Empowering data analysis and machine learning to predict asthma intensity using air pollutants in conjunction with environmental factors
,
Abstract
Introduction: Asthma is a respiratory disease, the severity of which is affected by air pollutants and environmental factors. Predicting asthma severity can help in disease monitoring and control. The objective of this research is to develop a model for predicting the severity of asthma based on environmental and demographical factors using machine learning.
Materials and methods: Data was obtained from different districts in Uttarakhand, India, from government sources. Asthma severity was the output feature or dependent feature, while the input features or independent features were air pollutants such as Particulate Matters (PM2.5, PM10), Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), Sulfur dioxide (SO₂), Ozone (O₃), Carbon monoxide (CO), environmental factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed) and socio economic factors (age, gender) in addition to a pollution index. Logistic Regression, Random Forest and XGBoost machine learning models were used for multi-class classification. The metrics for model performance were accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score.
Results: Logistic Regression had the highest accuracy (98%) compared to Random Forest and XGBoost (both 89%). It had goo) with an F1-score of 0.00 (support=1).
Conclusion: Our findings show the potential of machine learning models, especially class performance with F1-scores of 0.99 (class 0) and 0.96 (class1). But all models could not predict the minority class (class 2). Logistic Regression, to predict asthma severity from environmental data. But it has limitations due to the exclusion of various factors like smoking, obesity, genetics, previous asthma, and medication.
1. Network TGA. The global asthma report 2022. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2022;26:1–104.
2. Pereira AA, Pollard SL, Locke R, Romero K, Lima JJ, Hansel NN, et al. Association between exhaled carbon monoxide and asthma outcomes in Peruvian children. Respir Med. 2018;145:212–216.
3. Zhang L, Yi H, Sang N. Sulfur dioxide-induced exacerbation of airway inflammation via reactive oxygen species production and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in asthmatic mice. Toxicol Ind Health. 2021;37:564–572.
4. Soares AR, Silva C. Review of ground-level ozone impact in respiratory health deterioration for the past two decades. Atmosphere. 2022;13:434.
5. Gryech I, Ghogho M, Mahraoui C, Kobbane A. An exploration of features impacting respiratory diseases in urban areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:3095.
6. Nishida C, Yatera K. The impact of ambient environmental and occupational pollution on respiratory diseases. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:2788.
7. Czechowski PO, Piksa K, Dąbrowiecki P, Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek AI, Czermański E, Owczarek T, et al. Financing costs and health effects of air pollution in the tri-city agglomeration. Front Public Health. 2022;10:831312.
8. Guarnieri M, Balmes JR. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet. 2014;383:1581–1592.
9. Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: A review. Chest. 2004;125:1081–1102.
10. Brusselle GG, Koppelman GH. Biologic therapies for severe asthma. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:157–171.
11. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of asthma. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:45–56.
12. Tiotiu AI, Novakova P, Nedeva D, Chong-Neto HJ, Novakova S, Steiropoulos P, et al. Impact of air pollution on asthma outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6212.
13. Cheng CY, Tseng YL, Huang KC, Chiu IM, Pan HY, Cheng FJ. Association between ambient air pollution and emergency visits for respiratory diseases. Toxics. 2022;10:247.
14. Tornevi A, Olstrup H, Forsberg B. Short-term associations between PM10 and respiratory health effects. Toxics. 2022;10:333.
15. Chittrakul J, Sapbamrer R, Sirikul W. Insecticide exposure and risk of asthmatic symptoms: A systematic review. Toxics. 2021;9:228.
16. Hwang H, Jang JH, Lee E, Park HS, Lee JY. Prediction of the number of asthma patients using environmental factors based on deep learning algorithms. Respir Res. 2023;24(1):302.
17. Lin CC, Chiu CC, Lee PY, Chen KJ, He CX, Hsu SK, et al. The adverse effects of air pollution on the eye: A review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:1186.
18. Gaffin JM, Hauptman M, Petty CR, Sheehan WJ, Lai PS, Wolfson JM, et al. Nitrogen dioxide exposure in school classrooms of inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:2249–2255.e2.
19. Razavi-Termeh SV, Sadeghi-Niaraki A, Choi SM. Asthma-prone areas modeling using a machine learning model. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1912.
20. Hehua Z, Qing C, Shanyan G, Qijun W, Yuhong Z. Prenatal air pollution exposure and childhood asthma. Environ Res. 2017;159:519–530.
21. Yan W, Wang X, Dong T, Sun M, Zhang M, Fang K, et al. Prenatal PM2.5 exposure and childhood asthma. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020.
22. Lee S, Ku H, Hyun C, Lee M. Machine learning-based analyses of the effects of various types of air pollutants on hospital visits by asthma patients. Toxics. 2022;10(11):644.
23. Faraji, M., Mohammadi, A., Najmi, M. et al. Exposure to ambient air pollution and prevalence of asthma in adults. Air Qual Atmos Health 2021;14, 1211–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01011-z
24. Faraji M, Najmi M, Kazemnejad A, Shokouhi Shoormasti R, Fazlollahi MR, Pourpak Z, Moin M. Effect of Air Pollutants and Environmental Noise on the Childhood Asthma Prevalence in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2024 Oct 6;23(5):489-501. doi: 10.18502/ijaai.v23i5.16745. PMID: 39586743.
25. Thurston GD, Balmes JR, Garcia E, Gilliland FD, Rice MB, Schikowski T, et al. Outdoor air pollution and airway disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17:387–398.
26. Lin W, Brunekreef B, Gehring U. Indoor NO₂ and asthma in children. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:1724–1737.
27. Hüls A, Vanker A, Gray D, Koen N, MacIsaac JL, Lin DTS, et al. Genetic susceptibility and air pollution. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:1901831.
28. Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E. A review on human health perspective of air pollution with respect to allergies and asthma. Environ Int. 2013;59:41–52.
29. Norbäck D, Lu C, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao Z, Huang C, et al. Sources of indoor particulate matter and outdoor air pollution in China in relation to asthma and allergies. Environ Int. 2019;125:252–260.
30. Brooks CC, Martin LJ, Pilipenko V, He H, LeMasters GK, Lockey JE, et al. NAT1 genetic variation increases asthma risk. J Asthma. 2019.
31. Silvestri M, Franchi S, Pistorio A, Petecchia L, Rusconi F. Smoke exposure and asthma development: A meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015;50:353–362.
32. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and asthma incidence. Pediatrics. 2012;129:735–744.
33. Joubert BR, Felix JF, Yousefi P, Bakulski KM, Just AC, Breton C, et al. DNA methylation and maternal smoking. Am J Hum Genet. 2016;98:680–696.
34. Neophytou AM, Oh SS, Hu D, Huntsman S, Eng C, Rodríguez-Santana JR, et al. In utero tobacco exposure and asthma. Environ Epidemiol. 2019;3:e048.
35. Magnus MC, Håberg SE, Karlstad Ø, Nafstad P, London SJ, Nystad W. Grandmother smoking and asthma risk. Thorax. 2015;70:237–243.
36. Accordini S, Calciano L, Johannessen A, Portas L, Benediktsdóttir B, Bertelsen RJ, et al. Three-generation study on smoking and asthma. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47:1106–1117.
37. Wu CC, Hsu TY, Chang JC, Ou CY, Kuo HC, Liu CA, et al. Paternal smoking and offspring asthma. Front Genet. 2019;10:471.
38. Chen Y, Dales R, Krewski D, Breithaupt K. Increased effects of smoking and obesity on asthma among female Canadians. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:255–262.
39. Torén K, Olin AC, Hellgren J, Hermansson BA. Rhinitis increases the risk for adult-onset asthma. Respir Med. 2002;96:635–641.
40. Piipari R, Jaakkola JJK, Jaakkola N, Jaakkola MS. Smoking and asthma in adults. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:734–739.
41. Plaschke PP, Janson C, Norrman E, Björnsson E, Ellbjär S, Järvholm B. Onset and remission of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:920–924.
42. Polosa R, Knoke JD, Russo C, Piccillo G, Caponnetto P, Sarvà M, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of incident asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1428–1434.
43. Vignoud L, Pin I, Boudier A, Pison C, Nadif R, Le Moual N, et al. Smoking and asthma: A longitudinal approach. Respir Med. 2011;105:1805–1811.
44. Torén K, Hermansson BA. Incidence of adult-onset asthma in relation to smoking. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:192–197.
45. Verlato G, Nguyen G, Marchetti P, Accordini S, Marcon A, Marconcini R, et al. Smoking and new-onset asthma in adults. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2016;170:149–157.
46. Huovinen E, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Lifestyle factors and risk of adult-onset asthma. Respir Med. 2003;97:273–280.
47. Vesterinen E, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Asthma in relation to smoking habits. Thorax. 1988;43:534–539.
48. Becklake MR, Lalloo U. The “healthy smoker” phenomenon. Respiration. 1990;57:137–144.
49. Peled R, et al. Defining localities of inadequate asthma treatment: A GIS approach. Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5:3.
50. Maantay J. Asthma and air pollution in the Bronx. Health Place. 2007;13:32–56.
51. Khan IA, Arsalan MH, Siddiqui MF, Zeeshan S, Shaukat SS. Spatial association of asthma and vegetation. Pak J Bot. 2010;42:3547–3554.
52. Gorai AK, Tuluri F, Tchounwou PB. GIS-based assessment of air pollution and asthma. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11:4845–4869.
53. Chang TS, et al. Sparse modeling of environmental variables and asthma. J Biomed Inform. 2015;53:320–329.
54. Skarková P, et al. Asthma prevalence and environmental factors using GIS. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2015;23:258.
55. Douglas JA, Archer RS, Alexander SE. Environmental determinants of respiratory health. Prev Med Rep. 2019;14:100855.
56. Bontinck A, Maes T, Joos G. Asthma and air pollution: Pathogenesis insights. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020;26:10–19.
57. Heijink I, van Oosterhout A, Kliphuis N, Jonker M, Hoffmann R, Telenga E, et al. Corticosteroid unresponsiveness in asthma. Thorax. 2014;69:5–13.
58. Esposito S, Tenconi R, Lelii M, Preti V, Nazzari E, Consolo S, et al. Air pollution and asthma in children. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:31.
59. Sompornrattanaphan M, Thongngarm T, Ratanawatkul P, Wongsa C, Swigris JJ. Particulate matter and respiratory allergy. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38:19–28.
60. Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E. Environmental and health impacts of air pollution. Front Public Health. 2020;8:14.
61. Obeidat M, Li X, Burgess S, Zhou G, Fishbane N, Hansel NN, et al. Surfactant protein D and COPD risk. Eur Respir J. 2017;50:1700657.
62. Kim BG, Lee PH, Lee SH, Park CS, Jang AS. Impact of ozone on lung function. Environ Toxicol. 2018;33:798–806.
63. Achakulwisut P, Brauer M, Hystad P, Anenberg SC. NO₂ pollution and pediatric asthma burden. Lancet Planet Health. 2019;3:e166–e178.
64. Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Toxicity of particulate matter. Atmos Environ. 2012;60:504–526.
65. Jiménez-Ruiz CA, Andreas S, Lewis KE, Tonnesen P, van Schayck CP, Hajek P, et al. Smoking cessation in pulmonary diseases. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:61–79.
66. Pant J, Joshi MC, Singh D, Pant HK, Bhatt A, Pant D. Ensemble learning for soil fertility evaluation. Procedia Comput Sci. 2024;235:1998–2008.
2. Pereira AA, Pollard SL, Locke R, Romero K, Lima JJ, Hansel NN, et al. Association between exhaled carbon monoxide and asthma outcomes in Peruvian children. Respir Med. 2018;145:212–216.
3. Zhang L, Yi H, Sang N. Sulfur dioxide-induced exacerbation of airway inflammation via reactive oxygen species production and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in asthmatic mice. Toxicol Ind Health. 2021;37:564–572.
4. Soares AR, Silva C. Review of ground-level ozone impact in respiratory health deterioration for the past two decades. Atmosphere. 2022;13:434.
5. Gryech I, Ghogho M, Mahraoui C, Kobbane A. An exploration of features impacting respiratory diseases in urban areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:3095.
6. Nishida C, Yatera K. The impact of ambient environmental and occupational pollution on respiratory diseases. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:2788.
7. Czechowski PO, Piksa K, Dąbrowiecki P, Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek AI, Czermański E, Owczarek T, et al. Financing costs and health effects of air pollution in the tri-city agglomeration. Front Public Health. 2022;10:831312.
8. Guarnieri M, Balmes JR. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet. 2014;383:1581–1592.
9. Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: A review. Chest. 2004;125:1081–1102.
10. Brusselle GG, Koppelman GH. Biologic therapies for severe asthma. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:157–171.
11. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of asthma. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:45–56.
12. Tiotiu AI, Novakova P, Nedeva D, Chong-Neto HJ, Novakova S, Steiropoulos P, et al. Impact of air pollution on asthma outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6212.
13. Cheng CY, Tseng YL, Huang KC, Chiu IM, Pan HY, Cheng FJ. Association between ambient air pollution and emergency visits for respiratory diseases. Toxics. 2022;10:247.
14. Tornevi A, Olstrup H, Forsberg B. Short-term associations between PM10 and respiratory health effects. Toxics. 2022;10:333.
15. Chittrakul J, Sapbamrer R, Sirikul W. Insecticide exposure and risk of asthmatic symptoms: A systematic review. Toxics. 2021;9:228.
16. Hwang H, Jang JH, Lee E, Park HS, Lee JY. Prediction of the number of asthma patients using environmental factors based on deep learning algorithms. Respir Res. 2023;24(1):302.
17. Lin CC, Chiu CC, Lee PY, Chen KJ, He CX, Hsu SK, et al. The adverse effects of air pollution on the eye: A review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:1186.
18. Gaffin JM, Hauptman M, Petty CR, Sheehan WJ, Lai PS, Wolfson JM, et al. Nitrogen dioxide exposure in school classrooms of inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:2249–2255.e2.
19. Razavi-Termeh SV, Sadeghi-Niaraki A, Choi SM. Asthma-prone areas modeling using a machine learning model. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1912.
20. Hehua Z, Qing C, Shanyan G, Qijun W, Yuhong Z. Prenatal air pollution exposure and childhood asthma. Environ Res. 2017;159:519–530.
21. Yan W, Wang X, Dong T, Sun M, Zhang M, Fang K, et al. Prenatal PM2.5 exposure and childhood asthma. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020.
22. Lee S, Ku H, Hyun C, Lee M. Machine learning-based analyses of the effects of various types of air pollutants on hospital visits by asthma patients. Toxics. 2022;10(11):644.
23. Faraji, M., Mohammadi, A., Najmi, M. et al. Exposure to ambient air pollution and prevalence of asthma in adults. Air Qual Atmos Health 2021;14, 1211–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01011-z
24. Faraji M, Najmi M, Kazemnejad A, Shokouhi Shoormasti R, Fazlollahi MR, Pourpak Z, Moin M. Effect of Air Pollutants and Environmental Noise on the Childhood Asthma Prevalence in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2024 Oct 6;23(5):489-501. doi: 10.18502/ijaai.v23i5.16745. PMID: 39586743.
25. Thurston GD, Balmes JR, Garcia E, Gilliland FD, Rice MB, Schikowski T, et al. Outdoor air pollution and airway disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17:387–398.
26. Lin W, Brunekreef B, Gehring U. Indoor NO₂ and asthma in children. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:1724–1737.
27. Hüls A, Vanker A, Gray D, Koen N, MacIsaac JL, Lin DTS, et al. Genetic susceptibility and air pollution. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:1901831.
28. Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E. A review on human health perspective of air pollution with respect to allergies and asthma. Environ Int. 2013;59:41–52.
29. Norbäck D, Lu C, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao Z, Huang C, et al. Sources of indoor particulate matter and outdoor air pollution in China in relation to asthma and allergies. Environ Int. 2019;125:252–260.
30. Brooks CC, Martin LJ, Pilipenko V, He H, LeMasters GK, Lockey JE, et al. NAT1 genetic variation increases asthma risk. J Asthma. 2019.
31. Silvestri M, Franchi S, Pistorio A, Petecchia L, Rusconi F. Smoke exposure and asthma development: A meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015;50:353–362.
32. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and asthma incidence. Pediatrics. 2012;129:735–744.
33. Joubert BR, Felix JF, Yousefi P, Bakulski KM, Just AC, Breton C, et al. DNA methylation and maternal smoking. Am J Hum Genet. 2016;98:680–696.
34. Neophytou AM, Oh SS, Hu D, Huntsman S, Eng C, Rodríguez-Santana JR, et al. In utero tobacco exposure and asthma. Environ Epidemiol. 2019;3:e048.
35. Magnus MC, Håberg SE, Karlstad Ø, Nafstad P, London SJ, Nystad W. Grandmother smoking and asthma risk. Thorax. 2015;70:237–243.
36. Accordini S, Calciano L, Johannessen A, Portas L, Benediktsdóttir B, Bertelsen RJ, et al. Three-generation study on smoking and asthma. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47:1106–1117.
37. Wu CC, Hsu TY, Chang JC, Ou CY, Kuo HC, Liu CA, et al. Paternal smoking and offspring asthma. Front Genet. 2019;10:471.
38. Chen Y, Dales R, Krewski D, Breithaupt K. Increased effects of smoking and obesity on asthma among female Canadians. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:255–262.
39. Torén K, Olin AC, Hellgren J, Hermansson BA. Rhinitis increases the risk for adult-onset asthma. Respir Med. 2002;96:635–641.
40. Piipari R, Jaakkola JJK, Jaakkola N, Jaakkola MS. Smoking and asthma in adults. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:734–739.
41. Plaschke PP, Janson C, Norrman E, Björnsson E, Ellbjär S, Järvholm B. Onset and remission of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:920–924.
42. Polosa R, Knoke JD, Russo C, Piccillo G, Caponnetto P, Sarvà M, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of incident asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1428–1434.
43. Vignoud L, Pin I, Boudier A, Pison C, Nadif R, Le Moual N, et al. Smoking and asthma: A longitudinal approach. Respir Med. 2011;105:1805–1811.
44. Torén K, Hermansson BA. Incidence of adult-onset asthma in relation to smoking. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:192–197.
45. Verlato G, Nguyen G, Marchetti P, Accordini S, Marcon A, Marconcini R, et al. Smoking and new-onset asthma in adults. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2016;170:149–157.
46. Huovinen E, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Lifestyle factors and risk of adult-onset asthma. Respir Med. 2003;97:273–280.
47. Vesterinen E, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Asthma in relation to smoking habits. Thorax. 1988;43:534–539.
48. Becklake MR, Lalloo U. The “healthy smoker” phenomenon. Respiration. 1990;57:137–144.
49. Peled R, et al. Defining localities of inadequate asthma treatment: A GIS approach. Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5:3.
50. Maantay J. Asthma and air pollution in the Bronx. Health Place. 2007;13:32–56.
51. Khan IA, Arsalan MH, Siddiqui MF, Zeeshan S, Shaukat SS. Spatial association of asthma and vegetation. Pak J Bot. 2010;42:3547–3554.
52. Gorai AK, Tuluri F, Tchounwou PB. GIS-based assessment of air pollution and asthma. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11:4845–4869.
53. Chang TS, et al. Sparse modeling of environmental variables and asthma. J Biomed Inform. 2015;53:320–329.
54. Skarková P, et al. Asthma prevalence and environmental factors using GIS. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2015;23:258.
55. Douglas JA, Archer RS, Alexander SE. Environmental determinants of respiratory health. Prev Med Rep. 2019;14:100855.
56. Bontinck A, Maes T, Joos G. Asthma and air pollution: Pathogenesis insights. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020;26:10–19.
57. Heijink I, van Oosterhout A, Kliphuis N, Jonker M, Hoffmann R, Telenga E, et al. Corticosteroid unresponsiveness in asthma. Thorax. 2014;69:5–13.
58. Esposito S, Tenconi R, Lelii M, Preti V, Nazzari E, Consolo S, et al. Air pollution and asthma in children. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:31.
59. Sompornrattanaphan M, Thongngarm T, Ratanawatkul P, Wongsa C, Swigris JJ. Particulate matter and respiratory allergy. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38:19–28.
60. Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E. Environmental and health impacts of air pollution. Front Public Health. 2020;8:14.
61. Obeidat M, Li X, Burgess S, Zhou G, Fishbane N, Hansel NN, et al. Surfactant protein D and COPD risk. Eur Respir J. 2017;50:1700657.
62. Kim BG, Lee PH, Lee SH, Park CS, Jang AS. Impact of ozone on lung function. Environ Toxicol. 2018;33:798–806.
63. Achakulwisut P, Brauer M, Hystad P, Anenberg SC. NO₂ pollution and pediatric asthma burden. Lancet Planet Health. 2019;3:e166–e178.
64. Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Toxicity of particulate matter. Atmos Environ. 2012;60:504–526.
65. Jiménez-Ruiz CA, Andreas S, Lewis KE, Tonnesen P, van Schayck CP, Hajek P, et al. Smoking cessation in pulmonary diseases. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:61–79.
66. Pant J, Joshi MC, Singh D, Pant HK, Bhatt A, Pant D. Ensemble learning for soil fertility evaluation. Procedia Comput Sci. 2024;235:1998–2008.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 2 (2026): Spring 2026 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air pollutants; Machine learning; Logistic regression; Random Forest classifier; Gradient boosting (XGBoost) | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Kotlia P, Pant J, Lohani M. Empowering data analysis and machine learning to predict asthma intensity using air pollutants in conjunction with environmental factors. JAPH. 2026;11(2):183-200.
