Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Air Pollution and Health 2476-3071 11 1 2026 04 21 45 54 Burkhoniddin Tillashaykhov Department of Biomedicine and Life Science, School of Medicine, Central Asian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Muhammad Khan Central Asian UNiversity 2025 06 13 2026 02 07 Introduction: Atmospheric aerosol particles significantly impact ecosystems, global climate, cultural heritage, and public health. Air pollution is a major global health concern, contributing to roughly one quarter of total global mortality, with fine Particulate Matter (PM₂.₅) being particularly harmful. Long-term exposure to elevated PM₂.₅ and gaseous pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide increases the risk of severe health effects, including chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods: Air quality trends in Uzbekistan, primarily in Tashkent, were analyzed using Air Quality Index (AQI) data, focusing on wintertime PM₂.₅ levels. Health outcomes were assessed through statistical analysis of Ministry of Health records from 2012 to 2024, with particular attention to respiratory tract infection–related mortality. Comparative analysis was performed between urban and rural populations, and vulnerable groups, including children and senior citizens, were identified. Results: Analysis revealed that wintertime PM₂.₅ concentrations in Tashkent were approximately six times higher than World Health Organization recommended limits. Statistical evaluation indicated a significant 24.94% increase in respiratory tract infection–related deaths in Tashkent during the study period (p<0.05), whereas rural areas showed no significant growth. Urban air pollution, primarily from residential heating and anthropogenic activities, was identified as a major contributor. Children and elderly populations were most affected. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the substantial health impacts of urban air pollution in Uzbekistan, particularly in low- and middle-income urban settings. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted air quality management strategies to mitigate pollution-related health risks, protect vulnerable populations, and improve public health outcomes. https://japh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/japh/article/view/992 https://japh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/japh/article/download/992/462