Implications of portable gasoline electricity generators on residential indoor air quality
,
Abstract
Introduction: Toxic gases emitted from electricity generating plants used for energy production process diffuse in the environment thereby causing environmental air pollution. The effect of the installation and usage of portable gasoline electricity generating plants at the balcony of different households on the indoor air quality was assessed in this study.
Materials and methods: The data collected were the air quality chemical composition variables which include carbon-dioxide, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, coarse (PM10), and fine (PM2.5) particulate matters at the indoor of the households in Abeokuta metropolis, Ogun state, Nigeria. Physical measurement techniques used for the data collection was through the instrumentation design of two air quality testers, models WP6910 and ZN-202S. The indoor air quality assessment followed the generator nighttime usage routine between the hours of 6:30 – 10:00 pm at a measurement height of 1.3 m and the center in the living rooms of the residences assessed.
Results: The analysis of the data obtained showed that the mean values for each of the air quality parameters obtained during generator usages were significantly higher when compared to the indoor air quality parameters before generator usages at p<0.05. The air pollutant levels before and during generator usages were within the established safe standard air quality limit by the world health organization.
Conclusion: However, for the installation of a portable electricity generator at the residents’ balcony, it is recommended that the generators should be adapted with an emission reduction device for the exhaust composition amelioration to avoid possible accumulation effect over time
Reference
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Determination of indoor and outdoor concentrations of
suspended particulate matter in South-eastern Nigeria.
Ghana Journal of Science. 2001; 41: 23-7.
2. Tyler G. Nigeria-Public and Private Electricity Provision
as a Barrier to Manufacturing Competitiveness.
2002. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.
org/bitstream/handle/10986/9746/multi0page.
pdf;sequence=1
3. Azodo AP. Electric power supply, main source and
backing: A survey of residential utilization features.
International Journal of Research Studies in Management.
2014 Oct; 3(2): 87-102. Available from: https://
doi.org/10.5861/ijrsm.2014.880
4. Iqbal ZA, Lodhi SU. Noise pollution caused by electric
generators and firing outside marriage halls in lahore: a
sensitivity analysis using contingent valuation. Natural
and Social Sciences. 2014; 2: 159-68. Available from:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.
1.1.685.9402&rep=rep1&type=pdf
5. John TZ, Dewan GA. Noise levels and noisiness of
some power generators in federal college of education
environs, Pankshin, Plateau State Nigeria. Journal of
Environment and Earth Science. 2015 Dec; 5(12): 56-
60. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/
download?doi=10.1.1.961.8815&rep=rep1&type=
pdf
6. Azodo AP, Adejuyigbe SB. Examination of Noise Pollution
from Generators on the Residents of Obantoko,
Ogun State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Engineering, Sciences
& Technology. 2013 Mar 1; 3(1): 31-41
7. Onabowale MK, Owoade OK. Assessment of Residential
Indoor-Outdoor Airborne Particulate Matter
in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Donnish Journal of
Physical Sciences. 2015; 1(1): 1-7. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2010.09.0080
8. Azodo AP, Ismaila SO. Effective solid waste management
for environmental quality and sustainability:
knowledge and practices among Nigerian households.
In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference
on SET: A driving force for sustainable development
tagged COLENG 2016 (pp. 289-97).
9. Garg SK, Garg R, Garg R. Environmental science and
ecological studies. Delhi. Khanna Publishers Hyderabad,
India. 2006.
10. Janssen NA, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Lanki T, Salonen
RO, Cassee F, Hoek G, Fischer P, Brunekreef B, Krzyzanowski
M. Health effects of black carbon. Copenhagen,
WHO Regional Office for Europe. 2012. Available
from: http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/
file/Health%20effects%20of%20black%20carbon.pdf
11. Osimobi OJ, Yorkor B, Nwankwo CA. Evaluation of
daily pollutant standard index and air quality index in
a university campus in Nigeria using PM10 and PM2.5
particulate matter. Journal of Science, Technology and
Environment Informatics. 2019; 7(2): 517-32.
12. Abulude FO, Fagbayide SD, Akinnusotu A, Makinde
OE, Elisha JJ. Assessment of the Indoor Air Quality of
Akure, South–West, Nigeria. Quality of Life. 2019 Jan
1; 17 (1-2). Available from: http://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.
php/qualitiyoflife/article/viewFile/6137/6005
13. Nielsen GD, Larsen ST, Wolkoff P. Re-evaluation of the
WHO (2010) formaldehyde indoor air quality guideline
for cancer risk assessment. Archives of toxicology.
2017 Jan; 91(1): 35-61. Available from: https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00204-016-1733-8
14. vanGemert LJ. (2003). Compilations of odour threshold
values in air, water and other media. Huizen, The Netherlands:
Boelens Aroma Chemical Information Service.
2003.
15. Commission of the European Communities. Indoor air
quality and its impact on man. Environment and quality
of life. Indoor air pollution by formaldehyde in European
countries. 1990; 7: 1-2. Available from: http://www.
academia.edu/download/31878464/Indoor_Air_Quality_
Report.pdf
16. IPCS. Carbon-dioxide. In: International Chemical Safety
Cards 0021, International Programme on Chemical
Safety. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2006.
Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0160412018312807
17. Penney D, Benignus V, Kephalopoulos S, Kotzias D,
Kleinman M, Verrier A. Carbon monoxide. In WHO
guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants
2010. World Health Organization. 2010. Available
from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand
le/10665/260127/9789289002134-eng.pdf
18. ASHRAE. Standard 62-2001, Ventilation for acceptable
indoor air quality. ASHRAE American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
Atlanta. GA. 2001. Available from: https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6605073/
19. Apte MG, Fisk WJ, Daisey JM. Associations between
indoor CO2 concentrations and sick building syndrome
symptoms in US office buildings: an analysis of the
1994-1996 BASE study data. Indoor air. 2000 Feb 14;
10(4): 246‐57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1034/
j.1600-0668.2000.010004246.x
20. Meyer DC. Overview of TVOC and Indoor Air Quality.
Integrated Device Technology, Inc.. 2018; 24: 1 – 9.
21. Wolkoff P. Impact of air velocity, temperature, humidity,
and air on long-term VOC emissions from building
products. Atmospheric environment. 1998 Aug 1;
32(14-15): 2659-68.
22. Harrison RM, Deacon AR, Jones MR, Appleby RS.
Sources and processes affecting concentrations of
PM10 and PM2. 5 particulate matter in Birmingham
(UK). Atmospheric environment. 1997 Dec 1; 31(24):
4103-17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00296-3
23. Grivas G, Chaloulakou A. Artificial neural network
models for prediction of PM10 hourly concentrations,
in the Greater Area of Athens, Greece. Atmospheric
environment. 2006 Mar 1; 40(7): 1216-29. Available
from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.036
24. Papanastasiou DK, Melas D, Kioutsioukis I. Development
and assessment of neural network and multiple
regression models in order to predict PM10 levels in
a medium-sized Mediterranean city. Water, air, and
soil pollution. 2007 Jun 1; 182(1-4): 325-34. Available
from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9341-0
25. Shahraiyni HT, Sodoudi S. Statistical modeling approaches
for PM10 prediction in urban areas; A review
of 21st-century studies. Atmosphere. 2016 Feb; 7(2):15.
Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7020015
26. Mečiarová Ľ, Vilčeková S, Krídlová Burdová E, Kiselák
J. Factors effecting the total volatile organic compound
(TVOC) concentrations in Slovak households.
International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health. 2017 Dec; 14(12): 1443. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121443
27. Emmerich SJ, Persily AK. State-of-the-art review of
CO2 demand controlled ventilation technology and
application. Diane Publishing; 2003. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.6729
28. Apple J, Vicente R, Yarberry A, Lohse N, Mills E, Jacobson
A, Poppendieck D. Characterization of particulate
matter size distributions and indoor concentrations
from kerosene and diesel lamps. Indoor air. 2010 Oct;
20(5): 399-411. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1600-0668.2010.00664.x
29. Pudpong N, Rumchev K, Kungskulniti N. Indoor
concentrations of PM10 and factors influencing its
concentrations in day care centres in Bangkok, Thailand.
Asia Journal of Public Health. 2011; 2(1): 3-12.
Available from: https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/
20.500.11937/49223
30. Glory A, Gambo IM, Luka K, Enejo AC, Hamza W, BZ
G, Galam NZ. Comparative Assessment of Lung Function
using Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) Between
Tobacco Smoking and Non Smoking Students of the
University of Jos. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical
Sciences (IOSR-JDMS). 2017; 16(9): 1 – 5.
31. Delfino RJ, Zeiger RS, Seltzer JM, Street DH. Symptoms
in pediatric asthmatics and air pollution: differences
in effects by symptom severity, anti-inflammatory
medication use and particulate averaging time. Environmental
health perspectives. 1998 Nov; 106(11): 751-61.
Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106751
32. Norris G, YoungPong SN, Koenig JQ, Larson TV,
Sheppard L, Stout JW. An association between fine
particles and asthma emergency department visits for
children in Seattle. Environmental health perspectives.
1999 Jun; 107(6): 489-93. Available from: https://doi.
org/10.1289/ehp.99107489
33. van der Zee S, Hoek G, Boezen HM, Schouten JP,
van Wijnen JH, Brunekreef B. Acute effects of urban
air pollution on respiratory health of children with and
without chronic respiratory symptoms. Occupational
and environmental medicine. 1999 Dec 1; 56(12): 802-
12.
34. Yu O, Sheppard L, Lumley T, Koenig JQ, Shapiro GG.
Effects of ambient air pollution on symptoms of asthma
in Seattle-area children enrolled in the CAMP study.
Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 Dec; 108(12):
1209-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/
ehp.001081209
35. McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland F, Molitor J,
Thomas D, Lurmann F, Avol E, Gauderman WJ, Peters
JM. Prospective study of air pollution and bronchitic
symptoms in children with asthma. American journal
of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2003 Oct 1;
168(7): 790-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1164/
rccm.200304-466OC
36. Mohapatra K, Biswal SK. Effect of particulate matter
(PM) on plants, climate, ecosystem and human health.
Int J Adv Technol Eng Sci. 2014; 2(4): 2348-7550.
Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/24d4/
dfdd07cfbd70bcdb9ef92ec5cc52650cb28a.pdf
1. Ideriah TJ, Braide SA, Fekarurhobo G, Oruambo I.
Determination of indoor and outdoor concentrations of
suspended particulate matter in South-eastern Nigeria.
Ghana Journal of Science. 2001; 41: 23-7.
2. Tyler G. Nigeria-Public and Private Electricity Provision
as a Barrier to Manufacturing Competitiveness.
2002. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.
org/bitstream/handle/10986/9746/multi0page.
pdf;sequence=1
3. Azodo AP. Electric power supply, main source and
backing: A survey of residential utilization features.
International Journal of Research Studies in Management.
2014 Oct; 3(2): 87-102. Available from: https://
doi.org/10.5861/ijrsm.2014.880
4. Iqbal ZA, Lodhi SU. Noise pollution caused by electric
generators and firing outside marriage halls in lahore: a
sensitivity analysis using contingent valuation. Natural
and Social Sciences. 2014; 2: 159-68. Available from:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.
1.1.685.9402&rep=rep1&type=pdf
5. John TZ, Dewan GA. Noise levels and noisiness of
some power generators in federal college of education
environs, Pankshin, Plateau State Nigeria. Journal of
Environment and Earth Science. 2015 Dec; 5(12): 56-
60. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/
download?doi=10.1.1.961.8815&rep=rep1&type=
6. Azodo AP, Adejuyigbe SB. Examination of Noise Pollution
from Generators on the Residents of Obantoko,
Ogun State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Engineering, Sciences
& Technology. 2013 Mar 1; 3(1): 31-41
7. Onabowale MK, Owoade OK. Assessment of Residential
Indoor-Outdoor Airborne Particulate Matter
in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Donnish Journal of
Physical Sciences. 2015; 1(1): 1-7. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2010.09.0080
8. Azodo AP, Ismaila SO. Effective solid waste management
for environmental quality and sustainability:
knowledge and practices among Nigerian households.
In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference
on SET: A driving force for sustainable development
tagged COLENG 2016 (pp. 289-97).
9. Garg SK, Garg R, Garg R. Environmental science and
ecological studies. Delhi. Khanna Publishers Hyderabad,
India. 2006.
10. Janssen NA, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Lanki T, Salonen
RO, Cassee F, Hoek G, Fischer P, Brunekreef B, Krzyzanowski
M. Health effects of black carbon. Copenhagen,
WHO Regional Office for Europe. 2012. Available
from: http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/
file/Health%20effects%20of%20black%20carbon.pdf
11. Osimobi OJ, Yorkor B, Nwankwo CA. Evaluation of
daily pollutant standard index and air quality index in
a university campus in Nigeria using PM10 and PM2.5
particulate matter. Journal of Science, Technology and
Environment Informatics. 2019; 7(2): 517-32.
12. Abulude FO, Fagbayide SD, Akinnusotu A, Makinde
OE, Elisha JJ. Assessment of the Indoor Air Quality of
Akure, South–West, Nigeria. Quality of Life. 2019 Jan
1; 17 (1-2). Available from: http://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.
php/qualitiyoflife/article/viewFile/6137/6005
13. Nielsen GD, Larsen ST, Wolkoff P. Re-evaluation of the
WHO (2010) formaldehyde indoor air quality guideline
for cancer risk assessment. Archives of toxicology.
2017 Jan; 91(1): 35-61. Available from: https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00204-016-1733-8
14. vanGemert LJ. (2003). Compilations of odour threshold
values in air, water and other media. Huizen, The Netherlands:
Boelens Aroma Chemical Information Service.
2003.
15. Commission of the European Communities. Indoor air
quality and its impact on man. Environment and quality
of life. Indoor air pollution by formaldehyde in European
countries. 1990; 7: 1-2. Available from: http://www.
academia.edu/download/31878464/Indoor_Air_Quality_
Report.pdf
16. IPCS. Carbon-dioxide. In: International Chemical Safety
Cards 0021, International Programme on Chemical
Safety. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2006.
Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0160412018312807
17. Penney D, Benignus V, Kephalopoulos S, Kotzias D,
Kleinman M, Verrier A. Carbon monoxide. In WHO
guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants
2010. World Health Organization. 2010. Available
from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand
le/10665/260127/9789289002134-eng.pdf
18. ASHRAE. Standard 62-2001, Ventilation for acceptable
indoor air quality. ASHRAE American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
Atlanta. GA. 2001. Available from: https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6605073/
19. Apte MG, Fisk WJ, Daisey JM. Associations between
indoor CO2 concentrations and sick building syndrome
symptoms in US office buildings: an analysis of the
1994-1996 BASE study data. Indoor air. 2000 Feb 14;
10(4): 246‐57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1034/
j.1600-0668.2000.010004246.x
20. Meyer DC. Overview of TVOC and Indoor Air Quality.
Integrated Device Technology, Inc.. 2018; 24: 1 – 9.
21. Wolkoff P. Impact of air velocity, temperature, humidity,
and air on long-term VOC emissions from building
products. Atmospheric environment. 1998 Aug 1;
32(14-15): 2659-68.
22. Harrison RM, Deacon AR, Jones MR, Appleby RS.
Sources and processes affecting concentrations of
PM10 and PM2. 5 particulate matter in Birmingham
(UK). Atmospheric environment. 1997 Dec 1; 31(24):
4103-17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00296-3
23. Grivas G, Chaloulakou A. Artificial neural network
models for prediction of PM10 hourly concentrations,
in the Greater Area of Athens, Greece. Atmospheric
environment. 2006 Mar 1; 40(7): 1216-29. Available
from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.036
24. Papanastasiou DK, Melas D, Kioutsioukis I. Development
and assessment of neural network and multiple
regression models in order to predict PM10 levels in
a medium-sized Mediterranean city. Water, air, and
soil pollution. 2007 Jun 1; 182(1-4): 325-34. Available
from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9341-0
25. Shahraiyni HT, Sodoudi S. Statistical modeling approaches
for PM10 prediction in urban areas; A review
of 21st-century studies. Atmosphere. 2016 Feb; 7(2):15.
Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7020015
26. Mečiarová Ľ, Vilčeková S, Krídlová Burdová E, Kiselák
J. Factors effecting the total volatile organic compound
(TVOC) concentrations in Slovak households.
International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health. 2017 Dec; 14(12): 1443. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121443
27. Emmerich SJ, Persily AK. State-of-the-art review of
CO2 demand controlled ventilation technology and
application. Diane Publishing; 2003. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.6729
28. Apple J, Vicente R, Yarberry A, Lohse N, Mills E, Jacobson
A, Poppendieck D. Characterization of particulate
matter size distributions and indoor concentrations
from kerosene and diesel lamps. Indoor air. 2010 Oct;
20(5): 399-411. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1600-0668.2010.00664.x
29. Pudpong N, Rumchev K, Kungskulniti N. Indoor
concentrations of PM10 and factors influencing its
concentrations in day care centres in Bangkok, Thailand.
Asia Journal of Public Health. 2011; 2(1): 3-12.
Available from: https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/
20.500.11937/49223
30. Glory A, Gambo IM, Luka K, Enejo AC, Hamza W, BZ
G, Galam NZ. Comparative Assessment of Lung Function
using Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) Between
Tobacco Smoking and Non Smoking Students of the
University of Jos. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical
Sciences (IOSR-JDMS). 2017; 16(9): 1 – 5.
31. Delfino RJ, Zeiger RS, Seltzer JM, Street DH. Symptoms
in pediatric asthmatics and air pollution: differences
in effects by symptom severity, anti-inflammatory
medication use and particulate averaging time. Environmental
health perspectives. 1998 Nov; 106(11): 751-61.
Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106751
32. Norris G, YoungPong SN, Koenig JQ, Larson TV,
Sheppard L, Stout JW. An association between fine
particles and asthma emergency department visits for
children in Seattle. Environmental health perspectives.
1999 Jun; 107(6): 489-93. Available from: https://doi.
org/10.1289/ehp.99107489
33. van der Zee S, Hoek G, Boezen HM, Schouten JP,
van Wijnen JH, Brunekreef B. Acute effects of urban
air pollution on respiratory health of children with and
without chronic respiratory symptoms. Occupational
and environmental medicine. 1999 Dec 1; 56(12): 802-
12.
34. Yu O, Sheppard L, Lumley T, Koenig JQ, Shapiro GG.
Effects of ambient air pollution on symptoms of asthma
in Seattle-area children enrolled in the CAMP study.
Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 Dec; 108(12):
1209-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/
ehp.001081209
35. McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland F, Molitor J,
Thomas D, Lurmann F, Avol E, Gauderman WJ, Peters
JM. Prospective study of air pollution and bronchitic
symptoms in children with asthma. American journal
of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2003 Oct 1;
168(7): 790-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1164/
rccm.200304-466OC
36. Mohapatra K, Biswal SK. Effect of particulate matter
(PM) on plants, climate, ecosystem and human health.
Int J Adv Technol Eng Sci. 2014; 2(4): 2348-7550.
Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/24d4/
dfdd07cfbd70bcdb9ef92ec5cc52650cb28a.pdf
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5 No 3 (2020): Summer 2020 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v5i3.5392 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air quality; Pollutants; Generators; Residences; Indoor | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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How to Cite
1.
Azodo A, Omokaro I, Canice Mezue T. Implications of portable gasoline electricity generators on residential indoor air quality. JAPH. 2020;5(3):193-200.
