PM2.5 attributable health impact assessment across urban land-use areas: A comparative study using AirQ+ and BenMAP-CE in Surat, India
Abstract
Introduction: Ambient fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) pollution is increasingly recognized as a critical environmental issue in rapidly urbanizing and industrializing cities of developing nations. This study aimed to quantify the zone-specific health burden attributable to PM2.5 exposure in Surat, India.
Materials and methods: PM2.5 data were obtained from a network of low cost sensors operating across three major land-use zones: residential (West), commercial (Central), and industrial (South). PM2.5 data collected over one year (October 2022 to September 2023) were combined with population projections and cause-specific mortality rates from national datasets. Two established Health Impact Assessment (HIA) tools, AirQ+ and BenMAP-CE, were utilized to estimate premature mortality associated with PM2.5 levels exceeding WHO air quality standards.
Results: The industrial zone exhibited the highest annual mean PM2.5 (86.6 µg/m3) and correspondingly the most significant premature mortality burden, primarily from ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and stroke. The commercial and residential zones exhibited comparatively lower pollution levels; however, notable mortality impacts were associated with higher population densities. Both AirQ+ and BenMAP-CE models produced consistent mortality estimates, highlighting the relationship between pollution concentration and demographic factors in urban health risks. Elevated incidences of acute lower respiratory infections among children under five were also identified in the industrial zone.
Conclusion: In order to lower health hazards, the results highlight the necessity of zone-specific emission reduction measures and additional strengthening of Surat's particle emission trading scheme. The integrated framework offers a practical approach for evaluating urban health and air quality in developing nations.
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36. Alexeeff SE, Liao NS, Liu X, Van Den Eeden SK, Sidney S. Long‐Term PM2.5 Exposure and Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke Events: Review and Meta‐Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet]. 2021 Jan 5;10(1):e016890. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.016890
37. Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K, et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. The Lancet [Internet]. 2017;389(10082):1907–18. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673617305056
2. Zhang X, Han L, Wei H, Tan X, Zhou W, Li W, et al. Linking urbanization and air quality together: A review and a perspective on the future sustainable urban development. J Clean Prod [Internet]. 2022;346:130988. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622006230
3. Jalali S, Karbakhsh M, Momeni M, Taheri M, Amini S, Mansourian M, et al. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in an Eastern Mediterranean country: findings based on a 15-year cohort study. Environmental Health [Internet]. 2021;20(1):112. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00797-w
4. Yu W, Xu R, Ye T, Abramson MJ, Morawska L, Jalaludin B, et al. Estimates of global mortality burden associated with short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Lancet Planet Health [Internet]. 2024;8(3):e146–55. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542519624000032
5. Sangkham S, Phairuang W, Sherchan SP, Pansakun N, Munkong N, Sarndhong K, et al. An update on adverse health effects from exposure to PM2.5. Environmental Advances [Internet]. 2024;18:100603. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765724001212
6. Alexeeff SE, Deosaransingh K, Van Den Eeden S, Schwartz J, Liao NS, Sidney S. Association of Long-term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution With Cardiovascular Events in California. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2023 Feb 24;6(2):e230561–e230561. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0561
7. Ghosh S, Sinha D. Indian perspective of PM2.5 attributed human health hazards during 2010–2025. Air Qual Atmos Health [Internet]. 2025;18(9):2765–804. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-025-01793-6
8. Guo J, Chai G, Song X, Hui X, Li Z, Feng X, et al. Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2023;Volume 11-2023. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1134341
9. Pandey A, Brauer M, Cropper ML, Balakrishnan K, Mathur P, Dey S, et al. Health and economic impact of air pollution in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Planet Health [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1;5(1):e25–38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30298-9
10. Apte JS, Pant P. Toward cleaner air for a billion Indians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [Internet]. 2019 May 28;116(22):10614–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905458116
11. Sicard P, Agathokleous E, Anenberg SC, De Marco A, Paoletti E, Calatayud V. Trends in urban air pollution over the last two decades: A global perspective. Science of The Total Environment [Internet]. 2023;858:160064. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722071649
12. Sudarshan A. Monitoring industrial pollution in India. InIntroduction to Development Engineering: A Framework with Applications from the Field 2022 Sep 9 (pp. 161-182). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_7
13. Noruzzade E, Mirzaei N, Janghorbanian S, Hassanvand M, Nikkhoo N, Khanizadeh M. A systematic global review of fixed air quality monitoring stations: Spatial distribution, typologies, measured pollutants, technologies, regulatory standards, and research gaps. Journal of Air Pollution and Health [Internet]. 2025 Sep 15;10(3). Available from: https://japh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/japh/article/view/1028
14. Snyder EG, Watkins TH, Solomon PA, Thoma ED, Williams RW, Hagler GSW, et al. The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring. Environ Sci Technol [Internet]. 2013;47(20):11369–77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/es4022602
15. Gupta P, Doraiswamy P, Reddy J, Balyan P, Dey S, Chartier R, et al. Low-Cost Air Quality Sensor Evaluation and Calibration in Contrasting Aerosol Environments. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions [Internet]. 2022;2022:1–24. Available from: https://amt.copernicus.org/preprints/amt-2022-140/
16. Dharaiya VR, Malyan V, Kumar V, Sahu M, Venkatraman C, Biswas P, et al. Evaluating the Performance of Low-cost PM Sensors over Multiple COALESCE Network Sites. Aerosol Air Qual Res [Internet]. 2023;23(5):220390. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220390
17. Ilenič A, Pranjić AM, Zupančič N, Milačič R, Ščančar J. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure assessment among active daily commuters to induce behaviour change to reduce air pollution. Science of The Total Environment [Internet]. 2024;912:169117. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723077471
18. Mahalingam S, Priyadharshini B, Asutosh A, Mishra M. Assessment of PM2.5 deposition in the human respiratory tract from a hyperlocal dataset in Bhubaneshwar, India. Air Qual Atmos Health [Internet]. 2025;18(7):1931–44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-025-01743-2
19. Yu M, Zhang S, Zhang K, Yin J, Varela M, Miao J. Developing high-resolution PM2.5 exposure models by integrating low-cost sensors, automated machine learning, and big human mobility data. Front Environ Sci [Internet]. 2023;Volume 11-2023. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1223160
20. WHO. Health impact assessment of air pollution: introductory manual to AirQ+. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Sep 15]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/edcc8de5-f2a8-4d8c-989b-e4e21566a0ad/content
21. US EPA. Benmap-ce user manual. US EPA [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/benmap-ce_user_manual_march_2015.pdf
22. Mirzaei A, Tahriri H, Khorsandi B. Comparison between AirQ+ and BenMAP-CE in estimating the health benefits of PM2.5 reduction. Air Qual Atmos Health [Internet]. 2021;14(6):807–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-00980-5
23. Safari Z, Fouladi-Fard R, Vahedian M, Mahmoudian MH, Rahbar A, Fiore M. Health impact assessment and evaluation of economic costs attributed to PM2.5 air pollution using BenMAP-CE. Int J Biometeorol [Internet]. 2022;66(9):1891–902. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-022-02330-1
24. Naimi N, Sarkhosh M, Nabavi BF, Najafpoor A, Musa Farkhani E. Estimating the burden of diseases attributed to PM2.5 using the AirQ + software in Mashhad during 2016–2021. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2024;14(1):24462. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74328-1
25. Ouimette J, Arnott WP, Laven P, Whitwell R, Radhakrishnan N, Dhaniyala S, et al. Fundamentals of low-cost aerosol sensor design and operation. Aerosol Science and Technology [Internet]. 2024 Jan 2;58(1):1–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2023.2285935
26. Plantower PMS7003. Plantower Inc. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 7]. Available from: https://plantower.com/en/products_33/76.html
27. National Commission on Population. Population projections for India and states, 2011–2036: Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Jan 21]. Available from: https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf
28. Government of India. Children in India. A Statistical Appraisal. New Delhi: Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Jan 21]. Available from: https://www.mospi.gov.in.
29. IHME. Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Results. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), Seattle, United States, 2022 Available from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/. [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Feb 1]. Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
30. Krzyzanowski M. Methods for assessing the extent of exposure and effects of air pollution. Occup Environ Med [Internet]. 1997 Mar 1;54(3):145. Available from: http://oem.bmj.com/content/54/3/145.abstract
31. Sacks JD, Lloyd JM, Zhu Y, Anderton J, Jang CJ, Hubbell B, et al. The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program – Community Edition (BenMAP–CE): A tool to estimate the health and economic benefits of reducing air pollution. Environmental Modelling & Software [Internet]. 2018;104:118–29. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815217311866
32. WHO. WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329
33. Ali S, Sarangi C, Mehta SK. Regional transport of aerosols from northern India and its impact on boundary layer height and air quality over Chennai, a coastal megacity in southern India. Atmos Chem Phys [Internet]. 2025 Aug 12;25(15):8769–83. Available from: https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/25/8769/2025/
34. Murthy BS, Latha R, Tiwari A, Rathod A, Singh S, Beig G. Impact of mixing layer height on air quality in winter. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys [Internet]. 2020;197:105157. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364682619304262
35. Pun VC, Kazemiparkouhi F, Manjourides J, Suh HH. Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure and Respiratory, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Older US Adults. Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2017 Oct 15;186(8):961–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx166
36. Alexeeff SE, Liao NS, Liu X, Van Den Eeden SK, Sidney S. Long‐Term PM2.5 Exposure and Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke Events: Review and Meta‐Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet]. 2021 Jan 5;10(1):e016890. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.016890
37. Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K, et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. The Lancet [Internet]. 2017;389(10082):1907–18. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673617305056
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 2 (2026): Spring 2026 | |
| Section | Original Research | |
| Keywords | ||
| Health impact assessment; Low-cost sensors; AirQ ; BenMAP-CE; Air pollution | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Suryawanshi K, Jariwala N. PM2.5 attributable health impact assessment across urban land-use areas: A comparative study using AirQ+ and BenMAP-CE in Surat, India. JAPH. 2026;11(2):153-168.
