emission
factors for gaseous emissions. Atmospheric
Environment. 2203;37(38):5415-22.
26. Chen T, Li X, Yan J, Jin Y. Polychlorinated
biphenyls emission from a medical waste
incinerator in China. Chen T, Li X, Yan J, Jin
Y. Polychlorinated biphenyls emission from a
medical waste incinerator in China. Journal of
hazardous materials. 2009;172(2-3):1339-43.
27. Szewczyńska M, Dobrzyiiska E, Posniak
M. Application of HPLC to determination of
aldehydes, ketones and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in air samples collected in
uncontrolled combustion sources. Chemia
Analityczna. 2009;54(3):349-66.
28. Suryawan IW, Prajati G, Afifah AS.
Bottom and fly ash treatment of medical waste
incinerator from community health centres
with solidification/stabilization. InAIP
Conference Proceedings 2019 Jun 26 (Vol.
2114, No. 1, p. 050023). AIP Publishing LLC.
29. Li YM, Wang CF, Wang LJ, Huang TY,
Zhou GZ. Removal of heavy metals in medical
waste incineration fly ash by Na2EDTA
combined with zero-valent iron and recycle
of Na2EDTA: Acolumnar experiment study.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management
Association. 2020 Sep 1;70(9):904-14.
30. Rahim FL, Hassim MH, Mokhtar MM.
Environmental assessment of ashes generated
from medical waste incineration. Chemical
Engineering Transactions. 2015;45:1699-704.
31. Anastasiadou K, Christopoulos K, Mousios
E, Gidarakos E. Solidification/stabilization
of fly and bottom ash from medical waste
incineration facility. Journal of hazardous
materials. 2012;207-208:165-70.
32. Mao IF, Chen CN, Lin YC, Chen ML.
Airborne particle PM2.5/PM10 mass distribution
and particle-bound PAH concentrations near
a medical waste incinerator. Atmospheric
Environment. 2007;41(11):2467-75.
33. Zakaria AM, Labib OA, Mohamed
MG, Waffa I, Hussein AH. Assessment
of combustion products of medical waste
incinerators in Alexandria. The Journal of
the Egyptian Public Health Association
(JEPHAss.). 2005;80(3-4):405-31.
34. Wheatley A, Sadhra S. Carcinogenic risk
assessment for emissions from clinical waste
incineration and road traffic. International
journal of environmental health research.
2010;20(5):313-27.
35. Gerasimov GY. Comparative analysis
of PCDD/Fs formation during pyrolysis
and incineration of medical waste. InIOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science 2019 Jun 1 (Vol. 272, No. 2, p.
022116). IOP Publishing.
36. Ferraz MA, Cardoso JB, Pontes SR.
Concentration of atmospheric pollutants
in the gaseous emissions of medical waste
incinerators. Journal of the Air & Waste
Management Association. 2000;50(1):131-6.
37. Yang Y, Han J, Yin W, Fu J, Zhang S, Qing
X, et al. Concentrations distribution of PCDD/
Fs and its health risk assessment in ambient
air around a medical waste incinerator (MWI).
Huanjing Kexue Xuebao. 2019;39(12):4215-
25.
38. Chen T, Zhan MX, Yan M, Fu JY, Lu
SY, Li XD, et al. Dioxins from medical
waste incineration: Normal operation and
transient conditions. Waste Manage Res.
2015;33(7):644-51.
39. Chen T, Zhan MX, Lin XQ, Fu JY, Lu
SY, Li XD. Distribution of PCDD/Fs in the
fly ash and atmospheric air of two typical
hazardous waste incinerators in eastern
China. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. 2015;22(2):1207-14.
40. Yan M, Li X, Chen T, Lu S, Yan J, Cen K. Effect of temperature and oxygen on the
formation of chlorobenzene as the indicator of
PCDD/Fs. Journal of Environmental Sciences.
2010;22(10):1637-42.
41. Karademir A. Health risk assessment
of PCDD/F emissions from a hazardous
and medical waste incinerator in
Turkey. Environmental International.
2004;30(8):1027-38.
42. Coutinho M, Pereira M, Rodrigues
R, Borrego C. Impact of medical waste
incineration in the atmospheric PCDD/F
levels of Porto, Portugal. Science of the Total
Environment. 2006;362(1-3):157-65.
43. Kharat DS, Sharma MK. Monitoring of
a common biomedical waste incineration
facility-a case study. Int J ChemTech Res.
2016;9(1):179-84.
44. Liu W, Tian Z, Li H, Xie H, Xiao K, Li
C, et al. Mono- to Octa-Chlorinated PCDD/Fs
in Stack Gas from Typical Waste Incinerators
and Their Implications on Emission.
Environmental science & technology.
2013;47(17):9774-80.
45. Adesina OA, Sonibare JA, Diagboya PN,
Adejuwon A, Famubode T, Bello JO. Periodic
characterization of alkyl-naphthalenes in
stack gas and ambient air around a medical
waste incinerator. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2017 Sep;24(27):21770-
7.
46. Adesina OA, Sonibare JA, Diagboya
PN, Adeniran JA, Yusuf RO. Spatiotemporal
distributions of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons close to a typical medical
waste incinerator. Environ Sci Pollut Res.
2018;25(1):274-82.
47. Gao H, Ni Y, Zhang H, Zhao L, Zhang N,
Zhang X, et al. Stack gas emissions of PCDD/
Fs from hospital waste incinerators in China.
Chemosphere. 2009;77(5):634-9.
48. Su SS, Lu Y, Hui Y. The study of PCDD/
Fs distribution in a medical waste incinerator.
InAdvanced Materials Research 2012 (Vol.
356, pp. 2643-2646). Trans Tech Publications
Ltd.
49. Bujak J. Thermal treatment of medical
waste in a rotary kiln. Journal of Environmental
Management. 2015;162:139-47.
50. Hoyos A, Cobo M, Aristizabal B, Cordoba
F, de Correa CM. Total suspended particulate
(TSP), polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD)
and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF)
emissions from medical waste incinerators
in Antioquia, Colombia. Chemosphere.
2008;73(1):S137-S42.
51. Sun J, Tang J, Chen Z, Nie J, Zhang S,
Li J. PCDD/Fs profile in ambient air of
different types factories and human health risk
assessment in Suzhou of Jiangsu province,
China. Atmospheric Pollution Research.
2017;8(1):74-9.
52. Xuan Z, Bi C, Li JF, Nie JH, Chen ZH.
Source contributions to total concentrations
and carcinogenic potencies of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient
air: a case study in Suzhou City, China.
Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. 2017;24(30):23966-76.
53. Dallarosa JB, Mônego JG, Teixeira EC,
Stefens JL, Wiegand F. Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles
in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre,
Brazil. Atmospheric Environment. 2005 Mar
1;39(9):1609-25.
54. Zakaria A, Labib O. Evaluation of
emissions from medical waste incinerators
in Alexandria. The Journal of the Egyptian
Public Health Association. 2003;78(3-4):225-
44.
55. Xie R, Li WJ, Li J, Wu BL, Yi JQ.
Emissions investigation for a novel medical
waste incinerator. Journal of hazardous materials. 2009;166(1):365-71.
56. Graney JR, Dvonch JT, Keeler GJ. Use
of multi-element tracers to source apportion
mercury in south Florida aerosols. Atmos
Environ. 2004;38(12):1715-26.
57. Murray M, Holmes SA. Assessment
of mercury emissions inventories for the
Great Lakes states. Environmental research.
2004;95(3):282-97.
58. Thi HN, Thu TNT, Hai LP, Thanh
HN, Viet HC, Thi HC, et al. Emission
of Unintentionally Produced Persistent
Organic Pollutants from Some Industrial
Processes in Northern Vietnam. Bulletin of
environmental contamination and toxicology.
2019;102(2):287-96.
59. Sukandar, Padmi T, Tanaka M, Aoyama
I. Chemical stabilization of medical waste
fly ash using chelating agent and phosphates:
Heavy metals and ecotoxicity evaluation.
Waste Management. 2009;29(7):2065-70.
60. Tan Z, Xiao G. Leaching characteristics
of fly ash from Chinese medical waste
incineration. Waste management and research.
2012;30(3):285-94.
61. Pham MT, Hoang AQ, Nghiem XT, Tu
BM, Dao TN, Vu DN. Residue concentrations
and profiles of PCDD/Fs in ash samples
from multiple thermal industrial processes
in Vietnam: Formation, emission levels, and
risk assessment. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2019 Jun;26(17):17719-
30.
62. Akyıldız A, Köse ET, Yıldız A.
Compressive strength and heavy metal
leaching of concrete containing medical waste
incineration ash. Construction and Building
Materials. 2017;138:326-32.
63. Liu F, Liu HQ, Wei GX, Zhang R, Liu
GS, Zhou JH, et al. Detoxification of medical
waste incinerator fly ash through successive
flotation. Separation Science and Technology.
2019;54(1):163-72.
64. Kim L, Catrina GA, Stanescu B, Pascu
LF, Gheorghita T, Manolache D. The chemical
fractions and leaching of heavy metals in ash
from medical waste incineration using two
different sequential extraction procedures.
Revista de Chimie. 2019;70(1):269-74.
65. Bo D, Zhang FS, Zhao L. Influence of
supercritical water treatment on heavy metals
in medical waste incinerator fly ash. Journal
of hazardous materials. 2009;170(1):66-71.
66. Wei GX, Liu HQ, Liu F, Zeng TT, Liu GS,
Zhang R, et al. Effect of pH on the flotation
performance of incinerator fly ash. Separation
Science and Technology. 2019;54(11):1829-
41.
67. Adama M, Esena R, Fosu-Mensah
B, Yirenya-Tawiah D. Heavy metal
contamination of soils around a hospital waste
incinerator bottom ash dumps site. Journal of
environmental and public health. 2016;2016.
68. Wu HL, Lu SY, Yan JH, Li XD, Chen
T. Thermal removal of PCDD/Fs from
medical waste incineration fly ash-Effect
of temperature and nitrogen flow rate.
Chemosphere. 2011;84(3):361-7.
69. Wang YF, Wang LC, Hsieh LT, Li HW,
Jiang HC, Lin YS, et al. Effect of Temperature
and CaO Addition on the Removal of
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and
Dibenzofurans in Fly Ash from a Medical
Waste Incinerator. Aerosol and Air Quality
Research. 2012;12(2):191-9.
70. Liu HQ, Liu F, Wei GX, Zhang R, Zhu
YW. Effects of surfactants on the removal
of carbonaceous matter and dioxins from
weathered incineration fly ash. Aerosol and
Air Quality Research. 2017;17(9):2338-47.
71. Allawzi M, Al-harahsheh M, Allaboun H.
Characterization and Leachability Propensity
of Bottom Ash from Medical Waste
Incineration. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2018 May;229(5):1-3.
72. Ibanez R, Andres A, Viguri JR, Ortiz I,
Irabien JA. Characterisation and management
of incinerator wastes. Journal of hazardous
materials. 2000;79(3):215-27.
73. Chen Y, Zhao R, Xue J, Li J. Generation and
distribution of PAHs in the process of medical
waste incineration. Waste Management.
2013;33(5):1165-73.
74. Alawi MA, Al-Mikhi NE. Levels of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste
incineration ash of some Jordanian hospitals
using GC/MS. The journal of solid waste
technology and management. 2016;42(4):298-
307.
75. Zhao L, Zhang FS, Chen M, Liu Z, Wu
DBJ. Typical pollutants in bottom ashes from
a typical medical waste incinerator. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. 2010;173(1-3):181-5.
76. Zhao L, Zhang FS, Hao Z, Wang H.
Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in different types of hospital waste incinerator
ashes. Science of the total environment.
2008;397(1-3):24-30.
77. Arar S, Alawi MA, Al-Mikhi NE. Levels
of PCDDs/PCDFs in waste incineration ash
of some Jordanian hospitals using GC/MS.
Toxin Reviews. 2019 Dec 2:1-0.
78. Pan X, Yan J, Xie Z. Detoxifying PCDD/
Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical
waste incinerators with a DC double arc
plasma torch. Journal of Environmental
Sciences. 2013;25(7):1362-7.
79. Yan M, Li XD, Lu SY, Chen T, Chi Y, Yan
JH. Persistent organic pollutant emissions from
medical waste incinerators in China. Journal
of Material Cycles and Waste Management.
2011;13(3):213-8.
80. Nguyen TT, Hoang AQ, Nguyen VD,
Nguyen HT, Van Vu T, Vuong XT, et al.
Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory,
and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes
in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and
medical waste incinerators in northern
Vietnam. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. 2021 Mar;28(11):13340-51.
81. Kumar R, Patel DK, Kumar R. A survey
of trace metals determination in hospital
waste incinerator in Lucknow City, India.
Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences.
2004;3(2).
82. Jin J, Li X, Chi Y, Yan J. Heavy metals
stabilization in medical waste incinerator fly
ash using alkaline assisted supercritical water
technology. Waste management & research.
2010;28(12):1133-42.
83. Ni M, Du Y, Lu S, Peng Z, Li X, Yan J,
et al. Study of ashes from a medical waste
incinerator in China: Physical and chemical
characteristics on fly ash, ash deposits and
bottom ash. Environmental Progress &
Sustainable Energy. 2013;32(3):496-504.
84. Valavanidis A, Iliopoulos N, Fiotakis
K, Gotsis G. Metal leachability, heavy
metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and polychlorinated biphenyls in fly and
bottom ashes of a medical waste incineration
facility. Waste Management Research.
2008;26(3):247-55.
85. Racho P, Jindal R. Heavy metals in bottom
ash from a medical-waste incinerator in
Thailand. Practice Periodical of Hazardous,
Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management.
2004;8(1):31-8.
86. Zhao L, Zhang FS, Wang K, Zhu J.
Chemical properties of heavy metals in typical
hospital waste incinerator ashes in China.
Waste Management. 2009;29(3):1114-21.
87. Anjum F, Shahid M, Bukhari SA, Potgieter
JH. Combined ultrasonic and bioleaching
treatment of hospital waste incinerator
bottom ash with simultaneous extraction of
selected metals. Environmental technology.
2014;35(3):262-70.
88. Bakkali ME, Bahri M, Gmouh S,
Jaddi H, Bakkali M, Laglaoui A, et al.
Characterization of bottom ash from two
hospital waste incinerators in Rabat,
Morocco. Waste Management and Research.
2013;31(12):1228-36.
89. Kougemitrou I, Godelitsas A, Tsabaris C,
Stathopoulos V, Papandreou A, Gamaletsos
P, et al. Characterisation and management of
ash produced in the hospital waste incinerator
of Athens, Greece. Journal of Hazardous
Materials. 2011;187(1-3):421-32.
90. Xie Y, Zhu J. Leaching toxicity and
heavy metal bioavailability of medical waste
incineration fly ash. Journal of Material Cycles
and Waste Management. 2013;15(4):440-8.
91. Meng B, Ma W-L, Liu L-Y, Zhu N-Z,
Song W-W, Lo CY, et al. PCDD/Fs in soil
and air and their possible sources in the
vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators
in northeastern China. Atmos Pollut Res.
2016;7(2):355-62.
92. Singh S, Prakash V. Toxic environmental
releases from medical waste incineration:
A review. Environmental monitoring and
assessment. 2007;132(1-3):67-81.
93. Al-Dabbas MA. The PCDD/PCDF Dioxin
Releases in the Climate of Environment of
Jordan in the Period (2000-2008). Journal of
Thermal Science. 2010;19(2):182-92.
94. Wang LC, Lee WJ, Lee WS, ChangChien GP, Tsai PJ. Effect of chlorine content
in feeding wastes of incineration on the
emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins/dibenzofurans. Science of the total
environment. 2003;302(1-3):185-98.
95. Choi KI, Lee SH, Lee DH. Emissions of
PCDDs/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs from small
waste incinerators in Korea. Atmospheric
Environment. 2008;42(5):940-8.
96. Ferdowsi A, Ferdosi M, Mehrani
Z, Narenjkar P. Certain hospital waste
management practices in Isfahan, Iran.
International journal of preventive medicine.
2012;3(4).
97. Yan JH, Zhu HM, Jiang XG, Chi
Y, Cen KF. Speciation of Cd/Cu/Pb/Zn
during medical waste incineration. Journal
of Zhejiang University (Engineering
Science).2008;42(10):1812-16.
98. Vremera R, Costinel D, Ionete RE,
Titescu G. Overview on dioxins and
furans atmospheric emissions in romania.
Environmental Engineering and Management
Journal (EEMJ). 2011;10(2):241-50.
99. Gautam V, Thapar R, Sharma M.
Biomedical waste management: Incineration
vs. environmental safety. Indian journal of
medical microbiology. 2010;28(3):191-2.
100. Razif M. Impacts estimation of dioxin
emission from management application of
medical waste incinerator in community health
centers and hospitals of Java Island, Indonesia.
Pollution Research. 2018;37(1):16-24.
101. Barjoan EM, Doulet N, Chaarana A,
Festraëts J, Viot A, Ambrosetti D, et al. Cancer
incidence in the vicinity of a waste incineration
plant in the Nice area between 2005 and 2014.
Environmental research. 2020;188:109681.
102. Zhu J, Hirai Y, Sakai SI, Zheng M.
Potential source and emission analysis of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans in China.
Chemosphere. 2008;73(1):S72-S7.
103. Idris A, Saed K. Characteristics of
slag produced from incinerated hospital
waste. Journal of hazardous materials.
2002;93(2):201-8.
104. Levendis YA, Atal A, Carlson JB,
Quintana MD. PAH and soot emissions
from burning components of medical waste:
examination/surgical gloves and cotton pads.
Chemosphere. 2001;42(5-7):775-83.
105. Qing L. Formation of dioxin in a rotary kiln medical waste incineration line. Chinese
Journal of Environmental Engineering.
2013;7(2):743-6.
106. Tufail M, Khalid S. Heavy metal pollution
from medical waste incineration at Islamabad
and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Microchemical
Journal. 2008 Oct 1;90(1):77-81.
healthcare service quality; application of a
research and training hospital. Turan: Stratejik
Arastirmalar Merkezi. 2021;13(49):286-99.
2. Liu HC, Wu J, Li P. Assessment of health-care
waste disposal methods using a VIKOR-based
fuzzy multi-criteria decision making method.
Waste Management. 2013;33(12):2744-51.
3. Yoon YW, Jeon TW, Son JI, Kim KY, Kwon
EH, Shin SK, et al. Characteristics of PCDDs/
PCDFs in stack gas from medical waste
incinerators. Chemosphere. 2017;188:478-
485.
4. Ferraz MA, Afonso SA. Dioxin emission
factors for the incineration of different
medical waste types. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol. 2003;44(4):460-6.
5. Lee WJ, Liow MC, Tsai PJ, Hsieh LT.
Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
from medical waste incinerators. Atmospheric
Environment. 2002;36(5):781-90.
6. Shinee E, Gombojav E, Nishimura
A, Hamajima N, Ito K. Healthcare
waste management in the capital city of
Mongolia. Waste management (Elmsford).
2008;28(2):435-41.
7. Rajan R, Robin DT, Vandanarani M.
Biomedical waste management in Ayurveda
hospitals–current practices and future
prospectives. Journal of Ayurveda and
integrative medicine. 2019 Jul 1;10(3):214-
21.
8. Fang S, Jiang L, Li P, Bai J, Chang C.
Study on pyrolysis products characteristics of
medical waste and fractional condensation of
the pyrolysis oil. Energy. 2020;195:116969.
9. Diaz LF, Savage GM, Eggerth LL.
Alternatives for the treatment and disposal of healthcare wastes in developing countries.
Waste Management. 2005;25(6 SPEC.
ISS.):626-37.
10. Alvim-Ferraz MC, Afonso SA. Incineration
of different types of medical wastes: Emission
factors for particulate matter and heavy
metals. Environtal Science & Technology.
2003;37(14):3152-7.
11. El-Hamouz AM. Medical waste
incineration in Nablus City, West Bank: A
case study. Arabian Journal for Science and
Engineering. 2002 Apr 1;27(1):29-40.
12. Jangsawang W, Fungtammasan B,
Kerdsuwan S. Effects of operating parameters
on the combustion of medical waste in a
controlled air incinerator. Energy Conversion
and Management. 2005 Dec 1;46(20):3137-
49.
13. Njagi NA, Oloo MA, Kithinji J, Kithinji
MJ. Health-care waste incineration and
related dangers to public health: Case study
of the two teaching and referral hospitals in
Kenya. Journal of community health. 2012
Dec;37(6):1168-71.
14. Trinh VT, Van HT, Pham QH, Trinh MV,
Bui HM. Treatment of medical solid waste
using an Air Flow controlled incinerator.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology.
2020;22(1).
15. Raila EM, Anderson DO. Black carbon
emission reduction strategies in healthcare
industry for effective global climate change
management. Waste Management & Research.
2017;35(4):416-25.
16. Zhao W, Van Der Voet E, Huppes G, Zhang
Y. Comparative life cycle assessments of
incineration and non-incineration treatments
for medical waste. The International journal
of life cycle assessment. 2009 Mar;14(2):114-
21.
17. Kerchich Y, Moussaoui Y, Scholl G, Eppe
G. Determination of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs
in ash and particle samples generated by an
incineration plant for hospital and industrial
waste in Northern of Algeria. Atmospheric
Pollution Research Journal. 2018(9):968-75.
18. Tsakalou C, Papamarkou S, Tsakiridis PE,
Bartzas G, Tsakalakis K. Characterization
and leachability evaluation of medical
wastes incineration fly and bottom ashes
and their vitrification outgrowths. Journal of
environmental chemical engineering. 2018
Feb 1;6(1):367-76.
19. Gidarakos E, Petrantonaki M, Anastasiadou
K, Schramm KW. Characterization and
hazard evaluation of bottom ash produced
from incinerated hospital waste. Journal of
hazardous materials. 2009 Dec 30;172(2-
3):935-42.
20. Rahim FL, Hassim MH, Mokhtar MM,
Kidam K. Health risk assessment due to
emissions from medical waste incinerator in
Malaysia. Journal of Teknology. 2016;78(8-
3):109-15.
21. Li J, Lv Z, Du L, Li X, Hu X, Wang C, et
al. Emission characteristic of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from medical
waste incinerators (MWIs) in China in 2016:
A comparison between higher emission levels
of MWIs and lower emission levels of MWIs.
Environmental Pollution. 2017;221:437-44.
22. Alvim-Ferraz MC, Afonso SA. Incineration
of healthcare wastes: Management of
atmospheric emissions through waste
segregation. Waste Management. 2005;25(6
SPEC. ISS.):638-48.
23. Lee WJ, Liow MC, Hsieh LT, Chen
TJ, Tsai PJ. Impact of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon emissions from medical waste
incinerators on the urban atmosphere. Journal
of the Air & Waste Management Association.
2003 Sep 1;53(9):1149-57.
24. Jang YC, Lee C, Yoon OS, Kim H. Medical
waste management in Korea. Journal of
environmental management. 2006;80(2):107. 15.
25. Alvim-Ferraz MC, Afonso SA. Incineration
of different types of medical wastes: Emission
factors for gaseous emissions. Atmospheric
Environment. 2203;37(38):5415-22.
26. Chen T, Li X, Yan J, Jin Y. Polychlorinated
biphenyls emission from a medical waste
incinerator in China. Chen T, Li X, Yan J, Jin
Y. Polychlorinated biphenyls emission from a
medical waste incinerator in China. Journal of
hazardous materials. 2009;172(2-3):1339-43.
27. Szewczyńska M, Dobrzyiiska E, Posniak
M. Application of HPLC to determination of
aldehydes, ketones and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in air samples collected in
uncontrolled combustion sources. Chemia
Analityczna. 2009;54(3):349-66.
28. Suryawan IW, Prajati G, Afifah AS.
Bottom and fly ash treatment of medical waste
incinerator from community health centres
with solidification/stabilization. InAIP
Conference Proceedings 2019 Jun 26 (Vol.
2114, No. 1, p. 050023). AIP Publishing LLC.
29. Li YM, Wang CF, Wang LJ, Huang TY,
Zhou GZ. Removal of heavy metals in medical
waste incineration fly ash by Na2EDTA
combined with zero-valent iron and recycle
of Na2EDTA: Acolumnar experiment study.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management
Association. 2020 Sep 1;70(9):904-14.
30. Rahim FL, Hassim MH, Mokhtar MM.
Environmental assessment of ashes generated
from medical waste incineration. Chemical
Engineering Transactions. 2015;45:1699-704.
31. Anastasiadou K, Christopoulos K, Mousios
E, Gidarakos E. Solidification/stabilization
of fly and bottom ash from medical waste
incineration facility. Journal of hazardous
materials. 2012;207-208:165-70.
32. Mao IF, Chen CN, Lin YC, Chen ML.
Airborne particle PM2.5/PM10 mass distribution
and particle-bound PAH concentrations near
a medical waste incinerator. Atmospheric
Environment. 2007;41(11):2467-75.
33. Zakaria AM, Labib OA, Mohamed
MG, Waffa I, Hussein AH. Assessment
of combustion products of medical waste
incinerators in Alexandria. The Journal of
the Egyptian Public Health Association
(JEPHAss.). 2005;80(3-4):405-31.
34. Wheatley A, Sadhra S. Carcinogenic risk
assessment for emissions from clinical waste
incineration and road traffic. International
journal of environmental health research.
2010;20(5):313-27.
35. Gerasimov GY. Comparative analysis
of PCDD/Fs formation during pyrolysis
and incineration of medical waste. InIOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science 2019 Jun 1 (Vol. 272, No. 2, p.
022116). IOP Publishing.
36. Ferraz MA, Cardoso JB, Pontes SR.
Concentration of atmospheric pollutants
in the gaseous emissions of medical waste
incinerators. Journal of the Air & Waste
Management Association. 2000;50(1):131-6.
37. Yang Y, Han J, Yin W, Fu J, Zhang S, Qing
X, et al. Concentrations distribution of PCDD/
Fs and its health risk assessment in ambient
air around a medical waste incinerator (MWI).
Huanjing Kexue Xuebao. 2019;39(12):4215-
25.
38. Chen T, Zhan MX, Yan M, Fu JY, Lu
SY, Li XD, et al. Dioxins from medical
waste incineration: Normal operation and
transient conditions. Waste Manage Res.
2015;33(7):644-51.
39. Chen T, Zhan MX, Lin XQ, Fu JY, Lu
SY, Li XD. Distribution of PCDD/Fs in the
fly ash and atmospheric air of two typical
hazardous waste incinerators in eastern
China. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. 2015;22(2):1207-14.
40. Yan M, Li X, Chen T, Lu S, Yan J, Cen K. Effect of temperature and oxygen on the
formation of chlorobenzene as the indicator of
PCDD/Fs. Journal of Environmental Sciences.
2010;22(10):1637-42.
41. Karademir A. Health risk assessment
of PCDD/F emissions from a hazardous
and medical waste incinerator in
Turkey. Environmental International.
2004;30(8):1027-38.
42. Coutinho M, Pereira M, Rodrigues
R, Borrego C. Impact of medical waste
incineration in the atmospheric PCDD/F
levels of Porto, Portugal. Science of the Total
Environment. 2006;362(1-3):157-65.
43. Kharat DS, Sharma MK. Monitoring of
a common biomedical waste incineration
facility-a case study. Int J ChemTech Res.
2016;9(1):179-84.
44. Liu W, Tian Z, Li H, Xie H, Xiao K, Li
C, et al. Mono- to Octa-Chlorinated PCDD/Fs
in Stack Gas from Typical Waste Incinerators
and Their Implications on Emission.
Environmental science & technology.
2013;47(17):9774-80.
45. Adesina OA, Sonibare JA, Diagboya PN,
Adejuwon A, Famubode T, Bello JO. Periodic
characterization of alkyl-naphthalenes in
stack gas and ambient air around a medical
waste incinerator. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2017 Sep;24(27):21770-
7.
46. Adesina OA, Sonibare JA, Diagboya
PN, Adeniran JA, Yusuf RO. Spatiotemporal
distributions of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons close to a typical medical
waste incinerator. Environ Sci Pollut Res.
2018;25(1):274-82.
47. Gao H, Ni Y, Zhang H, Zhao L, Zhang N,
Zhang X, et al. Stack gas emissions of PCDD/
Fs from hospital waste incinerators in China.
Chemosphere. 2009;77(5):634-9.
48. Su SS, Lu Y, Hui Y. The study of PCDD/
Fs distribution in a medical waste incinerator.
InAdvanced Materials Research 2012 (Vol.
356, pp. 2643-2646). Trans Tech Publications
Ltd.
49. Bujak J. Thermal treatment of medical
waste in a rotary kiln. Journal of Environmental
Management. 2015;162:139-47.
50. Hoyos A, Cobo M, Aristizabal B, Cordoba
F, de Correa CM. Total suspended particulate
(TSP), polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD)
and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF)
emissions from medical waste incinerators
in Antioquia, Colombia. Chemosphere.
2008;73(1):S137-S42.
51. Sun J, Tang J, Chen Z, Nie J, Zhang S,
Li J. PCDD/Fs profile in ambient air of
different types factories and human health risk
assessment in Suzhou of Jiangsu province,
China. Atmospheric Pollution Research.
2017;8(1):74-9.
52. Xuan Z, Bi C, Li JF, Nie JH, Chen ZH.
Source contributions to total concentrations
and carcinogenic potencies of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient
air: a case study in Suzhou City, China.
Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. 2017;24(30):23966-76.
53. Dallarosa JB, Mônego JG, Teixeira EC,
Stefens JL, Wiegand F. Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles
in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre,
Brazil. Atmospheric Environment. 2005 Mar
1;39(9):1609-25.
54. Zakaria A, Labib O. Evaluation of
emissions from medical waste incinerators
in Alexandria. The Journal of the Egyptian
Public Health Association. 2003;78(3-4):225-
44.
55. Xie R, Li WJ, Li J, Wu BL, Yi JQ.
Emissions investigation for a novel medical
waste incinerator. Journal of hazardous materials. 2009;166(1):365-71.
56. Graney JR, Dvonch JT, Keeler GJ. Use
of multi-element tracers to source apportion
mercury in south Florida aerosols. Atmos
Environ. 2004;38(12):1715-26.
57. Murray M, Holmes SA. Assessment
of mercury emissions inventories for the
Great Lakes states. Environmental research.
2004;95(3):282-97.
58. Thi HN, Thu TNT, Hai LP, Thanh
HN, Viet HC, Thi HC, et al. Emission
of Unintentionally Produced Persistent
Organic Pollutants from Some Industrial
Processes in Northern Vietnam. Bulletin of
environmental contamination and toxicology.
2019;102(2):287-96.
59. Sukandar, Padmi T, Tanaka M, Aoyama
I. Chemical stabilization of medical waste
fly ash using chelating agent and phosphates:
Heavy metals and ecotoxicity evaluation.
Waste Management. 2009;29(7):2065-70.
60. Tan Z, Xiao G. Leaching characteristics
of fly ash from Chinese medical waste
incineration. Waste management and research.
2012;30(3):285-94.
61. Pham MT, Hoang AQ, Nghiem XT, Tu
BM, Dao TN, Vu DN. Residue concentrations
and profiles of PCDD/Fs in ash samples
from multiple thermal industrial processes
in Vietnam: Formation, emission levels, and
risk assessment. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2019 Jun;26(17):17719-
30.
62. Akyıldız A, Köse ET, Yıldız A.
Compressive strength and heavy metal
leaching of concrete containing medical waste
incineration ash. Construction and Building
Materials. 2017;138:326-32.
63. Liu F, Liu HQ, Wei GX, Zhang R, Liu
GS, Zhou JH, et al. Detoxification of medical
waste incinerator fly ash through successive
flotation. Separation Science and Technology.
2019;54(1):163-72.
64. Kim L, Catrina GA, Stanescu B, Pascu
LF, Gheorghita T, Manolache D. The chemical
fractions and leaching of heavy metals in ash
from medical waste incineration using two
different sequential extraction procedures.
Revista de Chimie. 2019;70(1):269-74.
65. Bo D, Zhang FS, Zhao L. Influence of
supercritical water treatment on heavy metals
in medical waste incinerator fly ash. Journal
of hazardous materials. 2009;170(1):66-71.
66. Wei GX, Liu HQ, Liu F, Zeng TT, Liu GS,
Zhang R, et al. Effect of pH on the flotation
performance of incinerator fly ash. Separation
Science and Technology. 2019;54(11):1829-
41.
67. Adama M, Esena R, Fosu-Mensah
B, Yirenya-Tawiah D. Heavy metal
contamination of soils around a hospital waste
incinerator bottom ash dumps site. Journal of
environmental and public health. 2016;2016.
68. Wu HL, Lu SY, Yan JH, Li XD, Chen
T. Thermal removal of PCDD/Fs from
medical waste incineration fly ash-Effect
of temperature and nitrogen flow rate.
Chemosphere. 2011;84(3):361-7.
69. Wang YF, Wang LC, Hsieh LT, Li HW,
Jiang HC, Lin YS, et al. Effect of Temperature
and CaO Addition on the Removal of
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and
Dibenzofurans in Fly Ash from a Medical
Waste Incinerator. Aerosol and Air Quality
Research. 2012;12(2):191-9.
70. Liu HQ, Liu F, Wei GX, Zhang R, Zhu
YW. Effects of surfactants on the removal
of carbonaceous matter and dioxins from
weathered incineration fly ash. Aerosol and
Air Quality Research. 2017;17(9):2338-47.
71. Allawzi M, Al-harahsheh M, Allaboun H.
Characterization and Leachability Propensity
of Bottom Ash from Medical Waste
Incineration. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2018 May;229(5):1-3.
72. Ibanez R, Andres A, Viguri JR, Ortiz I,
Irabien JA. Characterisation and management
of incinerator wastes. Journal of hazardous
materials. 2000;79(3):215-27.
73. Chen Y, Zhao R, Xue J, Li J. Generation and
distribution of PAHs in the process of medical
waste incineration. Waste Management.
2013;33(5):1165-73.
74. Alawi MA, Al-Mikhi NE. Levels of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste
incineration ash of some Jordanian hospitals
using GC/MS. The journal of solid waste
technology and management. 2016;42(4):298-
307.
75. Zhao L, Zhang FS, Chen M, Liu Z, Wu
DBJ. Typical pollutants in bottom ashes from
a typical medical waste incinerator. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. 2010;173(1-3):181-5.
76. Zhao L, Zhang FS, Hao Z, Wang H.
Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in different types of hospital waste incinerator
ashes. Science of the total environment.
2008;397(1-3):24-30.
77. Arar S, Alawi MA, Al-Mikhi NE. Levels
of PCDDs/PCDFs in waste incineration ash
of some Jordanian hospitals using GC/MS.
Toxin Reviews. 2019 Dec 2:1-0.
78. Pan X, Yan J, Xie Z. Detoxifying PCDD/
Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical
waste incinerators with a DC double arc
plasma torch. Journal of Environmental
Sciences. 2013;25(7):1362-7.
79. Yan M, Li XD, Lu SY, Chen T, Chi Y, Yan
JH. Persistent organic pollutant emissions from
medical waste incinerators in China. Journal
of Material Cycles and Waste Management.
2011;13(3):213-8.
80. Nguyen TT, Hoang AQ, Nguyen VD,
Nguyen HT, Van Vu T, Vuong XT, et al.
Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory,
and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes
in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and
medical waste incinerators in northern
Vietnam. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. 2021 Mar;28(11):13340-51.
81. Kumar R, Patel DK, Kumar R. A survey
of trace metals determination in hospital
waste incinerator in Lucknow City, India.
Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences.
2004;3(2).
82. Jin J, Li X, Chi Y, Yan J. Heavy metals
stabilization in medical waste incinerator fly
ash using alkaline assisted supercritical water
technology. Waste management & research.
2010;28(12):1133-42.
83. Ni M, Du Y, Lu S, Peng Z, Li X, Yan J,
et al. Study of ashes from a medical waste
incinerator in China: Physical and chemical
characteristics on fly ash, ash deposits and
bottom ash. Environmental Progress &
Sustainable Energy. 2013;32(3):496-504.
84. Valavanidis A, Iliopoulos N, Fiotakis
K, Gotsis G. Metal leachability, heavy
metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and polychlorinated biphenyls in fly and
bottom ashes of a medical waste incineration
facility. Waste Management Research.
2008;26(3):247-55.
85. Racho P, Jindal R. Heavy metals in bottom
ash from a medical-waste incinerator in
Thailand. Practice Periodical of Hazardous,
Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management.
2004;8(1):31-8.
86. Zhao L, Zhang FS, Wang K, Zhu J.
Chemical properties of heavy metals in typical
hospital waste incinerator ashes in China.
Waste Management. 2009;29(3):1114-21.
87. Anjum F, Shahid M, Bukhari SA, Potgieter
JH. Combined ultrasonic and bioleaching
treatment of hospital waste incinerator
bottom ash with simultaneous extraction of
selected metals. Environmental technology.
2014;35(3):262-70.
88. Bakkali ME, Bahri M, Gmouh S,
Jaddi H, Bakkali M, Laglaoui A, et al.
Characterization of bottom ash from two
hospital waste incinerators in Rabat,
Morocco. Waste Management and Research.
2013;31(12):1228-36.
89. Kougemitrou I, Godelitsas A, Tsabaris C,
Stathopoulos V, Papandreou A, Gamaletsos
P, et al. Characterisation and management of
ash produced in the hospital waste incinerator
of Athens, Greece. Journal of Hazardous
Materials. 2011;187(1-3):421-32.
90. Xie Y, Zhu J. Leaching toxicity and
heavy metal bioavailability of medical waste
incineration fly ash. Journal of Material Cycles
and Waste Management. 2013;15(4):440-8.
91. Meng B, Ma W-L, Liu L-Y, Zhu N-Z,
Song W-W, Lo CY, et al. PCDD/Fs in soil
and air and their possible sources in the
vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators
in northeastern China. Atmos Pollut Res.
2016;7(2):355-62.
92. Singh S, Prakash V. Toxic environmental
releases from medical waste incineration:
A review. Environmental monitoring and
assessment. 2007;132(1-3):67-81.
93. Al-Dabbas MA. The PCDD/PCDF Dioxin
Releases in the Climate of Environment of
Jordan in the Period (2000-2008). Journal of
Thermal Science. 2010;19(2):182-92.
94. Wang LC, Lee WJ, Lee WS, ChangChien GP, Tsai PJ. Effect of chlorine content
in feeding wastes of incineration on the
emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins/dibenzofurans. Science of the total
environment. 2003;302(1-3):185-98.
95. Choi KI, Lee SH, Lee DH. Emissions of
PCDDs/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs from small
waste incinerators in Korea. Atmospheric
Environment. 2008;42(5):940-8.
96. Ferdowsi A, Ferdosi M, Mehrani
Z, Narenjkar P. Certain hospital waste
management practices in Isfahan, Iran.
International journal of preventive medicine.
2012;3(4).
97. Yan JH, Zhu HM, Jiang XG, Chi
Y, Cen KF. Speciation of Cd/Cu/Pb/Zn
during medical waste incineration. Journal
of Zhejiang University (Engineering
Science).2008;42(10):1812-16.
98. Vremera R, Costinel D, Ionete RE,
Titescu G. Overview on dioxins and
furans atmospheric emissions in romania.
Environmental Engineering and Management
Journal (EEMJ). 2011;10(2):241-50.
99. Gautam V, Thapar R, Sharma M.
Biomedical waste management: Incineration
vs. environmental safety. Indian journal of
medical microbiology. 2010;28(3):191-2.
100. Razif M. Impacts estimation of dioxin
emission from management application of
medical waste incinerator in community health
centers and hospitals of Java Island, Indonesia.
Pollution Research. 2018;37(1):16-24.
101. Barjoan EM, Doulet N, Chaarana A,
Festraëts J, Viot A, Ambrosetti D, et al. Cancer
incidence in the vicinity of a waste incineration
plant in the Nice area between 2005 and 2014.
Environmental research. 2020;188:109681.
102. Zhu J, Hirai Y, Sakai SI, Zheng M.
Potential source and emission analysis of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans in China.
Chemosphere. 2008;73(1):S72-S7.
103. Idris A, Saed K. Characteristics of
slag produced from incinerated hospital
waste. Journal of hazardous materials.
2002;93(2):201-8.
104. Levendis YA, Atal A, Carlson JB,
Quintana MD. PAH and soot emissions
from burning components of medical waste:
examination/surgical gloves and cotton pads.
Chemosphere. 2001;42(5-7):775-83.
105. Qing L. Formation of dioxin in a rotary kiln medical waste incineration line. Chinese
Journal of Environmental Engineering.
2013;7(2):743-6.
106. Tufail M, Khalid S. Heavy metal pollution
from medical waste incineration at Islamabad
and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Microchemical
Journal. 2008 Oct 1;90(1):77-81.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No 4 (2021): Autumn 2021 | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v6i4.8587 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Medical waste; Incineration; Waste management; Air pollution | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Taghilou S, Torkashvand J, Kermani M, Farzadkia M. Incineration of medical waste: Emission of pollutants into the environment. JAPH. 2022;6(4):287-334.
