Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in Tehran, Iran
-
Mina Aghaei
,
Mehdi Yaseri
,
Maryam Rostami Aghdam Shendi
,
Firoozeh Akbari Asbagh
,
Fatemeh Yousefian
,
Vida Past
,
Amir Hossein Mahvi
Abstract
Introduction: Adverse effects of air pollution on human health has been identified as a major concern worldwide. We conducted this study to investigate the association between prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and Low Birth Weight (LBW) and preterm among newborns in the megacity of Tehran.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 1605 newborns. Data on the residential locations of mothers were collected from birth certificates. To estimate the prenatal exposure to air pollutants, data of 21 air quality monitoring stations in Tehran were used. The Man-Whitney test was used to estimate the association between exposure to ambient air pollution and LBW and preterm.
Results: The mean birth weight in our analyses was 3117 g. A significant association was found between maternal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) in the first trimester and incidence of preterm (p=0.011) and LBW (p=0.003) in newborns. Also, a close association was observed between exposure to Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the first and second trimesters and LBW (p=0.002, p=0.015). There were no statistically significant associations in LBW in the case of Particulate Matter less than 10 µm (PM10), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), and Ozone (O3).
Conclusion: The results revealed that the higher risk for LBW was related to ambient PM2.5 and CO. Since many factors may affect LBW, and the pathogenic mechanisms of the effect of air pollution on LBW have not been completely elucidated, the findings should be interpreted with caution and further studies need to be conducted on this issue considering the large sample size
1. Kjellstrom TE, Neller A, Simpson RW. Air
pollution and its health impacts: the changing
panorama. Medical Journal of Australia.
2002;177(11):604-8.
2. Lee B-J, Kim B, Lee K. Air pollution exposure
and cardiovascular disease. Toxicological
research. 2014;30(2):71-5.
3. Lee BJ, Kim B, Lee K. Air pollution exposure
and cardiovascular disease. Toxicological
research. 2014 Jun;30(2):71-5.
4. Pope III CA, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun
MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, et al. Cardiovascular
mortality and long-term exposure to particulate
air pollution: epidemiological evidence of
general pathophysiological pathways of disease.
Circulation. 2004;109(1):71-7.
5. Pan G, Zhang S, Feng Y, Takahashi K,
Kagawa J, Yu L, et al. Air pollution and
children's respiratory symptoms in six cities of
Northern China. Respiratory medicine. 2010 Dec
1;104(12):1903-11.
6. Mölter A, Agius R, De Vocht F, Lindley S,
Gerrard W, Custovic A, et al. Effects of longterm exposure to PM10 and NO2
on asthma and
wheeze in a prospective birth cohort. J Epidemiol
Community Health. 2014;68(1):21-8.
7. Faustini A, Stafoggia M, Colais P, Berti G,
Bisanti L, Cadum E, et al. Air pollution and
multiple acute respiratory outcomes. European
Respiratory Journal. 2013 Aug 1;42(2):304-13.
8. Becerra TA, Wilhelm M, Olsen J, Cockburn
M, Ritz B. Ambient air pollution and autism in
Los Angeles county, California. Environmental
health perspectives. 2013;121(3):380-6.
9. Ibald-Mulli A, Timonen KL, Peters A,
Heinrich J, Wölke G, Lanki T, et al. Effects of
particulate air pollution on blood pressure and
heart rate in subjects with cardiovascular disease:
a multicenter approach. Environmental health
perspectives. 2004;112(3):369-77.
10. Miller S, Ruiz-Tagle JC. Adverse effects of air
pollution on the probability of stillbirth delivery:
evidence from Central Chile. IDB discussion
paper no. IDB-DP-00616. Washington, DC:
Inter-American Development Bank; 2018 Aug.
11. DeFranco E, Hall E, Hossain M, Chen A,
Haynes EN, Jones D, et al. Air pollution and
stillbirth risk: exposure to airborne particulate
matter during pregnancy is associated with fetal
death. PloS one. 2015 Mar 20;10(3):.
12. Qian Y, Zhu M, Cai B, Yang Q, Kan H,
Song G, et al. Epidemiological evidence on
association between ambient air pollution and
stroke mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health.
2013;67(8):635-40.
13. Xu X, Hu H, Ha S, Roth J. Ambient air
pollution and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(1):13-20.
14. Organization WHO. Air quality guidelines:
global update 2005: particulate matter, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide: World
Health Organization; 2006.
15. Dejmek J, Selevan SG, Benes I, Solanský
I, Srám RJ. Fetal growth and maternal
exposure to particulate matter during
pregnancy. Environmental health perspectives.
1999;107(6):475-80.
16. Wardlaw TM. Low birthweight: country,
regional and global estimates: Unicef; 2004.
17. Glinianaia SV, Rankin J, Bell R, Pless-Mulloli
T, Howel D. Particulate air pollution and fetal
health: a systematic review of the epidemiologic
evidence. Epidemiology. 2004:36-45.
18. Jedrychowski W, Bendkowska I, Flak E,
Penar A, Jacek R, Kaim I, et al. Estimated risk for
altered fetal growth resulting from exposure to
fine particles during pregnancy: an epidemiologic
prospective cohort study in Poland. Environmental
health perspectives. 2004;112(14):1398-402.
19. Parker JD, Woodruff TJ, Basu R, Schoendorf
KC. Air pollution and birth weight among term
infants in California. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):121-
8.
20. Ritz B, Yu F, Fruin S, Chapa G, Shaw GM,
Harris JA. Ambient air pollution and risk of birth
defects in Southern California. American journal
of epidemiology. 2002;155(1):17-25.
21. Dehghani M, Fazlzadeh M, Sorooshian A,
Tabatabaee HR, Miri M, Baghani AN, et al.
Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a
hot spot for urban pollution. Ecotoxicology and
environmental safety. 2018;155:133-43.
22. Dobaradaran S, Fazelinia F, Mahvi AH,
Hosseini SS. Particulate airborne fluoride from
an aluminium production plant in Arak, Iran.
Fluoride. 2009;42(3):228.
23. Ghanbarian M, Nazmara S, Masinaei M,
Ghanbarian M, Mahvi AH. Evaluating the
exposure of general population of Tehran
with volatile organic compounds (BTEX).
International Journal of Environmental Analytical
Chemistry. 2020:1-11.
24. Hosseini S, Yaghmaeian K, Yousefi N,
Mahvi A. Estimation of landfill gas generation
in a municipal solid waste disposal site by
LandGEM mathematical model. Global Journal
of Environmental science and management.
2018;4(4):493-506.
25. Keramati A, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Rezaei
Kalantary R, Nazmara S, Zahed A, Azari A, et al.
TVOCs and BTEX concentrations in the air of
south pars special economic energy zone. Journal
of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
2016;25(133):236-44.
26. Niazi S, Hassanvand MS, Mahvi AH,
Nabizadeh R, Alimohammadi M, Nabavi S,
et al. Assessment of bioaerosol contamination
(bacteria and fungi) in the largest urban
wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
2015;22(20):16014-21.
27. Sarkhosh M, Mahvi AH, Yunesian M,
Nabizadeh R, Borji SH, Bajgirani AG. Source
apportionment of volatile organic compounds
in Tehran, Iran. Bulletin of environmental
contamination and toxicology. 2013;90(4):440-5.
28. Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Schoendorf KC.
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and
selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality
in California. Environmental health perspectives.
2006;114(5):786-90.
29. Ha E-H, Hong Y-C, Lee B-E, Woo B-H,
Schwartz J, Christiani DC. Is air pollution
a risk factor for low birth weight in Seoul?
Epidemiology. 2001;12(6):643-8.
30. Mannes T, Jalaludin B, Morgan G, Lincoln
D, Sheppeard V, Corbett S. Impact of ambient air
pollution on birth weight in Sydney, Australia.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
2005;62(8):524-30
pollution and its health impacts: the changing
panorama. Medical Journal of Australia.
2002;177(11):604-8.
2. Lee B-J, Kim B, Lee K. Air pollution exposure
and cardiovascular disease. Toxicological
research. 2014;30(2):71-5.
3. Lee BJ, Kim B, Lee K. Air pollution exposure
and cardiovascular disease. Toxicological
research. 2014 Jun;30(2):71-5.
4. Pope III CA, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun
MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, et al. Cardiovascular
mortality and long-term exposure to particulate
air pollution: epidemiological evidence of
general pathophysiological pathways of disease.
Circulation. 2004;109(1):71-7.
5. Pan G, Zhang S, Feng Y, Takahashi K,
Kagawa J, Yu L, et al. Air pollution and
children's respiratory symptoms in six cities of
Northern China. Respiratory medicine. 2010 Dec
1;104(12):1903-11.
6. Mölter A, Agius R, De Vocht F, Lindley S,
Gerrard W, Custovic A, et al. Effects of longterm exposure to PM10 and NO2
on asthma and
wheeze in a prospective birth cohort. J Epidemiol
Community Health. 2014;68(1):21-8.
7. Faustini A, Stafoggia M, Colais P, Berti G,
Bisanti L, Cadum E, et al. Air pollution and
multiple acute respiratory outcomes. European
Respiratory Journal. 2013 Aug 1;42(2):304-13.
8. Becerra TA, Wilhelm M, Olsen J, Cockburn
M, Ritz B. Ambient air pollution and autism in
Los Angeles county, California. Environmental
health perspectives. 2013;121(3):380-6.
9. Ibald-Mulli A, Timonen KL, Peters A,
Heinrich J, Wölke G, Lanki T, et al. Effects of
particulate air pollution on blood pressure and
heart rate in subjects with cardiovascular disease:
a multicenter approach. Environmental health
perspectives. 2004;112(3):369-77.
10. Miller S, Ruiz-Tagle JC. Adverse effects of air
pollution on the probability of stillbirth delivery:
evidence from Central Chile. IDB discussion
paper no. IDB-DP-00616. Washington, DC:
Inter-American Development Bank; 2018 Aug.
11. DeFranco E, Hall E, Hossain M, Chen A,
Haynes EN, Jones D, et al. Air pollution and
stillbirth risk: exposure to airborne particulate
matter during pregnancy is associated with fetal
death. PloS one. 2015 Mar 20;10(3):.
12. Qian Y, Zhu M, Cai B, Yang Q, Kan H,
Song G, et al. Epidemiological evidence on
association between ambient air pollution and
stroke mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health.
2013;67(8):635-40.
13. Xu X, Hu H, Ha S, Roth J. Ambient air
pollution and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(1):13-20.
14. Organization WHO. Air quality guidelines:
global update 2005: particulate matter, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide: World
Health Organization; 2006.
15. Dejmek J, Selevan SG, Benes I, Solanský
I, Srám RJ. Fetal growth and maternal
exposure to particulate matter during
pregnancy. Environmental health perspectives.
1999;107(6):475-80.
16. Wardlaw TM. Low birthweight: country,
regional and global estimates: Unicef; 2004.
17. Glinianaia SV, Rankin J, Bell R, Pless-Mulloli
T, Howel D. Particulate air pollution and fetal
health: a systematic review of the epidemiologic
evidence. Epidemiology. 2004:36-45.
18. Jedrychowski W, Bendkowska I, Flak E,
Penar A, Jacek R, Kaim I, et al. Estimated risk for
altered fetal growth resulting from exposure to
fine particles during pregnancy: an epidemiologic
prospective cohort study in Poland. Environmental
health perspectives. 2004;112(14):1398-402.
19. Parker JD, Woodruff TJ, Basu R, Schoendorf
KC. Air pollution and birth weight among term
infants in California. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):121-
8.
20. Ritz B, Yu F, Fruin S, Chapa G, Shaw GM,
Harris JA. Ambient air pollution and risk of birth
defects in Southern California. American journal
of epidemiology. 2002;155(1):17-25.
21. Dehghani M, Fazlzadeh M, Sorooshian A,
Tabatabaee HR, Miri M, Baghani AN, et al.
Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a
hot spot for urban pollution. Ecotoxicology and
environmental safety. 2018;155:133-43.
22. Dobaradaran S, Fazelinia F, Mahvi AH,
Hosseini SS. Particulate airborne fluoride from
an aluminium production plant in Arak, Iran.
Fluoride. 2009;42(3):228.
23. Ghanbarian M, Nazmara S, Masinaei M,
Ghanbarian M, Mahvi AH. Evaluating the
exposure of general population of Tehran
with volatile organic compounds (BTEX).
International Journal of Environmental Analytical
Chemistry. 2020:1-11.
24. Hosseini S, Yaghmaeian K, Yousefi N,
Mahvi A. Estimation of landfill gas generation
in a municipal solid waste disposal site by
LandGEM mathematical model. Global Journal
of Environmental science and management.
2018;4(4):493-506.
25. Keramati A, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Rezaei
Kalantary R, Nazmara S, Zahed A, Azari A, et al.
TVOCs and BTEX concentrations in the air of
south pars special economic energy zone. Journal
of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
2016;25(133):236-44.
26. Niazi S, Hassanvand MS, Mahvi AH,
Nabizadeh R, Alimohammadi M, Nabavi S,
et al. Assessment of bioaerosol contamination
(bacteria and fungi) in the largest urban
wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
2015;22(20):16014-21.
27. Sarkhosh M, Mahvi AH, Yunesian M,
Nabizadeh R, Borji SH, Bajgirani AG. Source
apportionment of volatile organic compounds
in Tehran, Iran. Bulletin of environmental
contamination and toxicology. 2013;90(4):440-5.
28. Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Schoendorf KC.
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and
selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality
in California. Environmental health perspectives.
2006;114(5):786-90.
29. Ha E-H, Hong Y-C, Lee B-E, Woo B-H,
Schwartz J, Christiani DC. Is air pollution
a risk factor for low birth weight in Seoul?
Epidemiology. 2001;12(6):643-8.
30. Mannes T, Jalaludin B, Morgan G, Lincoln
D, Sheppeard V, Corbett S. Impact of ambient air
pollution on birth weight in Sydney, Australia.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
2005;62(8):524-30
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No 4 (2021): Autumn 2021 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v6i4.8582 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air pollution; Exposure; Low birth weight; Preterm; Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Aghaei M, Yaseri M, Rostami Aghdam Shendi M, Akbari Asbagh F, Yousefian F, Past V, Mahvi AH. Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in Tehran, Iran. JAPH. 2022;6(4):233-242.
