On the nature of indoor airborne bioaerosols at a hospital in Iran
-
Maryam Dashti
,
Armin Sorooshian
,
Mehdi Vosoughi
,
Seyed Ahmad Mokhtari
,
Hadi Sadeghi
,
Abbas Norouzian Baghani
Abstract
Introduction: Hospitals are sensitive places owing to the contagious nature of diseases transferred by patients to others such as health care workers and staff.
Materials and methods: The aim of the present work is to evaluate the type and concentration of bacterial and fungal bio-aerosols in the indoor air of four operating rooms (ORs) and four wards in Khalkhal, Iran during 2019. A total of 192 bacterial and fungal samples were collected.
Results: Mean total concentrations of airborne bacteria for ORs and wards were between 11±1.2 to 48±3.1 CFU/m3, respectively, while for airborne fungi values ranged from 95±5.6 to 51±1.2 CFU/m3, respectively. The predominant genera of airborne bacterial isolated (ORs vs. wards) were Staphylococcus epidermidis (72% vs. 58%), Group D Streptococcus (4% vs. 17%), Group A Streptococcus (13% vs. 3%), and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (6% vs. 4%). In addition, the main fungal species identified (ORs vs. wards) were Cladosporium sp. (37% vs. 38%), Penicillium sp. (28% vs. 22%), and Aspergillus Niger (21% vs. 12%). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the mean concentration of bio-aerosols and population density (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was observed between the mean concentrations of bio-aerosols and the values recommended by WHO (p<0.05), linked presumably to inadequate disinfection, improper design and operation of standard central ventilation (SCV), and the high density of visitors and patients. Addressing such issues can help reduce airborne fungi and bacteria in hospital.
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24. D'amato G. Environmental urban factors (air pollution and allergens) and the rising trends in allergic respiratory diseases. Allergy. 2002;57(s72):30-3.
25. Fan Z, Lin L. Exposure Science: Contaminant Mixtures. In: Nriagu JO, editor. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Burlington: Elsevier; 2011. p. 645-56.
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27. Sorooshian A, Csavina J, Shingler T, Dey S, Brechtel FJ, Sáez AE, et al. Hygroscopic and chemical properties of aerosols collected near a copper smelter: implications for public and environmental health. Environmental science & technology. 2012;46(17):9473-80.
28. Hamzavi SS, Amanati A, Badiee P, Kadivar MR, Jafarian H, Ghasemi F, et al. Changing face of Candida colonization pattern in pediatric patients with hematological malignancy during repeated hospitalizations, results of a prospective observational study (2016–2017) in shiraz, Iran. BMC infectious diseases. 2019;19(1):759.
29. Ghanizadeh F, Godini H. A review of the chemical and biological pollutants in indoor air in hospitals and assessing their effects on the health of patients, staff and visitors. Reviews on environmental health. 2018;33(3):231-45.
30. Gamero WM, Agudelo-Castañeda D, Ramirez MC, Hernandez MM, Mendoza HP, Parody A, et al., editors. Hospital admission and risk assessment associated to exposure of fungal bioaerosols at a municipal landfill using statistical models. International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning; 2018: Springer.
31. Larrey EK, Laryea JNA, Kpordze SW, Saba CKS. Microbial load of indoor airborne bacteria and fungi in a teaching hospital in Ghana. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2020;14(3):100-5.
32. Li A, Liu Z, Zhu X, Liu Y, Wang Q. The effect of air-conditioning parameters and deposition dust on microbial growth in supply air ducts. Energy and Buildings. 2010;42(4):449-54.
33. Perdelli F, Sartini M, Spagnolo AM, Dallera M, Lombardi R, Cristina ML. A problem of hospital hygiene: the presence of aspergilli in hospital wards with different air-conditioning features. American journal of infection control. 2006;34(5):264-8.
34. Mirhoseini SH, Didehdar M, Akbari M, Moradzadeh R, Jamshidi R, Torabi S. Indoor exposure to airborne bacteria and fungi in sensitive wards of an academic pediatric hospital. Aerobiologia. 2020:1-8.
35. Borrego S, Molina A. Behavior of the Cultivable Airborne Mycobiota in air-conditioned environments of three Havanan archives, Cuba Journal of Atmospheric Science Research. 2020;3(1):65881289.
36. Gao X-L, Shao M-F, Wang Q, Wang L-T, Fang W-Y, Ouyang F, et al. Airborne microbial communities in the atmospheric environment of urban hospitals in China. Journal of hazardous materials. 2018;349:10-7.
37. Bowers RM, McCubbin IB, Hallar AG, Fierer N. Seasonal variability in airborne bacterial communities at a high-elevation site. Atmospheric Environment. 2012;50:41-9.
38. Kembel SW, Jones E, Kline J, Northcutt D, Stenson J, Womack AM, et al. Architectural design influences the diversity and structure of the built environment microbiome. The ISME journal. 2012.1469:6(8).
39. Onmek N, Kongcharoen J, Singtong A, Penjumrus A, Junnoo S. Environmental Factors and Ventilation Affect Concentrations of Microorganisms in Hospital Wards of Southern Thailand. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2020;2020.
40. Hathway E, Noakes C, Fletcher L, Sleigh P, Clifton I, Elliott M. The role of nursing activities on the bioaerosol production in hospital wards. Indoor and Built Environment. 2013;22(2):410-21.
41. Balyan P, Ghosh C, Das S, Banerjee B. Comparison of Efficiency of Active and Passive Methods of Bioaerosols’ Estimation. Indoor Environmental Quality: Springer; 2020. p. 85-94.
42. Okhuoya J, Okaraedge S. Microflora of road side air and leaf surfaces of selected vegetables. Nigerian J Pure Appl Am Sci. 1992;12:42-8.
43. Marcelou Kinti U. Study of the Mycological Flora of the Air Role in Mycosis of the Conjunctiva. Del Ellen Microbial Etai. 1977;22(3):159-63.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No 1 (2021): Winter 2021 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v6i1.7602 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bioaerosol; Hospital; Indoor air quality; Bacteria; Fungi; Iran | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Dashti M, Sorooshian A, Vosoughi M, Ahmad Mokhtari S, Sadeghi H, Norouzian Baghani A. On the nature of indoor airborne bioaerosols at a hospital in Iran. JAPH. 2021;6(1):14-29.
