Cause-specific mortality attributed to fine particles in Mashhad, Iran (2013-2017)
-
Baharan Emam
,
Abbas Shahsavani
,
Maryam Yarahmadi
,
Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
,
Mostafa Hadei
,
Majid Kermani
,
Mohammad Reza Alipour
,
Ardeshir Khosravi
,
Zohreh Naghdali
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the number of all causes such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke deaths due to exposure to PM2.5 in Mashhad during March 2013-March 2017 using the AirQ+ model.
Materials and methods: Hourly concentrations of fine particulate matter were obtained from Department of Environment (DOE) of Iran, and validated according to APHEKOM study and WHO's criteria. Baseline incidence (BI) values for all-cause, COPD, lung cancer, IHD and stroke mortality was obtained from Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
Results: The annual average of (±SD) was determined for all four years and the average four- year were 36.07 (± 26.93), 27.29 (± 13.24), 30.53 (± 13.82), 30.14 (± 15.94), and 31.01 (± 10.22) µg / m3, respectively. The averages of PM2.5 concentrations during the cold months of years was higher than those in the warm months. Calculating the daily air quality index (AQI) indicated that only few days (48 days) during this period of time ( 4 years ) had a "standard" air quality and a concentration lower that 12.5 µg / m3. The total number of deaths in all the four years was 4457 cases. Furthermore, the total number of COPD, lung cancer, IHD, and stroke mortality was 146, 142, 5263, and 2608 cases, respectively. The trend of death numbers did not follow a specific direction, and some fluctuations can be observed.
Conclusions: Due to the considerable health effects of the poor air quality in Mashhad, controlling actions should be implemented to reduce the levels of air pollution.
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21. Ashrafi K, Fallah R, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A. Source Apportionment of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Modeling in Ahvaz, Iran. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2018;75(2):278-94.
22. Bakhtiari R, Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Rastkari N, Kermani M, et al. Investigation of in-cabin volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in taxis; influence of vehicle's age, model, fuel, and refueling. Environ Pollut. 2018;237:348-55.
23. Mohseni Bandpai A, Yaghoubi M, Hadei M, Salesi M, Shahsavani A. Concentrations of Criteria Air Pollutants and BTEX in Mehrabad International Airport. J-Mazand-Univ-Med-Sci. 2018;28(160):76-87.
24. Shahsavani A, Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Sowlat MH, Naddafi K. Elemental and carbonaceous characterization of TSP and PM10 during Middle Eastern dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran. Environ Monit Assess. 2017;189(9):462.
25. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Rafiee M, Rastkari N, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, et al. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of BTEX and formaldehyde in Tehran, Iran: effects of building characteristics and health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(27):27423-37.
26. Hadei M, Shahsavani A, Kermani M, Emam B, Yarahmadi M, Bakhtiari R. TRAFFIC-RELATED CONCENTRATIONS OF BTEX, FORMALDEHYDE AND ACETALDEHYDE IN TEHRAN; CONCENTRATIONS AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;3(2):63-72.
27. WHO Regional Office for Europe. AirQ+: key features. WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2016.
28. EC Directive. Council Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official Journal of the European Communities, L. 2008;151:1-44.
29. Khosravi AA, Saeedeh; Kazemi, Elaheh; Kalantari, Naser;. The outlook of mortality in 30 provinces of Iran during 2011-2012. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran2016.
30. Pierpaolo Mudu CG, Maria Dunbar. AirQ+ 1.0 example of calculations. World Health Organization; 2016.
31. Pascal M, Corso M, Ung A. Guidelines for assessing the health impacts of air pollution in European cities. Aphekom project, Work Package 5, Deliverable D5, April 2011. 2011.
32. World Health Organization. Monitoring ambient air quality for health impact assessment. 1999.
33. WHO. Air quality guidelines: global update 2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide: World Health Organization; 2006.
34. Kermani M, Goudarzi G, Shahsavani A, Dowlati M, Asl FB, Karimzadeh S, et al. Estimation of Short-term Mortality and Morbidity Attributed to Fine Particulate Matter in the Ambient Air of Eight Iranian Cities. Annals of Global Health. 2018;84(3).
35. Bonyadi Z, Ehrampoush MH, Ghaneian MT, Mokhtari M, Sadeghi A. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and total mortality 36. Miri M, Derakhshan Z, Allahabadi A, Ahmadi E, Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, et al. Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to outdoor air pollution in Mashhad metropolis, Iran. The AirQ model approach. Environ Res. 2016;151:451-7.
37. Moghaddam VK, Changani F, Mohammadi A, Hadei M, Ashabi R, Majd LE, et al. Sustainable development of water resources based on wastewater reuse and upgrading of treatment plants: a review in the Middle East. Desalination and water treatment. 2017;65:463-73.
2. WHO. Seven million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2014.
3. Liu Y, Chen X, Huang S, Tian L, Lu Ya, Mei Y, et al. Association between air pollutants and cardiovascular disease mortality in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(4):3506-16.
4. Wong CM, Lai HK, Tsang H, Thach TQ, Thomas GN, Lam KBH, et al. Satellite-based estimates of long-term exposure to 5. Yorifuji T, Kashima S, Doi H. Acute exposure to fine and coarse particulate matter and infant mortality in Tokyo, Japan (2002–2013). Sci Total Environ. 2016;551:66-72.
6. Dehghani R, Sahraian MA, Yunesian M, Hadeii M, Gilasi HR, Kazemi-Moghaddam V. Reply to Urbanization Theory for Growing Trend of Multiple Sclerosis Letter. Iran J Public Health. 2017;46(11):1601-2.
[7] Mohseni Bandpi A, Eslami A, Shahsavani A, Khodagholi F, Alinejad A. Physicochemical characterization of ambient PM2.5 in Tehran air and its potential cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Sci Total Environ. 2017;593–594:182-90.
[8] Straif K, Cohen A, Samet J. Air Pollution and Cancer: IARC Scientific Publication No. 161. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 2013.
9. Conti GO, Heibati B, Kloog I, Fiore M, Ferrante M. A review of AirQ Models and their applications for forecasting the air pollution health outcomes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017:1-20.
10. Clabaugh G, Ward MM. Cost-of-Illness Studies in the United States: A Systematic Review of Methodologies Used for Direct Cost. Value Health. 2008;11(1):13-21.
11. Byford S, Torgerson DJ, Raftery J. Cost of illness studies. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2000;320(7245):1335.
12. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Nazari SSH, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A, Alipour MR. Estimation of Mortality and Hospital Admissions Attributed to Criteria Air Pollutants in Tehran Metropolis, Iran (2013–2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2017;17:2474-81.
13. Hadei M, Hashemi Nazari SS, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, Farhadi M, Shahsavani A. Estimation of gender-specific lung cancer deaths due to exposure to PM2.5 in 10 cities of Iran during 2013 - 2016: A modeling approach. International Journal of Cancer Management. 2017;10(8):13-21.
14. Oliveri Conti G, Heibati B, Kloog I, Fiore M, Ferrante M. A review of AirQ Models and their applications for forecasting 15. Maleki H, Sorooshian A, Goudarzi G, Nikfal A, Baneshi MM. Temporal profile of PM10 and associated health effects in one of the most polluted cities of the world (Ahvaz, Iran) between 2009 and 2014. Aeolian Research. 2016;22(Supplement C):135-40.
16. Mohammadi A, Azhdarpoor A, Shahsavani A, Tabatabaee H. Investigating the health effects of exposure to criteria pollutants using airq2.2.3 in Shiraz, Iran. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2016;16(4):1035-43.
17. Hopke PK, Hashemi Nazari SS, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, Yarahmadi E, et al. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Short-Term Health Impacts of PM2.5 in Iranian Cities; a Modelling Approach (2013-2016). Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2018.
18. Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Yarahmadi E, Kermani M, Yarahmadi M, Naghdali Z, et al. ESTIMATION OF LUNG CANCER MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO PM2. 5 IN 15 IRANIAN CITIES DURING 2015-2016; AN AIRQ+ MODELING. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2017;2(1):19-26.
19. Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Conti GO, Alipour MR, Ferrante M, et al. Mortality assessment attributed to long-term exposure to fine particles in ambient air of the megacity of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018.
20. Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Eslami A, Khosravi A, Yarahmadi M, Naghdali Z, et al. DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBER OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (IHD) AND STROKE DEATHS DUE TO CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PM2. 5 IN 10 CITIES OF IRAN (2013-2015); AN AIRQ+ MODELLING. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;2(3):129-36.
21. Ashrafi K, Fallah R, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A. Source Apportionment of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Modeling in Ahvaz, Iran. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2018;75(2):278-94.
22. Bakhtiari R, Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Rastkari N, Kermani M, et al. Investigation of in-cabin volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in taxis; influence of vehicle's age, model, fuel, and refueling. Environ Pollut. 2018;237:348-55.
23. Mohseni Bandpai A, Yaghoubi M, Hadei M, Salesi M, Shahsavani A. Concentrations of Criteria Air Pollutants and BTEX in Mehrabad International Airport. J-Mazand-Univ-Med-Sci. 2018;28(160):76-87.
24. Shahsavani A, Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Sowlat MH, Naddafi K. Elemental and carbonaceous characterization of TSP and PM10 during Middle Eastern dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran. Environ Monit Assess. 2017;189(9):462.
25. Hadei M, Hopke PK, Rafiee M, Rastkari N, Yarahmadi M, Kermani M, et al. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of BTEX and formaldehyde in Tehran, Iran: effects of building characteristics and health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(27):27423-37.
26. Hadei M, Shahsavani A, Kermani M, Emam B, Yarahmadi M, Bakhtiari R. TRAFFIC-RELATED CONCENTRATIONS OF BTEX, FORMALDEHYDE AND ACETALDEHYDE IN TEHRAN; CONCENTRATIONS AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018;3(2):63-72.
27. WHO Regional Office for Europe. AirQ+: key features. WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2016.
28. EC Directive. Council Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official Journal of the European Communities, L. 2008;151:1-44.
29. Khosravi AA, Saeedeh; Kazemi, Elaheh; Kalantari, Naser;. The outlook of mortality in 30 provinces of Iran during 2011-2012. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran2016.
30. Pierpaolo Mudu CG, Maria Dunbar. AirQ+ 1.0 example of calculations. World Health Organization; 2016.
31. Pascal M, Corso M, Ung A. Guidelines for assessing the health impacts of air pollution in European cities. Aphekom project, Work Package 5, Deliverable D5, April 2011. 2011.
32. World Health Organization. Monitoring ambient air quality for health impact assessment. 1999.
33. WHO. Air quality guidelines: global update 2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide: World Health Organization; 2006.
34. Kermani M, Goudarzi G, Shahsavani A, Dowlati M, Asl FB, Karimzadeh S, et al. Estimation of Short-term Mortality and Morbidity Attributed to Fine Particulate Matter in the Ambient Air of Eight Iranian Cities. Annals of Global Health. 2018;84(3).
35. Bonyadi Z, Ehrampoush MH, Ghaneian MT, Mokhtari M, Sadeghi A. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and total mortality 36. Miri M, Derakhshan Z, Allahabadi A, Ahmadi E, Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, et al. Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to outdoor air pollution in Mashhad metropolis, Iran. The AirQ model approach. Environ Res. 2016;151:451-7.
37. Moghaddam VK, Changani F, Mohammadi A, Hadei M, Ashabi R, Majd LE, et al. Sustainable development of water resources based on wastewater reuse and upgrading of treatment plants: a review in the Middle East. Desalination and water treatment. 2017;65:463-73.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 3 No 3 (2018): Summer 2018 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| Keywords | ||
| Health impact assessment (HIA); Respiratory; Chronic exposure; Cardiovascular; Public health | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Emam B, Shahsavani A, Yarahmadi M, Hashemi Nazari SS, Hadei M, Kermani M, Alipour MR, Khosravi A, Naghdali Z. Cause-specific mortality attributed to fine particles in Mashhad, Iran (2013-2017). JAPH. 2018;3(3):127-134.
