Assessment of air pollution in the informal settlements of the Western Cape, South Africa
,
Abstract
Introduction: South Africa has the highest ambient air pollution exposure associated with morbidity in the Sub-Saharan region, accounting for a total number of 14356 confirmed cases of mortality on an annual basis. The study assessed air pollution exposure levels of Khayelitsha and Marconi-Beam neighbourhoods that are not monitored by the fixed-site monitoring station provided by the government.
Materials and methods: Weekly ambient air pollution measurements of Particulate Matter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) were collected at households in neighbourhoods of Khayelitsha and Marconi-Beam during the summer and winter seasons. PM2.5 measurements were collected
using Mesa Labs GK2.05 (KTL) cyclone attached to a GilAir Plus air sampling pump. Gases of NO2 were measured using passive diffusive samplers. Data were recorded on a Microsoft Excel 2016 spreadsheet. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28.0. The outcome of the seasonal exposure levels will be compared with the South African ambient air quality standards to ascertain the risk of potential exposure to significant levels of PM2.5 and NO2 that are hazardous to human health.
Results: The results suggest that summer NO2 concentrations in the Khayelitsha neighbourhood ranged between (0 and 28 µg/m3 ), while in winter NO2 concentrations nearly doubled. A similar trend was observed regarding PM2.5 behaviour with summer overall exposure level of 7 µg/m3 and 13 µg/m3 during winter.
Conclusion: Whilst there are no legislative guidelines to compare the measured weekly average results, the concentrations were still lower than the World Health Organization (WHO), and South African air quality standards values for PM2.5 and NO2 pollutants.
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urban air quality: pollutant interrelationships,
neighborhood variability, and nitrogen dioxide
as a proxy pollutant. Environmental Health
Perspective. 2014;122(1):65-72.
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concentration from major cities and provinces
in Korea: a case study from 1998 to 2003. TAO:
Terrestrial, Atmospheric Oceanic Science.
2006;17(1):277.
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NO2
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International journal of environmental research
and public health. 2020;17(6):2099.
8. Xie X, Semanjski I, Gautama S, Tsiligianni
E, Deligiannis N, Rajan RT, Pasveer F, Philips
W. A review of urban air pollution monitoring
and exposure assessment methods. ISPRS
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9. World Health Organization. Ambient
(outdoor) air quality and health; 2018. Accessed
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euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environmentand-health/air-quality/activities/update-ofwho-global-air-quality-guidelines.
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https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/AAP_
database_summary_results_2016_v02.pdf
11. Coker E, Kizito S. A narrative review on the
human health effects of ambient air pollution
in Sub-Saharan Africa: an urgent need for
health effects studies. International journal
of environmental research and public health.
2018;15(3):427.
12. Piketh SJ, Wernecke B, Burger R. Household
air pollution in South African low-income
settlements: a case study. WIT Transactions on
Ecology and the Environment. 2016;207:227-36.
13. Baxter LK, Dionisio KL, Burke J, Sarnat
SE, Sarnat JA, Hodas N, Rich DQ, Turpin BJ,
Jones RR, Mannshardt E, Kumar N. Exposure
prediction approaches used in air pollution
epidemiology studies: key findings and
future recommendations. Journal of exposure
science and environmental epidemiology. 2013
Nov;23(6):654-9.
14. Schwela D. Review of urban air quality
in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clean Air Initiative in
Sub-Saharan African cities, Washington DC:
The World Bank. 2007..
15. Air Quality Cape Town. Gail Jennings.
2007. Air Quality in Cape Town: What we
can do to clear the air; [uploaded 2017;
cited 5 August 2021]. Available from:
http://www.gailjennings.co.za/wp-content/
uploads/2017/01/Air-Quality
16. Nuwarinda H. Air pollution study of a
Highveld township during a Basa njengo
Magogo rollout (Doctoral dissertation,
University of Johannesburg). 2007.
17. White N, van der Walt A, Ravenscroft
G, Roberts W, Ehrlich R. Meteorologically
estimated exposure but not distance predicts
asthma symptoms in schoolchildren in the
environs of a petrochemical refinery: a
cross-sectional study. Environmental Health.
2009;8(1):1-0.
18. Keen S, Altieri K. The health benefits
of attaining and strengthening air quality
standards in Cape Town. Clean Air Journal.
2016;26(2):22-7.
19. Muchapondwa E. A cost-effectiveness
analysis of options for reducing pollution in
Khayelitsha township, South Africa. TD: The
Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in
Southern Africa. 2010;6(2):333-58.
20. Census. Milnerton; 2011. Accessed [5 May
2019] Available from: https://census2011.
adrianfrith.com/place/199014011
21. Environmental Protection Agency. Quality
Assurance Guidance Document 2.12. [internet].
1998 [cited 28 July 2021]. Available from:
https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/
pm25/qa/m212.pdf
22. Allen R, Box M, Liu LJ, Larson TV. A costeffective weighing chamber for particulate
matter filters.Journal of the Air & Waste
Management Associations. 2001;51(12):1650-
3.
23. Passam AG. Laboratory for environmental
analysis and air pollution. 2016.
24. Sensidyne. Gilian Gilibrator-2 NIOSH
primary standard air flow calibrator. 2016.
Accessed [ 26 June 2019] Available from:
https://www.sensidyne.com/air-samplingequipment/calibration-equipment/gilibrator-2/.
25. United States Environmental Protection
Agency. Additional Guidance on PM2.5
Cassette Handling and Transportation; 2000.
Accessed [20 July 2021] Available from:
https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/
pm25/pm25caset.pdf
26. Department of Environemntal Affairs.
National ambient air quality standards.
2009. Accessed [18 October 2021] Available
from: https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/
default/files/legislations/nemaqa_airquality_
g32816gon1210_0.pdf
27. Gray HA, Solutions GS. Air quality impacts
and health effects due to large stationary
source emissions in and around South Africa’s
Mpumalanga Highveld Priority Area (HPA).
2019.
28. McDonald JH. Handbook of biological
statistics. Baltimore, MD: sparky house. 2009.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 1 (2022): Winter 2022 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v7i1.8916 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air pollution levels; Ambient air pollution; Particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5); Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ); Informal settlement | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Madonsela BS, Maphanga T, Silas Chidi B, Shale K, Zungu V. Assessment of air pollution in the informal settlements of the Western Cape, South Africa. JAPH. 2022;7(1):1-14.
