Effects of meteorological variables and holidays on the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO in Tehran (2014-2018)
-
Mostafa Hadei
,
Maryam Yarahmadi
,
Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
,
Mohsen Farhadi
,
Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
,
Baharan Emam
,
Zahra Namvar
,
Abbas Shahsavani
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO in Tehran during March 2014-March 2018, and evaluate the effects of holidays and meteorological parameters on the air pollution levels.
Materials and methods: Hourly concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO in different air quality monitors of Tehran were acquired. The data from each air quality monitored were validated, and only high-quality monitors were included in this study.
Results: The 4-year averages of PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations were 88.74 (μg/m3), 31.02 (μg/m3), 34.87 (ppb), 71.01 (ppb), 20.04 (ppb), and 3.78 (ppm), respectively. Higher concentrations of PM10 and O3 were observed during summer. In case of PM2.5 and CO, autumn and winter concentrations were higher than those in springer and summer. Lower concentrations of PM10 and NO2 in Fridays were observed comparing to other days of week. Ozone had high concentrations in Fridays as the weekend in Iran. Except for O3, all of the pollutants had higher concentrations in the working days, comparing to those in any type of vacation days. Concentrations of all pollutants rather that SO2 and O3 in Nowruz holidays were statistically lower than those in the working days. By controlling for the effects of meteorological variables, our results showed that the air pollution control policies and actions have been not effective for particulate matter.
Conclusion: These results determines the time periods in which the concentrations of criteria air pollutants are high. This can be very useful for announcing alarms for citizens, and designing the air pollution control plans. In addition, more effective actions should be designed and implemented for reducing ambient levels of particulate matter.
1. World Bank. The cost of air pollution : strengthening the economic case for action. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group; 2016.
2. WHO. Seven million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2014.
3. Crouse DL, Peters PA, Hystad P, Brook JR, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, et al. Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 Exposures and Associations with Mortality over 16 Years of Follow-Up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(11):1180-6.
4. Khamutian R, Najafi F, Soltanian M, Shokoohizadeh MJ, Poorhaghighat S, Dargahi A, et al. The association between air pollution and weather conditions with increase in the number of admissions of asthmatic patients in emergency wards: a case study in Kermanshah. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015;29:229.
5. Pope CA, 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Jama. 2002;287(9):1132-41.
6. Cancer IAfRo. Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. Lyon/Geneva. 2013.
7. WHO. WHO's Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database. 2016 Update 2016.
8. Shahsavani A, Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Sowlat MH, Naddafi K. Elemental and carbonaceous characterization of TSP and PM10 during Middle Eastern dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran. Environ Monit Assess. 2017;189(9):462.
9. Ashrafi K, Fallah R, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A. Source Apportionment of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Modeling in Ahvaz, Iran. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2018;75(2):278-94.
10. Hossein Shahbazi MB, Hossein Afshin, Vahid Hosseini. Tehran's air pollution emission inventory for the year 2013- Volume II: mobile sources [In Persian]. Tehran, Iran: Tehran Air Quality Control Company; 2015. Report No.: QM/94/04/03/(U)/02.
11. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Nazari SSH, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A, Alipour MR. Estimation of Mortality and Hospital Admissions Attributed to Criteria Air Pollutants in Tehran Metropolis, Iran (2013–2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2017;17:2474-81.
12. Hadei M, Hashemi Nazari SS, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, Farhadi M, Shahsavani A. Estimation of gender-specific lung cancer deaths due to exposure to PM2.5 in 10 cities of Iran during 2013 - 2016: A modeling approach. International Journal of Cancer Management. 2017;10(8):13-21.
13. Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Eslami A, Khosravi A, Yarahmadi M, Naghdali Z, et al. Distribution and number of ISCHEMIC heart disease (IHD) and stroke deaths due to chronic exposure to PM2.5 in 10 cities of Iran (2013-2015); an AIRQ+ modelling. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;2(3):129-36.
14. Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Yarahmadi E, Kermani M, Yarahmadi M, Naghdali Z, et al. Estimation of lung cancer mortality attributed to ling-term exposure to PM2.5 in 15 Iranian cities during 2015-2016; an AIRQ+ modelling. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2017;2(1):19-26.
15. Hopke PK, Hashemi Nazari SS, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, Yarahmadi E, et al. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Short-Term Health Impacts of PM2.5 in Iranian Cities; a Modelling Approach (2013-2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2018.
16. Shahsavani A, Emam B, Yarahmadi M, Nazari SSH, Hadei M, Kermani M, et al. Cause-specific mortality attributed to fine particles in Mashhad, Iran (2013-2017). Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;3(3):127-34.
17. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, Momeniha F, Nabizadeh R, Faridi S, et al. Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian journal of environmental health science & engineering. 2012;9(1):28.
18. Shahbazi HB, Mahdi; Afshin, Hossein; Hosseini, Vahid. Tehran's air pollution emission inventory for the year 2013- Volume II: mobile sources [In Persian]. Tehran, Iran: Tehran Air Quality Control Company; 2015. Report No.: QM/94/04/03/(U)/02.
19. Ahadi SR, Mohsen; Tadari, Maryam; Torbatian, Sara;. Annual report on the ambient air quality of Tehran, 2015-2016 (1394). Tehran Air Quality Control Company (TAQCC), Tehran, Iran; 2016. Contract No.: QM94/02/01(U)/1.
20. Mohammadkhah F, Heydarabadi AB, Hadei M, Rakhshanderou S, Vaziri MH, Shahsavani A. Knowledge and attitudeof university students about air pollution problem in Tehran, Iran (2015-2016). Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2017;2(2):81-6.
21. Mohseni Bandpi A, Eslami A, Shahsavani A, Khodagholi F, Alinejad A. Physicochemical characterization of ambient PM2.5 in Tehran air and its potential cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Sci Total Environ. 2017;593–594:182-90.
22. Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Conti GO, Alipour MR, Ferrante M, et al. Mortality assessment attributed to long-term exposure to fine particles in ambient air of the megacity of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(14):14254-62.
23. Moghaddam VK, Changani F, Mohammadi A, Hadei M, Ashabi R, Majd LE, et al. Sustainable development of water resources based on wastewater reuse and upgrading of treatment plants: a review in the Middle East. Desalination and water treatment. 2017;65:463-73.
24. Ahmad Taheri VH. Investigation of the air quality of Tehran during a three-year period according to the world-wide standards. Tehran, Iran TAQCC; 2018.
25. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Rafiee M, Rastkari N, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, et al. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of BTEX and formaldehyde in Tehran, Iran: effects of building characteristics and health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(27):27423-37.
26. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Moradi M, Yarahmadi M, Emam B, et al. Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2018;13(1):30.
27. Hadei M, Shahsavani A, Kermani M, Emam B, Yarahmadi M, Bakhtiari R. Traffic related concentrations of BTEX, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Tehran; concentrations and spatial variabilty. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;3(2):63-72.
28. Mohseni Bandpai A, Yaghoubi M, Hadei M, Salesi M, Shahsavani A. Concentrations of Criteria Air Pollutants and BTEX in Mehrabad International Airport. J-Mazand-Univ-Med-Sci. 2018;28(160):76-87.
29. Bakhtiari R, Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Rastkari N, Kermani M, et al. Investigation of in-cabin volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in taxis; influence of vehicle's age, model, fuel, and refueling. Environ Pollut. 2018;237:348-55.
30. Jamaati H, Attarchi M, Hassani S, Farid E, Seyedmehdi SM, Pormehr PS. Investigating air quality status and air pollutant trends over the Metropolitan Area of Tehran, Iran over the past decade between 2005 and 2014. Environ Health Toxicol. 2018;33(2):e2018010-e.
31. Ansari M, Ehrampoush MH. Meteorological correlates and AirQ+ health risk assessment of ambient fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. Environ Res. 2019;170:141-50.
32. Yarwood G, Stoeckenius TE, Heiken JG, Dunker AM. Modeling weekday/weekend ozone differences in the Los Angeles region for 1997. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2003;53(7):864-75.
2. WHO. Seven million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2014.
3. Crouse DL, Peters PA, Hystad P, Brook JR, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, et al. Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 Exposures and Associations with Mortality over 16 Years of Follow-Up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(11):1180-6.
4. Khamutian R, Najafi F, Soltanian M, Shokoohizadeh MJ, Poorhaghighat S, Dargahi A, et al. The association between air pollution and weather conditions with increase in the number of admissions of asthmatic patients in emergency wards: a case study in Kermanshah. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015;29:229.
5. Pope CA, 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Jama. 2002;287(9):1132-41.
6. Cancer IAfRo. Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. Lyon/Geneva. 2013.
7. WHO. WHO's Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database. 2016 Update 2016.
8. Shahsavani A, Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Sowlat MH, Naddafi K. Elemental and carbonaceous characterization of TSP and PM10 during Middle Eastern dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran. Environ Monit Assess. 2017;189(9):462.
9. Ashrafi K, Fallah R, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A. Source Apportionment of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Modeling in Ahvaz, Iran. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2018;75(2):278-94.
10. Hossein Shahbazi MB, Hossein Afshin, Vahid Hosseini. Tehran's air pollution emission inventory for the year 2013- Volume II: mobile sources [In Persian]. Tehran, Iran: Tehran Air Quality Control Company; 2015. Report No.: QM/94/04/03/(U)/02.
11. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Nazari SSH, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A, Alipour MR. Estimation of Mortality and Hospital Admissions Attributed to Criteria Air Pollutants in Tehran Metropolis, Iran (2013–2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2017;17:2474-81.
12. Hadei M, Hashemi Nazari SS, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, Farhadi M, Shahsavani A. Estimation of gender-specific lung cancer deaths due to exposure to PM2.5 in 10 cities of Iran during 2013 - 2016: A modeling approach. International Journal of Cancer Management. 2017;10(8):13-21.
13. Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Eslami A, Khosravi A, Yarahmadi M, Naghdali Z, et al. Distribution and number of ISCHEMIC heart disease (IHD) and stroke deaths due to chronic exposure to PM2.5 in 10 cities of Iran (2013-2015); an AIRQ+ modelling. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;2(3):129-36.
14. Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Yarahmadi E, Kermani M, Yarahmadi M, Naghdali Z, et al. Estimation of lung cancer mortality attributed to ling-term exposure to PM2.5 in 15 Iranian cities during 2015-2016; an AIRQ+ modelling. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2017;2(1):19-26.
15. Hopke PK, Hashemi Nazari SS, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, Yarahmadi E, et al. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Short-Term Health Impacts of PM2.5 in Iranian Cities; a Modelling Approach (2013-2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2018.
16. Shahsavani A, Emam B, Yarahmadi M, Nazari SSH, Hadei M, Kermani M, et al. Cause-specific mortality attributed to fine particles in Mashhad, Iran (2013-2017). Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;3(3):127-34.
17. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, Momeniha F, Nabizadeh R, Faridi S, et al. Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian journal of environmental health science & engineering. 2012;9(1):28.
18. Shahbazi HB, Mahdi; Afshin, Hossein; Hosseini, Vahid. Tehran's air pollution emission inventory for the year 2013- Volume II: mobile sources [In Persian]. Tehran, Iran: Tehran Air Quality Control Company; 2015. Report No.: QM/94/04/03/(U)/02.
19. Ahadi SR, Mohsen; Tadari, Maryam; Torbatian, Sara;. Annual report on the ambient air quality of Tehran, 2015-2016 (1394). Tehran Air Quality Control Company (TAQCC), Tehran, Iran; 2016. Contract No.: QM94/02/01(U)/1.
20. Mohammadkhah F, Heydarabadi AB, Hadei M, Rakhshanderou S, Vaziri MH, Shahsavani A. Knowledge and attitudeof university students about air pollution problem in Tehran, Iran (2015-2016). Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2017;2(2):81-6.
21. Mohseni Bandpi A, Eslami A, Shahsavani A, Khodagholi F, Alinejad A. Physicochemical characterization of ambient PM2.5 in Tehran air and its potential cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Sci Total Environ. 2017;593–594:182-90.
22. Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Conti GO, Alipour MR, Ferrante M, et al. Mortality assessment attributed to long-term exposure to fine particles in ambient air of the megacity of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(14):14254-62.
23. Moghaddam VK, Changani F, Mohammadi A, Hadei M, Ashabi R, Majd LE, et al. Sustainable development of water resources based on wastewater reuse and upgrading of treatment plants: a review in the Middle East. Desalination and water treatment. 2017;65:463-73.
24. Ahmad Taheri VH. Investigation of the air quality of Tehran during a three-year period according to the world-wide standards. Tehran, Iran TAQCC; 2018.
25. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Rafiee M, Rastkari N, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, et al. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of BTEX and formaldehyde in Tehran, Iran: effects of building characteristics and health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(27):27423-37.
26. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Moradi M, Yarahmadi M, Emam B, et al. Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2018;13(1):30.
27. Hadei M, Shahsavani A, Kermani M, Emam B, Yarahmadi M, Bakhtiari R. Traffic related concentrations of BTEX, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Tehran; concentrations and spatial variabilty. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;3(2):63-72.
28. Mohseni Bandpai A, Yaghoubi M, Hadei M, Salesi M, Shahsavani A. Concentrations of Criteria Air Pollutants and BTEX in Mehrabad International Airport. J-Mazand-Univ-Med-Sci. 2018;28(160):76-87.
29. Bakhtiari R, Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Rastkari N, Kermani M, et al. Investigation of in-cabin volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in taxis; influence of vehicle's age, model, fuel, and refueling. Environ Pollut. 2018;237:348-55.
30. Jamaati H, Attarchi M, Hassani S, Farid E, Seyedmehdi SM, Pormehr PS. Investigating air quality status and air pollutant trends over the Metropolitan Area of Tehran, Iran over the past decade between 2005 and 2014. Environ Health Toxicol. 2018;33(2):e2018010-e.
31. Ansari M, Ehrampoush MH. Meteorological correlates and AirQ+ health risk assessment of ambient fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. Environ Res. 2019;170:141-50.
32. Yarwood G, Stoeckenius TE, Heiken JG, Dunker AM. Modeling weekday/weekend ozone differences in the Los Angeles region for 1997. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2003;53(7):864-75.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 1 (2019): Winter 2019 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v4i1.599 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Particulate matter; Temporal variation; Trend; Outdoor; Ambient air pollution | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Jonidi Jafari A, Farhadi M, Hashemi Nazari SS, Emam B, Namvar Z, Shahsavani A. Effects of meteorological variables and holidays on the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO in Tehran (2014-2018). JAPH. 2019;4(1):1-14.
