Size distribution and chemical composition of indoor and outdoor particles in lab building
-
Balal Oroji
,
Asghar Sadighzadeh
,
Eisa Solgi
,
Alireza Zakeri
,
Mohammad Sadegh Oliaei
,
Hossein Yousefi
Abstract
Introduction: Exposure to toxic components in indoor PM is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health effects. The fine PM pollution in ambient air is currently a major health concern in Iran and is driving increasing research interest. Due to air pollution in Tehran metropolitan, it is necessary to study the concentration and size distribution of particles inside and outside the building.
Materials and methods: Hence, for this study, concentration and size distribution of particles matter was calculated with diameters of PM≤0.4, PM0.4-0.7, PM0.7-1.1, PM1.1-2.1, PM2.1-3.3, PM3.3-4.7, PM4.7-7, PM7-11, PM≥11 and TSP during two seasons in the lab building in the Tehran. Measurements on the aerodynamic size of atmospheric aerosols carried with Anderson type 1-ACFM Cascade Impactor with six-stage. The length of each collection period was about 24 h.
Results: The results show that the effect of outdoor air pollution on the concentration of particles in the indoor environment is significant. According to these results, the lowest value is for particles with a diameter greater than 11 μm. the highest value of this ratio is dedicated to PM≤0.4 and with the increase of the aerodynamic diameter of the particles, the I/O decreases as well. A similar trend was recorded for concentration of TSP. The highest difference in the concentration of TSP in indoor and outdoor was 60.25 and 188.36 μg/m3, respectively.
Conclusion: This effect is due to factors such as the lack of standard ventilation, old doors and windows and the life of the building.
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2. Lin H, Tao J, Kan H, Qian Z, Chen A, Du Y, et al. Ambient particulate matter air pollution associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Guangzhou, China. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology. 2018
3. Jerret M. Atmospheric science: The death toll from air pollution sources. Nature. 2015; 525(7569):330.
4. Shimada Y, Matsuoka Y. Analysis of indoor PM2.5 exposure in Asian countries using time use survey. Science of the total environment. 2011; 409(24):5243-5252.
5. World Health Organization. In: Cancer IAfRo (Ed.), outdoor air Pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. World Health Organization, Lyon. Press release. 2013
6. World Health Organization. WHO Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global update 005. http://whqlibdoc. who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng. pdf (accessed 20.01.15.). 2015
7. Meng QY, Turpin BJ, Korn L, Weisel CP, Morandi M, Colome S, et al. Influence of ambient (outdoor) sources on residential indoor and personal PM2.5 concentrations: analyses of RIOPA data. Journal of exposure science and environmental epidemiology. 2005;15(1):17.
8. Brunekreef B, Janssen NA, Oldenwening M, Meliefste K, Hoek G, Lanki T, et al. Personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to PM2.5 and its components for groups of cardiovascular patients in Amsterdam and Helsinki. Research report (Health Effects Institute). 2005(127):1-70; discussion 1-9.
9. Hoek G, Kos G, Harrison R, de Hartog J, Meliefste K, ten Brink H, et al. Indoor–outdoor relationships of particle
number and mass in four European cities. Atmospheric environment. 2008;42(1):156-169.
10. Riesenfeld E, Chalupa D, Gibb FR, Oberdörster G, Glenn R, Morrow P, et al. Ultrafine particle concentrations in a hospital. Inhalation toxicology. 2000;12(sup2):83-94.
11. Monn C, Fuchs A, Högger D, Junker M, Kogelschatz D, Roth N, et al. Particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10) and fine particles less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5): relationships between indoor, outdoor and personal concentrations.
Science of the total environment. 1997;208(1-2):15-21.
12. Lachenmyer C. Urban measurements of outdoor-indoor PM2.5 concentrations and personal exposure in the Deep South. Part I. Pilot study of mass concentrations for nonsmoking subjects. Aerosol science & technology.
2000;32(1):34-51.
13. Ji W, Zhao B. Contribution of outdoor-originating particles, indoor-emitted particles and indoor secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) to residential indoor PM2.5 concentration: a model-based estimation. Building and environment. 2015;90:196-205.
14. Parajuli I, Lee H, Shrestha KR. Indoor air quality and ventilation assessment of rural mountainous households
of Nepal. International journal of sustainable built environment. 2016;5(2):301-11.
15. Zhou X, Cai J, Chen R, Wang C, Zhao A, Yang C, et al. Estimation of residential fine particulate matter infiltration
in Shanghai, China. Environmental pollution. 2018;233:494-500.
16. Brasche S, Bischof W. Daily time spent indoors in German homes–baseline data for the assessment of indoor exposure of German occupants. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2005;208(4):247- 253.
17. Mejia JF, Choy SL, Mengersen K, Morawska L. Methodology for assessing exposure and impacts of air pollutants in school children: data collection, analysis and health effects–a literature review. Atmospheric environment. 2011;45(4):813-23.
18. Oroji B, Solgi E, Sadighzadeh A. Characterization and morphological analysis of aerosols in Tehran traffic
zone. Journal of air pollution and Health. 2018;3(1): 9-16
19. Shilton V, Giess P, Mitchell D, Williams C. The relationships between indoor and outdoor respirable particulate matter: Meteorology, chemistry and personal exposure. Indoor and built environment. 2002;11(5):266-74.
20. Chen C. Zhao B. Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles: I/O ratio, infiltration factor
and penetration factor. Atmospheric environment. 2011;45(2):275-88.
21. Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Karanasiou AA, Vratolis S, Hermansen O, Colbeck I, et al. Indoor and outdoor particle number and mass concentrations in Athens. Sources, sinks and variability of aerosol parameters. Aerosol and air quality resarch. 2011;11(6):632-42.
22. Chatoutsidou SE, Ondráček J, Tesar O, Tørseth K, Ždímal V, Lazaridis M. Indoor/outdoor particulate matter number and mass concentration in modern of fices. Building and environment. 2015;92:462-474.
23. Vicente ED, Ribeiro JP, Custódio D, Alves CA. Assessment of the indoor air quality in copy centres at
Aveiro, Portugal. Air quality, atmosphere & health. 2017;10(2):117-27.
24. Sajani SZ, Trentini A, Rovelli S, Ricciardelli I, Marchesi S, Maccone C, Bacco D, Ferrari S, Scotto F, Zigola C, Cattaneo A. Is particulate air pollution at the front door a good proxy of residential exposure?. Environmental pollution. 2016;213:347-58.
25. Schembari A, Triguero-Mas M, de Nazelle A, Dadvand P, Vrijheid M, Cirach M, et al. Personal, indoor and outdoor
air pollution levels among pregnant women. Atmospheric environment. 2013;64:287-295.
26. Goyal R, Kumar P. Indoor–outdoor concentrations of particulate matter in nine microenvironments of a mixuse commercial building in megacity Delhi. Air quality, atmosphere & health. 2013;6(4):747-757.
27. Saraga D, Pateraki S, Papadopoulos A, Vasilakos C, Maggos T. Studying the indoor air quality in three nonresidential
environments of different use: a museum, a printery industry and an office. Building and environment. 2011;46(11):2333-2341.
28. Wheeler AJ, Wallace LA, Kearney J, Van Ryswyk K, You H, Kulka R, et al. Personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations of fine and ultrafine particles using continuous monitors in multiple residences. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2011;45(9):1078-89.
29. Liu Y, Chen R, Shen X, Mao X. Wintertime indoor air levels of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 at public places and their contributions to TSP. Environment international. 2004;30(2):189-97.
30. Weichenthal S, Dufresne A, Infante-Rivard C, Joseph L. Indoor ultrafine particle exposures and home heating systems: a cross-sectional survey of Canadian homes during the winter months. Journal of exposure science and environmental epidemiology. 2007;17(3):288.
31. Polednik B. Particulate matter and student exposure in school classrooms in Lublin, Poland. Environmental research.
2013;120:134-139.
32. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z. Characteristics of indoor/outdoor particulate pollution in urban and rural residential environment of Pakistan. Indoor air. 2010;20(1):40-51.
33. Branis M, Řezáčová P, Domasová M. The effect of outdoor air and indoor human activity on mass concentrations
of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in a classroom. Environmental research. 2005;99(2):143-149.
34. Lu Y, Qiu J, Liu Y. An experimental study of permeability characteristics of outdoor particles under indoor and
outdoor temperature differences. Procedia engineering. 2017;205:226-232.
35. Gonzales M, Qualls C, Hudgens E, Neas L. Characterization of a spatial gradient of nitrogen dioxide across a United States–Mexico border city during winter. Science of the total environment. 2005;337(1-3):163-173.
36. Rijnders E, Janssen NA, Van Vliet PH, Brunekreef B. Personal and outdoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations in relation to degree of urbanization and traffic density. Environmental health perspectives. 2001;109(Suppl 3):411.
37. Singer BC, Hodgson AT, Hotchi T, Kim JJ. Passive measurement of nitrogen oxides to assess traffic-related pollutant exposure for the east bay children’s respiratory health study. Atmospheric environment. 2004;38(3):393-403.
38. Rundell KW, Caviston R, Hollenbach AM, Murphy K. Vehicular air pollution, playgrounds, and youth athletic
fields. Inhalation toxicology. 2006;18(8):541-7.
39. Guo H, Morawska L, He C, Gilbert D. Impact of ventilation scenario on air exchange rates and on indoor particle number concentrations in an air-conditioned classroom. Atmospheric environment. 2008;42(4):757-68.
40. Brunekreef B, Janssen NA, de Hartog J, Harssema H, Knape M, Van Vliet P. Air pollution from truck traffic and lung function in children living near motorways. Epidemiology. 1997;298-303. PMID: 9115026,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3702257.
41. Richmond-Bryant J, Saganich C, Bukiewicz L, Kalin R. Associations of PM2.5 and black carbon concentrations with traffic, idling, background pollution, and meteorology during school dismissals. Science of the Total Environment. 2009;40(10):3357-3364.
42. Ekmekcioglu D, Keskin SS. Characterization of indoor air particulate matter in selected elementary schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Indoor and Built Environment.
2007;16(2):169-176.
43. Branis M, Šafránek J, Hytychová A. Exposure of children to airborne particulate matter of different size fractions
during indoor physical education at school. Building and Environment. 2009;44(6):1246-1252.
44. Lee SC, Chang M. Indoor and outdoor air quality investigation at schools in Hong Kong. Chemosphere. 2000;41(1-2):109-113.
45. Oroji B, Solgi E, Sadighzadeh A. Assessment of air pollution in exercise centers and health risks. Environmental
health engineering and management journal. 2018;5(3):153-157.
46. Jarvinen A, Aitomaa M, Rostedt A, Keskinen J, Yli- Ojanperä J. Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+). Journal of aerosol science. 2014;69:150-159.
47. Diapouli E, Chaloulakou A, Mihalopoulos N, Spyrelli, N. Indoor and outdoor PM mass and number concentrations
at schools in the Athens area. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2008;136(1-3):13-20.
48. Majewski G, Kociszewska K, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Pyta H, Rogula-Kopiec P, Mucha W, et al. Submicron particle-bound mercury in university teaching rooms: A summer study from two polish cities. Atmosphere. 2016;7(9):117.
49. Ben-David T, Waring MS. Impact of natural versus mechanical ventilation on simulated indoor air quality and energy consumption in offices in fourteen US cit ies. Building and Environment. 2016;104:320-336.
50. Pagel ÉC, Reis NC, de Alvarez CE, Santos JM, Conti MM, Boldrini RS, et al. Characterization of the indoor particles and their sources in an Antarctic research station. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016;188(3):167.
51. Nazir R, Shaheen N, Shah MH. Indoor/outdoor relationship of trace metals in the atmospheric particulate matter of an industrial area. Atmospheric Research. 2011;101(3):765-772.
52. Krugly E, Martuzevicius D, Sidaraviciute R, Ciuzas D, Prasauskas T, Kauneliene V, et al. Characterization of particulate and vapor phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air of primary schools. Atmospheric environment. 2014;82:298-306.
53. Monn C. Exposure assessment of air pollutants: a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/ personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Atmospheric environment. 2001;35(1):1-32.
2. Lin H, Tao J, Kan H, Qian Z, Chen A, Du Y, et al. Ambient particulate matter air pollution associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Guangzhou, China. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology. 2018
3. Jerret M. Atmospheric science: The death toll from air pollution sources. Nature. 2015; 525(7569):330.
4. Shimada Y, Matsuoka Y. Analysis of indoor PM2.5 exposure in Asian countries using time use survey. Science of the total environment. 2011; 409(24):5243-5252.
5. World Health Organization. In: Cancer IAfRo (Ed.), outdoor air Pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. World Health Organization, Lyon. Press release. 2013
6. World Health Organization. WHO Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global update 005. http://whqlibdoc. who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng. pdf (accessed 20.01.15.). 2015
7. Meng QY, Turpin BJ, Korn L, Weisel CP, Morandi M, Colome S, et al. Influence of ambient (outdoor) sources on residential indoor and personal PM2.5 concentrations: analyses of RIOPA data. Journal of exposure science and environmental epidemiology. 2005;15(1):17.
8. Brunekreef B, Janssen NA, Oldenwening M, Meliefste K, Hoek G, Lanki T, et al. Personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to PM2.5 and its components for groups of cardiovascular patients in Amsterdam and Helsinki. Research report (Health Effects Institute). 2005(127):1-70; discussion 1-9.
9. Hoek G, Kos G, Harrison R, de Hartog J, Meliefste K, ten Brink H, et al. Indoor–outdoor relationships of particle
number and mass in four European cities. Atmospheric environment. 2008;42(1):156-169.
10. Riesenfeld E, Chalupa D, Gibb FR, Oberdörster G, Glenn R, Morrow P, et al. Ultrafine particle concentrations in a hospital. Inhalation toxicology. 2000;12(sup2):83-94.
11. Monn C, Fuchs A, Högger D, Junker M, Kogelschatz D, Roth N, et al. Particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10) and fine particles less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5): relationships between indoor, outdoor and personal concentrations.
Science of the total environment. 1997;208(1-2):15-21.
12. Lachenmyer C. Urban measurements of outdoor-indoor PM2.5 concentrations and personal exposure in the Deep South. Part I. Pilot study of mass concentrations for nonsmoking subjects. Aerosol science & technology.
2000;32(1):34-51.
13. Ji W, Zhao B. Contribution of outdoor-originating particles, indoor-emitted particles and indoor secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) to residential indoor PM2.5 concentration: a model-based estimation. Building and environment. 2015;90:196-205.
14. Parajuli I, Lee H, Shrestha KR. Indoor air quality and ventilation assessment of rural mountainous households
of Nepal. International journal of sustainable built environment. 2016;5(2):301-11.
15. Zhou X, Cai J, Chen R, Wang C, Zhao A, Yang C, et al. Estimation of residential fine particulate matter infiltration
in Shanghai, China. Environmental pollution. 2018;233:494-500.
16. Brasche S, Bischof W. Daily time spent indoors in German homes–baseline data for the assessment of indoor exposure of German occupants. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2005;208(4):247- 253.
17. Mejia JF, Choy SL, Mengersen K, Morawska L. Methodology for assessing exposure and impacts of air pollutants in school children: data collection, analysis and health effects–a literature review. Atmospheric environment. 2011;45(4):813-23.
18. Oroji B, Solgi E, Sadighzadeh A. Characterization and morphological analysis of aerosols in Tehran traffic
zone. Journal of air pollution and Health. 2018;3(1): 9-16
19. Shilton V, Giess P, Mitchell D, Williams C. The relationships between indoor and outdoor respirable particulate matter: Meteorology, chemistry and personal exposure. Indoor and built environment. 2002;11(5):266-74.
20. Chen C. Zhao B. Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles: I/O ratio, infiltration factor
and penetration factor. Atmospheric environment. 2011;45(2):275-88.
21. Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Karanasiou AA, Vratolis S, Hermansen O, Colbeck I, et al. Indoor and outdoor particle number and mass concentrations in Athens. Sources, sinks and variability of aerosol parameters. Aerosol and air quality resarch. 2011;11(6):632-42.
22. Chatoutsidou SE, Ondráček J, Tesar O, Tørseth K, Ždímal V, Lazaridis M. Indoor/outdoor particulate matter number and mass concentration in modern of fices. Building and environment. 2015;92:462-474.
23. Vicente ED, Ribeiro JP, Custódio D, Alves CA. Assessment of the indoor air quality in copy centres at
Aveiro, Portugal. Air quality, atmosphere & health. 2017;10(2):117-27.
24. Sajani SZ, Trentini A, Rovelli S, Ricciardelli I, Marchesi S, Maccone C, Bacco D, Ferrari S, Scotto F, Zigola C, Cattaneo A. Is particulate air pollution at the front door a good proxy of residential exposure?. Environmental pollution. 2016;213:347-58.
25. Schembari A, Triguero-Mas M, de Nazelle A, Dadvand P, Vrijheid M, Cirach M, et al. Personal, indoor and outdoor
air pollution levels among pregnant women. Atmospheric environment. 2013;64:287-295.
26. Goyal R, Kumar P. Indoor–outdoor concentrations of particulate matter in nine microenvironments of a mixuse commercial building in megacity Delhi. Air quality, atmosphere & health. 2013;6(4):747-757.
27. Saraga D, Pateraki S, Papadopoulos A, Vasilakos C, Maggos T. Studying the indoor air quality in three nonresidential
environments of different use: a museum, a printery industry and an office. Building and environment. 2011;46(11):2333-2341.
28. Wheeler AJ, Wallace LA, Kearney J, Van Ryswyk K, You H, Kulka R, et al. Personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations of fine and ultrafine particles using continuous monitors in multiple residences. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2011;45(9):1078-89.
29. Liu Y, Chen R, Shen X, Mao X. Wintertime indoor air levels of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 at public places and their contributions to TSP. Environment international. 2004;30(2):189-97.
30. Weichenthal S, Dufresne A, Infante-Rivard C, Joseph L. Indoor ultrafine particle exposures and home heating systems: a cross-sectional survey of Canadian homes during the winter months. Journal of exposure science and environmental epidemiology. 2007;17(3):288.
31. Polednik B. Particulate matter and student exposure in school classrooms in Lublin, Poland. Environmental research.
2013;120:134-139.
32. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z. Characteristics of indoor/outdoor particulate pollution in urban and rural residential environment of Pakistan. Indoor air. 2010;20(1):40-51.
33. Branis M, Řezáčová P, Domasová M. The effect of outdoor air and indoor human activity on mass concentrations
of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in a classroom. Environmental research. 2005;99(2):143-149.
34. Lu Y, Qiu J, Liu Y. An experimental study of permeability characteristics of outdoor particles under indoor and
outdoor temperature differences. Procedia engineering. 2017;205:226-232.
35. Gonzales M, Qualls C, Hudgens E, Neas L. Characterization of a spatial gradient of nitrogen dioxide across a United States–Mexico border city during winter. Science of the total environment. 2005;337(1-3):163-173.
36. Rijnders E, Janssen NA, Van Vliet PH, Brunekreef B. Personal and outdoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations in relation to degree of urbanization and traffic density. Environmental health perspectives. 2001;109(Suppl 3):411.
37. Singer BC, Hodgson AT, Hotchi T, Kim JJ. Passive measurement of nitrogen oxides to assess traffic-related pollutant exposure for the east bay children’s respiratory health study. Atmospheric environment. 2004;38(3):393-403.
38. Rundell KW, Caviston R, Hollenbach AM, Murphy K. Vehicular air pollution, playgrounds, and youth athletic
fields. Inhalation toxicology. 2006;18(8):541-7.
39. Guo H, Morawska L, He C, Gilbert D. Impact of ventilation scenario on air exchange rates and on indoor particle number concentrations in an air-conditioned classroom. Atmospheric environment. 2008;42(4):757-68.
40. Brunekreef B, Janssen NA, de Hartog J, Harssema H, Knape M, Van Vliet P. Air pollution from truck traffic and lung function in children living near motorways. Epidemiology. 1997;298-303. PMID: 9115026,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3702257.
41. Richmond-Bryant J, Saganich C, Bukiewicz L, Kalin R. Associations of PM2.5 and black carbon concentrations with traffic, idling, background pollution, and meteorology during school dismissals. Science of the Total Environment. 2009;40(10):3357-3364.
42. Ekmekcioglu D, Keskin SS. Characterization of indoor air particulate matter in selected elementary schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Indoor and Built Environment.
2007;16(2):169-176.
43. Branis M, Šafránek J, Hytychová A. Exposure of children to airborne particulate matter of different size fractions
during indoor physical education at school. Building and Environment. 2009;44(6):1246-1252.
44. Lee SC, Chang M. Indoor and outdoor air quality investigation at schools in Hong Kong. Chemosphere. 2000;41(1-2):109-113.
45. Oroji B, Solgi E, Sadighzadeh A. Assessment of air pollution in exercise centers and health risks. Environmental
health engineering and management journal. 2018;5(3):153-157.
46. Jarvinen A, Aitomaa M, Rostedt A, Keskinen J, Yli- Ojanperä J. Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+). Journal of aerosol science. 2014;69:150-159.
47. Diapouli E, Chaloulakou A, Mihalopoulos N, Spyrelli, N. Indoor and outdoor PM mass and number concentrations
at schools in the Athens area. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2008;136(1-3):13-20.
48. Majewski G, Kociszewska K, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Pyta H, Rogula-Kopiec P, Mucha W, et al. Submicron particle-bound mercury in university teaching rooms: A summer study from two polish cities. Atmosphere. 2016;7(9):117.
49. Ben-David T, Waring MS. Impact of natural versus mechanical ventilation on simulated indoor air quality and energy consumption in offices in fourteen US cit ies. Building and Environment. 2016;104:320-336.
50. Pagel ÉC, Reis NC, de Alvarez CE, Santos JM, Conti MM, Boldrini RS, et al. Characterization of the indoor particles and their sources in an Antarctic research station. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016;188(3):167.
51. Nazir R, Shaheen N, Shah MH. Indoor/outdoor relationship of trace metals in the atmospheric particulate matter of an industrial area. Atmospheric Research. 2011;101(3):765-772.
52. Krugly E, Martuzevicius D, Sidaraviciute R, Ciuzas D, Prasauskas T, Kauneliene V, et al. Characterization of particulate and vapor phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air of primary schools. Atmospheric environment. 2014;82:298-306.
53. Monn C. Exposure assessment of air pollutants: a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/ personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Atmospheric environment. 2001;35(1):1-32.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 1 (2019): Winter 2019 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v4i1.600 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air pollution; Size distribution; Ratio of I/O; Indoor/Outdoor concentration | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Oroji B, Sadighzadeh A, Solgi E, Zakeri A, Oliaei MS, Yousefi H. Size distribution and chemical composition of indoor and outdoor particles in lab building. JAPH. 2019;4(1):15-26.
