Concentration modeling of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from cigarette consumption in atmosphere of Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract
Introduction: Although many studies on Isfahan’s air pollution have been done, there is no report about the effects of cigarette consumption in Isfahan. The aims of this study were (a) to find the amount of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emitted by cigarette consumption in Isfahan; and (b) to model the distribution of such pollutants in Isfahan’s atmosphere.
Materials and methods: Based on the literature, it is assumed that 15% of Isfahan’s people consume cigarettes and each smoker on average smokes 1,147 cigarettes per year. Based on these assumptions, the 249,000 smokers living in Isfahan consume 285,000,000 cigarettes per year. The amount of pollutant emissions was calculated by existing emission factors for cigarette consumption. Finally, the distribution of the emitted pollutants from cigarette consumption in Isfahan’s atmosphere was modeled using AERMOD.
Results: The results illustrated that each year, 2.85 kg nitrogen oxides, 2.85 kg hydrocarbons, 37.05 kg carbon monoxide and 142.5 kg carbon dioxide are emitted into Isfahan’s atmosphere from residents’ smoking. The modeling of pollutants’ dispersion in Isfahan’s atmosphere showed that only some of these pollutants result from cigarette consumption.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the amount of pollutants emitted by cigarette consumption was negligible compared to the other pollutant sources in Isfahan.
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36. Eskandari Z, Talaiekhozani A, Makipoor G, Jafari S, Rezania S. Estimation of pollutants emission rate from activity of Isfahan city taxies. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;2(3):137-44.
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1. World Health Organization. Tobacco or health: a global status report. 1997.
2. Gajalakshmi V, Peto R, Kanaka TS, Jha P. Smoking and mortality from tuberculosis and other diseases in India:
retrospective study of 43 000 adult male deaths and 35 000 controls. The Lancet. 2003;362(9383):507-15.
3. Lin HH, Ezzati M, Murray M. Tobacco Smoke, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2007;4(1):e20.
4. Ballbè M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Sureda X, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Pascual JA, et al. Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes:
Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Environmental Research. 2014;135:76-80.
5. Alaee S. Air Pollution and Infertility. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques. 2018;6(4):72-3.
6. Sopori M. Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2002;2(5):37
7. DiFranza JR, Aligne CA, Weitzman M. Prenatal and Postnatal Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Children’s Health. Pediatrics. 2004;113(Supplement 3):1007-15.
8. Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity. The Lancet Neurology.
2014;13(3):330-8.
9. Ames BN. Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer. Science. 1979;204(4393):587-93.
10. Alef. How many Iranians are smokers? Tehran, Iran: Analytical News Society Alef; 2016 [updated 09 Sep2016; cited 2018 10 Nov 2018]. Available from: http:// old.alef.ir/vdcdkz0s5yt0nx6.2a2y.html?390257.
11. Talaiekhozani A, Amani AM. Preparing Emission Factors of Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbons and Nitrogen Oxides for Cigarette. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;3(4): 219-24. 12. Pope IIICA, Burnett RT, Turner MC, Cohen A, Krewski D, Jerrett M, et al. Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality associated with ambient air pollution and cigarette smoke: shape of the exposure-response relationships. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011;119(11):1616-21.
13. Alaee S, Ilani M. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on male and female reproductive systems. Journal
of Advanced Medical Sciences and Applied Technologies. 2017;3(1):3-8.
14. Ilani M, Alaee S, Khodabandeh Z, Jamhiri I, Owjfard M. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the expression of apoptotic markers in mouse blastocysts. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. 2018;100(2):228-34.
15. Bjartveit K, Tverdal A. Health consequences of smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day. Tobacco Control. 2005;14(5):315-20.
16. Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental
and public health challenge. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000;78:1078-92.
17. Czogala J, Goniewicz ML, Fidelus B, Zielinska-Danch W, Travers MJ, Sobczak A. Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2013;16(6):655-62.
18. Hosseini V, Shahbazi H. Urban Air Pollution in Iran. Iranian Studies. 2016;49(6):1029-46.
19. Mansouri B, Hamidian AH. Assessment of the Air Quality of Isfahan City, Iran, Using Selected Air Quality Parameters.
Iranian Jornal of Toxicology. 2013;7(21):842-8.
20. Talaiekhozani A, Ghaffarpassand O, Talaei MR, Neshat N, Eydivandi B. Evaluation of emission inventory of air pollutants from railroad and air transportation in Isfahan metropolitan in 2016. Journal of Air Pollution Health. 2017;2(1).
21. Talaiekhozani A, Eskandari Z, Yosefi M, Dehkordi AA,Talaei MR. Preparing the emission inventory of air pollutants from Isfahan’s waste in 2016. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2017;2(1).
22. Talaiekhozani A, Eskandari Z. A Short Communication on Estimation of the Airborne Pollutants Emissions from Consumption of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel in Isfahan. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;2(3):123-8.
23. Modarres R, Dehkordi AK. Daily air pollution time series analysis of Isfahan City. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (Tehran). 2005;2(3):259-67.
24. Mansourian M, Javanmard S, Poursafa P, Kelishadi R. Air pollution and hospitalization for respiratory diseases
among children in Isfahan, Iran. Ghana Medical Journal. 2010;44(4).
25. Talebi S, Tavakoli T, Ghinani A. Levels of PM10 and its chemical composition in the atmosphere of the city of
Isfahan. Iran J Chem Eng. 2008;5(3):62-7.
26. McAuley TR, Hopke P, Zhao J, Babaian S. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhalation Toxicology. 2012;24(12):850-7.
27. Repace JL, Lowrey AH. Indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, and public health. Science. 1980;208(4443):464- 72.
28. Manabe S, Wada O. Carcinogenic tryptophan pyrolysis products in cigarette smoke condensate and cigarette
smoke-polluted indoor air. Environmental Pollution. 1990;64(2):121-32.
29. Cimorelli AJ, Perry SG, Venkatram A, Weil JC, Paine RJ, Wilson RB, et al. AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications. Part I: General model formulation and boundary layer characterization. Journal of applied meteorology. 2005;44(5):682-93.
30. Cimorelli AJ, Perry SG, Venkatram A, Weil JC, Paine RJ, Peters WD. AERMOD–Description of model formulation. 1998.
31. Schulman LL, Strimaitis DG, Scire JS. Development and evaluation of the PRIME plume rise and building downwash model. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. 2000;50(3):378-90.
32. EPA. AERMOD View, Gaussian Plume Air Dispersion Model, AERMOD View Overview. In: (EPA) UEPA, editor. USA: EPA; 2019.
33. Mohajan HK. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of China. Journalof Environmental Treatment Techniques. 2013;1(4):190-202.
34. Kampa M, Castanas E. Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution. 2008;151(2):362-7.
35. Kurt OK, Zhang J, Pinkerton KE. Pulmonary health effects of air pollution. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2016;22(2):138.
36. Eskandari Z, Talaiekhozani A, Makipoor G, Jafari S, Rezania S. Estimation of pollutants emission rate from activity of Isfahan city taxies. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;2(3):137-44.
37. Nazaroff WW, Singer BC. Inhalation of hazardous air pollutants from environmental tobacco smoke in US residences. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2004;14:S71.
38. Adams M. EMEP EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016 Introduction. Denmark: European Environment Agency; 2016.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 3 (2019): Summer 2019 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v4i3.1546 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cigarette consumption Air pollutants modeling Emission rate Hydrocarbons Nitrogen oxides | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Talaiekhozani A, Amani AM, Eskandari Z, Sanaye R. Concentration modeling of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from cigarette consumption in atmosphere of Isfahan, Iran. JAPH. 2019;4(3):163-170.
