A review on the effect of air pollution and exposure to PM, NO2 , O3 , SO2 , CO and heavy metals on viral respiratory infections
,
Abstract
The ambient air pollutants that have a major role in causing respiratory diseases are particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and heavy metals. In addition, respiratory infections, divided into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract infection, are most commonly caused by viral agents. Thus, in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, this review has focused on the association between exposure to general air pollution including each of the mentioned air pollutants and viral respiratory infections. The gathered evidence from the reviewed studies in this article showed that most of these air pollutants have a positive correlation with mortality, severity, transmission, inflammation, and incidence of different viral respiratory infections. Whereas, some studies found contradictory results such as non-significant and negative connections between exposure to air pollutants and viral respiratory infections, which are further discussed in this text. Therefore, following the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, these contradictions in the reported correlation between air pollution and different aspects of viral respiratory infections must be thoroughly investigated and cleared.
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ambient air pollution on lower respiratory infections
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2018;119:240.
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Jinan, China. BMC public health. 2019;19(1):1-12.
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of SARS in Beijing. Biomed Environ Sci. 2005;18:1-4.
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et al. Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the
People’s Republic of China: an ecologic study. Environmental Health. 2003;2(1):1-5.
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air pollution on the potential transmission and mortality
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Province (Catalonia, Spain). Environmental Research.
2020;192:110315.
14. Yongjian Z, Jingu X, Fengming H, Liqing C. Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and
COVID-19 infection: Evidence from China. Science of
the total environment. 2020:138704.
15. Glencross DA, Ho T-R, Camiña N, Hawrylowicz CM,
Pfeffer PE. Air pollution and its effects on the immune system. Free Radical Biology and Medicine.
2020;151:56-68.
16. Romano S, Becagli S, Lucarelli F, Rispoli G, Perrone MR. Airborne bacteria structure and chemical
composition relationships in winter and spring PM10
samples over southeastern Italy. Sci Total Environ.
2020;730:138899.
17. Kim D, Chen Z, Zhou L-F, Huang S-X. Air pollutants
and early origins of respiratory diseases. Chronic diseases and translational medicine. 2018;4(2):75-94.
18. Dagher Z, Garçon G, Gosset P, Ledoux F, Surpateanu G, Courcot D, et al. Pro‐inflammatory effects of
Dunkerque city air pollution particulate matter 2.5 in
human epithelial lung cells (L132) in culture. Journal of Applied Toxicology: An International Journal.
2005;25(2):166-75.
19. Hammond G, Raddatz R, Gelskey D. Impact of atmospheric dispersion and transport of viral aerosols on the
epidemiology of influenza. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1989;11(3):494-7.
20. Bashir MF, Bilal BM, Komal B. Correlation between
environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: A brief study in Californian context. Environmental Research. 2020:109652.
21. Wang Q, Kwan M-P, Zhou K, Fan J, Wang Y, Zhan
D. The impacts of urbanization on fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) concentrations: Empirical evidence from
135 countries worldwide. Environmental Pollution.
2019;247:989-98.
22. Perrone M, Gualtieri M, Consonni V, Ferrero L, Sangiorgi G, Longhin E, et al. Particle size, chemical composition, seasons of the year and urban, rural or remote
site origins as determinants of biological effects of particulate matter on pulmonary cells. Environmental pollution. 2013;176:215-27.
23. Tao J, Gao J, Zhang L, Zhang R, Che H, Zhang Z, et
al. PM 2.5 pollution in a megacity of southwest China:
source apportionment and implication. Atmospheric
Chemistry & Physics. 2014;14(4).
24. Feng C, Li J, Sun W, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Impact of ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) exposure on the
risk of influenza-like-illness: a time-series analysis in
Beijing, China. Environmental Health. 2016;15(1):17.
25. Zou B, Zheng Z, Wan N, Qiu Y, Wilson JG. An optimized spatial proximity model for fine particulate matter air pollution exposure assessment in areas of sparse
monitoring. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 2016;30(4):727-47.
26. Zoran MA, Savastru RS, Savastru DM, Tautan MN. Assessing the relationship between surface levels of PM2.5
and PM10 particulate matter impact on COVID-19 in
Milan, Italy. Sci Total Environ. 2020;738:139825.
27. Lee GI, Saravia J, You D, Shrestha B, Jaligama S, Hebert VY, et al. Exposure to combustion generated environmentally persistent free radicals enhances severity
of influenza virus infection. Particle and fibre toxicology. 2014;11(1):1-10.
28. Horne BD, Joy EA, Hofmann MG, Gesteland PH, Cannon JB, Lefler JS, et al. Short-term elevation of fine particulate matter air pollution and acute lower respiratory
infection. American journal of respiratory and critical
care medicine. 2018;198(6):759-66.
29. Lin M, Stieb DM, Chen Y. Coarse particulate matter
and hospitalization for respiratory infections in children younger than 15 years in Toronto: a case-crossover
analysis. Pediatrics. 2005;116(2):e235-e40.
30. Peters JM, Avol E, Navidi W, London SJ, Gauderman
WJ, Lurmann F, et al. A study of twelve Southern California communities with differing levels and types of
air pollution: I. Prevalence of respiratory morbidity.
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 1999;159(3):760-7.
31. Kim K-N, Kim S, Lim Y-H, Song IG, Hong Y-C. Effects
of short-term fine particulate matter exposure on acute
respiratory infection in children. International journal of
hygiene and environmental health. 2020;229:113571.
32. Boldo E, Medina S, Le Tertre A, Hurley F, Mücke H-G,
Ballester F, et al. Apheis: Health impact assessment of
long-term exposure to PM 2.5 in 23 European cities.
European journal of epidemiology. 2006;21(6):449-58.
33. Lambert AL, Trasti FS, Mangum JB, Everitt JI. Effect
of preexposure to ultrafine carbon black on respiratory
syncytial virus infection in mice. Toxicological sciences. 2003;72(2):331-8.
34. Kaan PM, Hegele RG. Interaction between respiratory
syncytial virus and particulate matter in guinea pig alveolar macrophages. American journal of respiratory
cell and molecular biology. 2003;28(6):697-704.
35. Franke-Ullmann G, Pförtner C, Walter P, Steinmüller
C, Lohmann-Matthes M, Kobzik L, et al. Alteration of
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5 No 4 (2020): Autumn 2020 | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v5i4.6445 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air pollution; Upper respiratory infections; Lower respiratory infections; COVID-19; Influenza | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Khajeamiri A, Khajeamiri Y, Sharifi S, Moradpour N. A review on the effect of air pollution and exposure to PM, NO2 , O3 , SO2 , CO and heavy metals on viral respiratory infections. JAPH. 2021;5(4):243-258.
